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Cui Z, Liu C, Wang X, Xiang Y. A pan-cancer analysis of EphA family gene expression and its association with prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic targets. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1378087. [PMID: 38952552 PMCID: PMC11215048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1378087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors stand out as the most expansive group of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Accumulating evidence suggests that within this expansive family, the EphA subset is implicated in driving cancer cell progression, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, making it a promising target for anticancer treatment. Nonetheless, the extent of EphA family involvement across diverse cancers, along with its intricate interplay with immunity and the tumor microenvironment (TME), remains to be fully illuminated. Methods The relationships between EphA gene expression and patient survival, immunological subtypes, and TME characteristics were investigated based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The analyses employed various R packages. Results A significant difference in expression was identified for most EphA genes when comparing cancer tissues and non-cancer tissues. These genes independently functioned as prognostic factors spanning multiple cancer types. Moreover, a significant correlation surfaced between EphA gene expression and immune subtypes, except for EphA5, EphA6, and EphA8. EphA3 independently influenced the prognosis of papillary renal cell carcinoma (KIRP). This particular gene exhibited links with immune infiltration subtypes and clinicopathologic parameters, holding promise as a valuable biomarker for predicting prognosis and responsiveness to immunotherapy in patients with KIRP. Conclusion By meticulously scrutinizing the panorama of EphA genes in a spectrum of cancers, this study supplemented a complete map of the effect of EphA family in Pan-cancer and suggested that EphA family may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cui
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin Baodi Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengwang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Baodi Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuechao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Baodi Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiping Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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Razmi M, Tajik F, Hashemi F, Yazdanpanah A, Hashemi-Niasari F, Divsalar A. The Prognostic Importance of Ki-67 in Gastrointestinal Carcinomas: A Meta-analysis and Multi-omics Approach. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:599-624. [PMID: 38411875 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if Ki-67, a commonly used marker to measure tumor proliferation, is a reliable prognostic factor in various types of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers based on current high-quality multivariable evidence. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases to investigate the association between Ki-67 positivity and overall survival (OS) and disease/recurrence-free survival (DFS/RFS) in GI cancers. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi-square-based Q and I2 analyses and publication bias using funnel plots and Egger's analysis. In addition, Ki-67 levels in different GI cancers were examined by different platforms. The prognostic capability of Ki-67, gene ontology (GO), and pathway enrichment analysis were obtained from GEPIA2 and STRING. RESULTS Totally, 61 studies, involving 13,034 patients, were deemed eligible for our evaluation. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) demonstrated the prediction ability of overexpressed Ki-67 for a worse OS (HR: 1.67, P < 0.001; HR: 1.37, P = 0.021) and DFS/RFS (HR: 2.06, P < 0.001) in hepatocellular and pancreatic malignancies, respectively, as confirmed by multi-omics databases. However, similar correlation was not found in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers. Furthermore, most of the associations were identified to be robust based on different subcategories and publication bias assessment. Finally, enriched Ki-67-related genes were found to be involved in various important signaling pathways, such as cell cycle, P53 signaling network, and DNA damage responses. CONCLUSION This study supports that Ki-67 can serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for pancreatic and hepatocellular malignancies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Razmi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Tajik
