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Conrady B, Dervic EH, Klimek P, Pedersen L, Reimert MM, Rasmussen P, Apenteng OO, Nielsen LR. Social network analysis reveals the failure of between-farm movement restrictions to reduce Salmonella transmission. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6930-6944. [PMID: 38788850 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of countries are investigating options to stop the spread of the emerging zoonotic infection Salmonella Dublin (S. Dublin), which mainly spreads among bovines and with cattle manure. Detailed surveillance and cattle movement data from an 11-yr period in Denmark provided an opportunity to gain new knowledge for mitigation options through a combined social network and simulation modeling approach. The analysis revealed similar network trends for noninfected and infected cattle farms despite stringent cattle movement restrictions imposed on infected farms in the national control program. The strongest predictive factor for farms becoming infected was their cattle movement activities in the previous month, with twice the effect of local transmission. The simulation model indicated an endemic S. Dublin occurrence, with peaks in outbreak probabilities and sizes around observed cattle movement activities. Therefore, pre- and postmovement measures within a 1-mo time window may help reduce S. Dublin spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Conrady
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria.
| | - E H Dervic
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria; Supply Chain Intelligence Institute Austria, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Klimek
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria; Supply Chain Intelligence Institute Austria, 1080 Vienna, Austria; Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; SEGES Innovation P/S, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Merhi Reimert
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - O O Apenteng
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L R Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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2
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, June 2024. Vet Rec 2024; 195:20-24. [PMID: 38967174 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
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3
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Hofer K, Trockenbacher B, Sodoma E, Khol JL, Dünser M, Wittek T. Establishing a surveillance programme for Salmonella Dublin in Austrian dairy herds by comparing herd-level vs. individual animal detection methods. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106277. [PMID: 38991427 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to its increasing occurrence in cattle farms in various countries, leading to significant economic losses in affected livestock, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) has become a highly investigated pathogen in cattle production. In Austria, there have been occasional human cases of S. Dublin as well as an increase in laboratory-confirmed cases in cattle, indicating the need for a screening programme to determine the current status in Austria. The aims of this study were, firstly, to determine the seroprevalence of S. Dublin in dairy herds through bulk milk screenings in two federal states (Salzburg, Tyrol) of Austria. Secondly, the study aimed to identify the infection status of the herds through individual animal and herd level detection, comparing microbiological, molecular and serological detection methods. The results of the study will allow the development of a sampling strategy for a surveillance programme in Austria. A total of 6973 dairy farms were tested through serological bulk milk screening. The seroprevalence for the federal state of Tyrol was 14.8 % and for Salzburg it was 18.2 %, resulting in an average seroprevalence of 16.5 %. At an individual animal level, 205 (11.3 %) animals tested positive for shedding of S. Dublin in the faeces through microbiological detection, and 268 (17.0 %) animals had positive values (ct value ≤ 38) by qPCR. The association between microbiological and molecular detection was statistically significant (p < 0.001), with a calculated kappa value of 0.65 ± 0.27 (p ≤ 0.001), assuming a substantial level of agreement. In 17 herds, where an individual animal tested positive for shedding of S. Dublin, environmental sampling and testing were carried out. At a herd level 16 (94.1 %) out of the 17 participating herds, tested positive for S. Dublin either microbiologically or by molecular assay in boot swab samples. Bulk milk samples from 14 out of the 17 participating herds were analysed for antibodies to S. Dublin and 12 samples (85.7 %) were positive. In total 111 (18.9 %) out of 587 blood samples tested positive for S. Dublin antibodies, demonstrating a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) both with microbiological (κ = 0.32 ± 0.49; p ≤ 0.001) and molecular (κ=0.23 ± 0.06; p ≤ 0.001) findings. It was possible to identify S. Dublin by culture from boot swabs in 14 (82.4 %) out of 17 herds and by molecular assay using qPCR in 15 (88.2 %) out of 17 herds, indicating a suitable sample type for screening on a herd level-basis for acute infections, but not for identifying chronic infections or asymptomatic carriers. Other environmental samples, such as sponge-sticks, are only suitable to a limited extent for the detection of S. Dublin. The results of this study demonstrate a moderate S. Dublin prevalence in dairy herds in the selected Austrian regions, signalling further screening and management programmes for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hofer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Linz, Austria.