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Farideh Hashemi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayna Yazdanpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hashemi-Niasari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Scarini JF, Gonçalves MWA, de Lima-Souza RA, Lavareze L, de Carvalho Kimura T, Yang CC, Altemani A, Mariano FV, Soares HP, Fillmore GC, Egal ESA. Potential role of the Eph/ephrin system in colorectal cancer: emerging druggable molecular targets. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1275330. [PMID: 38651144 PMCID: PMC11033724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1275330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Eph/ephrin system regulates many developmental processes and adult tissue homeostasis. In colorectal cancer (CRC), it is involved in different processes including tumorigenesis, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis development, and cancer stem cell regeneration. However, conflicting data regarding Eph receptors in CRC, especially in its putative role as an oncogene or a suppressor gene, make the precise role of Eph-ephrin interaction confusing in CRC development. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature and highlight evidence that collaborates with these ambiguous roles of the Eph/ephrin system in CRC, as well as the molecular findings that represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moisés Willian Aparecido Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita de Carvalho Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ching-Chu Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Prado Soares
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gary Chris Fillmore
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Kasprzak A. Prognostic Biomarkers of Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer (CRC): From Immunohistochemistry to Molecular Biology Techniques. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4570. [PMID: 37760539 PMCID: PMC10526446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Nonetheless, non-invasive and effective prognostic and predictive testing in CRC patients remains challenging. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. The number of proliferation-related long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) that could serve as potential CRC markers has also steadily increased in recent years. Among the immunohistochemical (IHC) proliferative markers, the prognostic value regarding the patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) has been confirmed for thymidylate synthase (TS), cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki-67. In most cases, the overexpression of these markers in tissues was related to worse OS and DFS. However, slowly proliferating cells should also be considered in CRC therapy (especially radiotherapy) as they could represent a reservoir from which cells are recruited to replenish the rapidly proliferating population in response to cell-damaging factors. Considering the above, the aim of this article is to review the most common proliferative markers assessed using various methods including IHC and selected molecular biology techniques (e.g., qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, RNA/DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing) as prognostic and predictive markers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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5
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Bidian C, Filip GA, David L, Moldovan B, Olteanu D, Clichici S, Olănescu-Vaida-Voevod MC, Leostean C, Macavei S, Muntean DM, Cenariu M, Albu A, Baldea I. Green Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Increased Oxidative Stress and Induced Cell Death in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1251. [PMID: 37049344 PMCID: PMC10097358 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The research investigated the effect of gold (Au-CM) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-CM) phytoreduced with Cornus mas fruit extract (CM) on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cell line. The impact of nanoparticles on the viability of DLD-1 tumor cells and normal cells was evaluated. Oxidative stress and cell death mechanisms (annexin/propidium iodide analysis, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels, p53, BCL-2, BAX, NFkB expressions) as well as proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA and MAPK) were evaluated in tumor cells. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by measuring zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. The nanoparticles induced apoptosis and necrosis of DLD-1 cells and reduced cell proliferation, especially Ag-CM, while on normal cells, both nanoparticles maintained their viability up to 80%. Ag-CM and Au-CM increased the expressions of p53 and NFkB in parallel with the downregulation of BCL-2 protein and induced the activation of caspase-8, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in cell death. Lipid peroxidation triggered by Ag-CM was correlated with tumor cell necrosis rate. Both nanoparticles obtained with phytocompounds from the CM extract protected normal cells and induced the death of DLD-1 tumor cells, especially by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bidian
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Luminița David
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bianca Moldovan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Maria-Cristina Olănescu-Vaida-Voevod
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
| | - Cristian Leostean
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath St., No. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergiu Macavei
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath St., No. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Dana Maria Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Albu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, ‘‘Iuliu Hatieganu’’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (D.O.); (S.C.); (M.-C.O.-V.-V.); (I.B.)
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Ma WJ, Chen Y, Peng JH, Tang C, Zhang L, Liu M, Hu S, Xu H, Tan H, Gu Y, Pan ZZ, Chen G, Zhou ZG, Zhang RX. Stage IV colon cancer patients without DENND2D expression benefit more from neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:439. [PMID: 35523764 PMCID: PMC9076603 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to the EPOC study, chemotherapy could improve 5-year disease-free survival of stage IV colon cancer patients by 8.1%. However, more molecular biomarkers are required to identify patients who need neoadjuvant chemotherapy. DENND2D expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 181 stage IV colon cancer patients. The prognosis was better for patients with DENND2D expression than patients without DENND2D expression (5-year overall survival [OS]: 42% vs. 12%, p = 0.038; 5-year disease-free survival: 20% vs. 10%, p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis of the DENND2D-negative group showed that patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy achieved longer OS than patients without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RR = 0.179; 95% CI = 0.054-0.598; p = 0.003). DENND2D suppressed CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of DENND2D also promoted metastasis to distant organs in vivo. Mechanistically, DENND2D suppressed the MAPK pathway in CRC. Colon cancer patients who were DENND2D negative always showed a worse prognosis and were more likely to benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy. DENND2D may be a new prognostic factor and a predictor of the need for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage IV colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-juan Ma
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Intensive Care Unit Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yukun Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XZhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-hong Peng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoming Tang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, QingYuan, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Haineng Xu
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hua Tan
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yangkui Gu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Intervention Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-zhong Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-guo Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-xin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China
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Chatterjee D, Chowdhury UF, Shohan MUS, Mohasin M, Kabir Y. In-silico predictions of deleterious SNPs in human ephrin type-A receptor 3 (EPHA3) gene. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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London M, Gallo E. Critical role of EphA3 in cancer and current state of EphA3 drug therapeutics. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5523-5533. [PMID: 32621117 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors are transmembrane glycoprotein members of the tyrosine kinase receptors family. The Ephs may bind to various ephrin ligands resulting in the phosphorylation of their tyrosine kinase domain and the activation of the Eph receptor. In this review we focus on EphA3, one receptor of the 14 different Ephs, as it carries out both redundant and restricted functions in the germline development of mammals and in the maintenance of various adult tissues. The loss of EphA3 regulation is correlated with various human malignancies, the most notable being cancer. This receptor is overexpressed and/or mutated in multiple tumors, and is also associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival in patients. Here we highlight the role of EphA3 in normal and malignant tissues that are specific to cancer; these include hematologic disorders, gastric cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate cancer. Moreover, various anticancer agents against EphA3 have been developed to either inhibit its kinase domain activity or to function as agonists. Thus, we examine the most potent small molecule drugs and mAb-based therapeutics against EphA3 that are currently in pre-clinical or clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max London
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Targeting cancer stem cells by melatonin: Effective therapy for cancer treatment. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152919. [PMID: 32171553 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a physiological hormone produced by the pineal gland. In recent decades, enormous investigations showed that melatonin can prompt apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in variety of malignancies such as ovarian, melanoma, colon, and breast cancer; therefore, its possible therapeutic usage in cancer treatment was confirmed. CSCs, which has received much attention from researchers in past decades, are major challenges in the treatment of cancer. Because CSCs are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and cause recurrence of cancer and also have the ability to be regenerated; they can cause serious problems in the treatment of various cancers. For these reasons, the researchers are trying to find a solution to destroy these cells within the tumor mass. In recent years, the effect of melatonin on CSCs has been investigated in some cancers. Given the importance of CSCs in the process of cancer treatment, this article reviewed the studies conducted on the effect of melatonin on CSCs as a solution to the problems caused by CSCs in the treatment of various cancers.
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10
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EphA3 Downregulation by Hypermethylation Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis and TNM Stage in Colorectal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1514-1522. [PMID: 30560328 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EphA3 is a member of Eph receptors, which is involved in tumorigenesis. The expression and clinical significance of EphA3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully investigated. METHODS Four colon cancer cell lines and a set of CRC tissues were examined for EphA3 expression. The methylation status of a CpG island within the EphA3 promoter, the presence of four somatic EPHA3 mutations, and EPHA3 gene copy number variations were also analyzed in colon cancer cell lines. RESULTS EphA3 expression was lost in all colon cancer cell lines examined. EphA3 expression was lower in tumor tissues when compared with normal intestinal tissues (P < 0.001). A comparison of EphA3 immunohistochemical scores for tumor and matched normal intestinal tissues revealed that the protein was downregulated in 82/164 (50.0%), unchanged in 52/164 (31.7%), and upregulated in 30/164 (18.3%) cases of CRC. EphA3 expression was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis (P =0.014, rs=- 0.192) and TNM stage (P =0.001, rs=- 0.260). Downregulation of expression was more common in older patients (P =0.013, rs=0.193). Methylated promoter DNA was detected in all four colon cancer cell lines. Somatic mutations or EphA3 gene deletion was not detected. CONCLUSIONS EphA3 was downregulated in the majority of CRC. Hypermethylation of a CpG island within the EPHA3 promoter provides a possible mechanism. Loss of EphA3 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage and may therefore prove useful as a predictor for tumor spread in CRC.