| | - Barbara Trockenbacher
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sodoma
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes L Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Dünser
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Velasquez-Munoz A, Castro-Vargas R, Cullens-Nobis FM, Mani R, Abuelo A. Review: Salmonella Dublin in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1331767. [PMID: 38264470 PMCID: PMC10803612 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1331767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) is a bacterium host-adapted to cattle with increasing prevalence in dairy facilities. It can severely affect cattle health, producing high morbidity and mortality in young calves and reducing the performance of mature animals. Salmonella Dublin is difficult to control and eradicate from herds, as it can be shed from clinically normal animals. In addition, S. Dublin is a zoonotic bacterium that can be lethal for humans and pose a risk for human and animal health due to its multi-drug resistant characteristics. This review provides an overview of S. Dublin as a pathogen in dairy facilities, the risk factors associated with infection, and current strategies for preventing and controlling this disease. Furthermore, current gaps in knowledge are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Velasquez-Munoz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Castro-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Faith M. Cullens-Nobis
- Agriculture and Agribusiness Institute, Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Agriculture and Agribusiness Institute, Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, June 2023. Vet Rec 2023; 193:23-26. [PMID: 37417504 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
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Henderson K, Mason C, Brülisauer F, Williams P. Determining the prevalence of antibodies to Salmonella Dublin in dairy herds in Great Britain by quarterly bulk tank testing. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, May 2022. Vet Rec 2022; 190:451-455. [PMID: 35657214 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This focus article has been prepared by Arthur Otter of the Cattle Expert Group at the APHA.
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, December 2019. Vet Rec 2020; 186:15-16. [PMID: 31919253 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vial SL, Doerscher DR, Schroeder CM, Strickland AJ, Hedberg CW. Confounding Role of Salmonella Serotype Dublin Testing Results of Boneless and Ground Beef Purchased for the National School Lunch Program, October 2013 to July 2017. J Food Prot 2020; 83:628-636. [PMID: 32221567 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Agricultural Marketing Service procures boneless and ground beef for federal nutrition assistance programs. It tests procured beef for concentrations of standard plate counts (SPCs), coliforms, and Escherichia coli and for the presence of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Any lot exceeding predefined critical limits (100,000 CFU g-1 for SPCs, 1,000 CFU g-1 for coliforms, and 500 CFU g-1 for E. coli) or positive for Salmonella or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli is rejected for purchase. Between 1 October 2013 and 31 July 2017, 166,796 boneless beef lots (each approximately 900 kg) and 25,051 ground beef sublots (each approximately 4,500 kg) were produced. Salmonella was detected in 1,955 (1.17%) boneless beef lots and 219 (0.87%) ground beef sublots. Salmonella sample size increased from an individual 25-g sample to a co-enriched 325-g sample on 1 March 2015. Salmonella presence was associated with season (lowest in spring), larger sample size, and increased log SPC in boneless and ground beef. Increased log E. coli was associated with Salmonella presence in boneless beef, but not ground beef. Salmonella Dublin was the most common serotype in boneless beef (743 of 1,407, 52.8%) and ground beef (35 of 171, 20.5%). Salmonella Dublin was generally associated with lower indicator microorganism concentrations compared with other Salmonella serotypes as a group. Relative to other Salmonella, Salmonella Dublin was associated with season (more common in spring) and smaller sample size in boneless and ground beef. Decreased log SPCs and log coliforms were associated with Salmonella Dublin presence in boneless beef, but not in ground beef. Differential associations between Salmonella Dublin and other serotypes with indicator microorganisms were strong enough to cause confounding and suggest that the presence of Salmonella Dublin needs to be accounted for when evaluating indicator performance to assess Salmonella risk in boneless and ground beef. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Vial
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 East Delaware Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/000-0003-3354-6811 [S.L.V.])