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Duan X, Xu X, Yin B, Hong B, Liu W, Liu Q, Tao Z. The prognosis value of EphA3 and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22871. [PMID: 30958616 PMCID: PMC6595293 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to preliminarily assess the relationship between erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor A3 (EphA3) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression levels and prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa) to better understand the role of EphA3 in the prognosis and progression of PCa. Materials We investigated the expression of EphA3 and AR in human PCa by immunohistochemistry. Results EphA3 and AR were both significantly upregulated in PCa, with expression mainly localized to the nucleus. A high level of AR expression was found in 48.4% of 64 tumor samples, which was significantly more than in the adjacent tissue samples (15.6%) (P < 0.01). The percentage of samples expressing a high level of EphA3 was significantly greater in the PCa samples (54.7%) than in the adjacent tissue samples (20.3%) for the 64 tumors (P < 0.01). The high levels of EphA3 and AR expression in the PCa tissue samples were both correlated with the pathological stage, bladder and rectal invasion, distant metastasis, and preoperative PSA level (both P < 0.05). The survival time was significantly shorter in high levels of AR expression of patients. (P < 0.01). A high level of EphA3 in PCa patients suggests a poor prognosis (P < 0.05). Biochemical recurrence, distant metastasis, and the final scores of EphA3 and AR expression were significantly correlated with the prognosis of PCa (P < 0.05). Conclusions Increased EphA3 expression is an independent prognostic factor for a poor outcome and decreased survival in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bong Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- International Medical Center Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Shen W, Xi H, Li C, Bian S, Cheng H, Cui J, Wang N, Wei B, Huang X, Chen L. Endothelin-A receptor in gastric cancer and enhanced antitumor activity of trastuzumab in combination with the endothelin-A receptor antagonist ZD4054. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1448:30-41. [PMID: 30937921 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-A receptor (ETAR) is overexpressed in cancers and can function through transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. We explored ETAR in gastric cancer and investigated the antitumor effect of trastuzumab in combination with the ETAR antagonist ZD4054. The expression of ETAR was significantly correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Univariate and multivariate analyses further showed that ETAR expression correlated with reduced survival in gastric cancer patients. In vitro, ZD4054 increased the antiproliferative effect of trastuzumab in gastric cancer cell lines. Moreover, the addition of ZD4054 to trastuzumab significantly increased apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines. In vivo, tumor growth was considerably inhibited by treatment with ZD4054 and trastuzumab, and the tumor volume in the trastuzumab and ZD4054 combination group was smaller than in the other groups. The detection of ETAR could help predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Additionally, this study provides support for the therapeutic use of the combination of ZD4054 and trastuzumab as an anticancer treatment, especially for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Luo ZW, Zhu MG, Zhang ZQ, Ye FJ, Huang WH, Luo XZ. Increased expression of Ki-67 is a poor prognostic marker for colorectal cancer patients: a meta analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:123. [PMID: 30727976 PMCID: PMC6364416 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of Ki-67 expression in colorectal cancer patients was controversial. Therefore, this meta analysis was conducted to ascertain the prognostic value of Ki-67 expression in colorectal cancer patients. Methods The electronic databases, including EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Knowledge database, were searched from January 1970 to July 2017. The pooled hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the prognostic value of Ki-67 expression for colorectal cancer patients. Results Totally 34 eligible studies and 6180 colorectal cancer patients were included in the present meta analysis. The pooled hazard ratios were 1.54(95% CI 1.17–2.02, P = 0.005) for overall survival and 1.43(1.12–1.83, P = 0.008) for disease free survival in univariate analysis. After adjustment of other prognostic factors, the pooled HR was 1.50(95% CI 1.02–2.22, P = 0.03) for overall survival in multivariate analysis. Conclusion The present meta analysis demonstrated that high Ki-67 expression is significantly correlated with poor overall survival and disease free survival, indicating that high Ki-67 expression may serve as a valuable predictive method for poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Wen Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Gu Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiao Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng-Jun Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Heng Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Zhang Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, 528313, Guangdong, China
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14
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Huang R, Mo D, Wu J, Ai H, Lu Y. CD133 expression correlates with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients: An updated meta-analysis of 37 studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10446. [PMID: 29879012 PMCID: PMC5999490 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD133 has been identified as a putative cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of CD133 in CRC patients remains controversial. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the above issues. METHODS We collected a comprehensive literature search from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase database up to September 20, 2016 examining CD133 and clinical features of colorectal cancer patients. We used the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the effects by overall and stratified analysis. RESULTS The overall result of our meta-analysis indicated that CD133 expression was positively correlated with T category, distant metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. Moreover, patients with higher CD133 expression had a poorer overall survival (OS) (HR=2.01, P < .001) and a lower 5-year OS rate (OR = 3.26, P < .001) than those with lower expression. Disease-free survival (DFS) and 5-year DFS rate were similar with the above results. Though the correlation between CD133 expression with the clinical characteristic was not positive in some ways when we analyzed the different subgroup. The prognostic value of CD133 expression for 5-year OS rate of CRC patients was noticeable in spite of different patients' region, multiple antibodies used in studies, various cut-off values of CD133 expression, and adjuvant therapy situation of patients. CONCLUSION CD133 is a useful predictive or prognostic biomarker for CRC in clinical assessment and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Mo
- Department of Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Junrong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huaying Ai
- Department of Injection Room, The People's Hospital of Yingtan City, Yingtan, Jiangxi
| | - Yiping Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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15
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Xi HQ, Zhang KC, Li JY, Cui JX, Gao YH, Wei B, Huang D, Chen L. RNAi-mediated inhibition of Lgr5 leads to decreased angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31581-31591. [PMID: 28404940 PMCID: PMC5458231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a novel gastric cancer marker. However, it is unclear whether it can play roles in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of Lgr5 on gastric cancer angiogenesis. Lgr5, VEGF expression levels and microvessel density (MVD) were detected in tumor tissue. Then, Lgr5 mRNA was downregulated by small interference RNA technique. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to detect the expression of Lgr5 and VEGF protein and mRNA in Lgr5 siRNA-transfected gastric cancer cells. The effect of silencing Lgr5 on angiogenesis was examined by assessing human umbilical vein endothelia cell (HUVEC) capillary tube formation. The results indicated that Lgr5 expression was upregulated in gastric cancer and positively correlated with VEGF (r=0.305, P=0.001) and MVD (r=0.312, P=0.001). Silencing of Lgr5 expression resulted in suppression of VEGF mRNA and protein (all P=0.001). Moreover, when HUVECs were stimulated with conditioned medium from Lgr5 siRNA-transfected gastric cancer cells, tube formation was significantly decreased (2.51 ± 0.19 mm/mm2) compared with the treatment with regular cell culture medium (DMEM) (7.34 ± 0.30 mm/mm2) or medium from control siRNA-transfected cells (7.18 ± 0.33 mm/mm2) (all P=0.001). In conclusion, Lgr5 plays important roles in angiogenesis. Lgr5-specific siRNA could be designed into an effective therapeutic agent to inhibit gastric cancer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ji-Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Xin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yun-He Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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16
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Suksawat M, Techasen A, Namwat N, Yongvanit P, Khuntikeo N, Titapun A, Koonmee S, Loilome W. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and its upstream regulators in Opisthorchis viverrini associated cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical significance. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:486-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Speigl L, Janssen N, Weide B, Pawelec G, Shipp C. Prognostic impact of the putative cancer stem cell markers ABCG2, CD133, ALDH1A1 and CD44V7/8 in metastatic melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1447-1449. [PMID: 27870003 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Speigl
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | | | - B Weide
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II.,School of Science and Technology, College of Arts and Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K
| | - C Shipp
- Department of Internal Medicine II
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18