| | - Darin R Doerscher
- Livestock and Poultry Program, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
| | - Carl M Schroeder
- Livestock and Poultry Program, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
| | - Ali J Strickland
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 East Delaware Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Craig W Hedberg
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 East Delaware Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Dublin in Cattle and Humans in Denmark, 1996 to 2016: a Retrospective Whole-Genome-Based Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01894-19. [PMID: 31732576 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01894-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin is a cattle-adapted S. enterica serovar causing both intestinal and systemic infection in its bovine host, and it is also a serious threat to human health. The present study aimed to determine the population structure of S Dublin isolates obtained from Danish cattle herds and to investigate how cattle isolates relate to Danish human isolates, as well as to non-Danish human and bovine isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of 197 Danish cattle isolates from 1996 to 2016 identified three major clades corresponding to distinct geographical regions of cattle herds. Persistence of closely related isolates within the same herd and their circulation between epidemiologically linked herds for a period of more than 20 years were demonstrated. These findings suggest that a lack of internal biosecurity and, to some extent, also a lack of external biosecurity in the herds have played an important role in the long-term persistence of S Dublin in Danish cattle herds in the period investigated. Global population analysis revealed that Danish cattle isolates clustered separately from bovine isolates from other countries, whereas human isolates were geographically spread. Resistance genes were not commonly demonstrated in Danish bovine isolates; only the isolates within one Danish clade were found to often harbor two plasmids of IncFII/IncFIB and IncN types, the latter plasmid carrying bla TEM-1, tetA, strA, and strB antibiotic resistance genes.IMPORTANCE S Dublin causes economic losses in cattle production, and the bacterium is a public health concern. A surveillance and control program has been in place in Denmark since 2002 with the ultimate goal to eradicate S Dublin from Danish cattle herds; however, a small proportion of herds have remained positive for many years. In this study, we demonstrate that herds with persistent infection often were infected with the same strain for many years, indicating that internal biosecurity has to be improved to curb the infection. Further, domestic cases of S Dublin infection in humans were found to be caused both by Danish cattle isolates and by isolates acquired abroad. This study shows the strength of whole-genome sequencing to obtain detailed information on epidemiology of S Dublin and allows us to suggest internal biosecurity as a main way to control this bacterium in Danish cattle herds.
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Fenske GJ, Thachil A, McDonough PL, Glaser A, Scaria J. Geography Shapes the Population Genomics of Salmonella enterica Dublin. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2220-2231. [PMID: 31329231 PMCID: PMC6703130 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) is a bovine-adapted serotype that can cause serious systemic infections in humans. Despite the increasing prevalence of human infections and the negative impact on agricultural processes, little is known about the population structure of the serotype. To this end, we compiled a manually curated data set comprising of 880 S. Dublin genomes. Core genome phylogeny and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that region-specific clades dominate the global population structure of S. Dublin. Strains of S. Dublin in the UK are genomically distinct from US, Brazilian, and African strains. The geographical partitioning impacts the composition of the core genome as well as the ancillary genome. Antibiotic resistance genes are almost exclusively found in US genomes and are mediated by an IncA/C2 plasmid. Phage content and the S. Dublin virulence plasmid were strongly conserved in the serotype. Comparison of S. Dublin to a closely related serotype, S. enterica serotype Enteritidis, revealed that S. Dublin contains 82 serotype specific genes that are not found in S. Enteritidis. Said genes encode metabolic functions involved in the uptake and catabolism of carbohydrates and virulence genes associated with type VI secretion systems and fimbria assembly respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Fenske
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University
| | - Anil Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University
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Abstract
Schmallenberg virus infection on cattle farms in southern ScotlandOutbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitisSalmonella Bovismorbificans infection in cattle and sheepGastric ulceration in pigsTrichomonosis in a sparrowhawk and a hen harrierThese are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for April 2017 from SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services (SAC C VS).
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