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Nasri B, Inokuchi M, Ishikawa T, Uetake H, Takagi Y, Otsuki S, Kojima K, Kawano T. High expression of EphA3 (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A3) in gastric cancer is associated with metastasis and poor survival. BMC Clin Pathol 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28465671 PMCID: PMC5408411 DOI: 10.1186/s12907-017-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the major subfamily of receptor tyrosine, erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor has been related to progression and prognosis in different types of tumors. However, the role and mechanism of EPHA3 in gastric cancer is still not well understood. Methods Specimen were collected from 202 patients who underwent gastric resection for gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression of EphA3 was studied using immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the clinicopathological factors and prognostic relevance of EphA3 expression in gastric cancer. Results High expression of EphA3 was associated with male predominance (p = 0.031), differentiated histology (p < 0.001), depth of tumor (p = 0.002), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001), distant metastasis (p = 0.021), liver metastasis (p = 0.024), advanced stage (p < 0.001), and high HER2 expression (p = 0.017). Relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly worse in patients with high expression of EphA3 than in those with low expression of EphA3 (p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis for RFS showed that depth of tumor [hazard ratio (HR) 9.333, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.183–39.911, p = 0.003] and lymph node metastasis [hazard ratio (HR) 5.734, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.349–13.997, p < 0.001] were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions These findings suggest that high expression EphA3 may participate in metastasis and worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikito Inokuchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Takagi
- Department of Translational Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Otsuki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Kazama S, Kishikawa J, Kiyomatsu T, Kawai K, Nozawa H, Ishihara S, Watanabe T. Expression of the stem cell marker CD133 is related to tumor development in colorectal carcinogenesis. Asian J Surg 2017; 41:274-278. [PMID: 28190751 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE CD133 is currently considered the most robust surface marker for colorectal cancer stem cells. Two meta-analysis reports have suggested that CD133 expression is significantly associated with shorter survival, and CD133 may play an important role in the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the role of CD133 in colorectal adenoma has not been fully elucidated. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate CD133 expression in 200 endoscopically resected colorectal polyps from 200 patients and 20 normal mucosae between January 1993 and December 1996. RESULTS CD133 staining was positive in 17.9% of the colorectal adenomas. Moreover, CD133 expression was associated with differentiation status (p = 0.003) and tumor size (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION CD133 might play an important role in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Kazama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Kiyomatsu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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20
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Andretta E, Cartón-García F, Martínez-Barriocanal Á, de Marcondes PG, Jimenez-Flores LM, Macaya I, Bazzocco S, Bilic J, Rodrigues P, Nieto R, Landolfi S, Ramon y Cajal S, Schwartz S, Brown A, Dopeso H, Arango D. Investigation of the role of tyrosine kinase receptor EPHA3 in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41576. [PMID: 28169277 PMCID: PMC5294649 DOI: 10.1038/srep41576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
EPH signaling deregulation has been shown to be important for colorectal carcinogenesis and genome-wide sequencing efforts have identified EPHA3 as one of the most frequently mutated genes in these tumors. However, the role of EPHA3 in colorectal cancer has not been thoroughly investigated. We show here that ectopic expression of wild type EPHA3 in colon cancer cells did not affect their growth, motility/invasion or metastatic potential in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of mutant EPHA3 or deletion of the endogenous mutant EPHA3 in colon cancer cells did not affect their growth or motility. EPHA3 inactivation in mice did not initiate the tumorigenic process in their intestine, and had no effects on tumor size/multiplicity after tumor initiation either genetically or pharmacologically. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of EPHA3 tumor levels did not reveal associations with survival or clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer patients. In conclusion, we show that EPHA3 does not play a major role in colorectal tumorigenesis. These results significantly contribute to our understanding of the role of EPH signaling during colorectal carcinogenesis, and highlighting the need for detailed functional studies to confirm the relevance of putative cancer driver genes identified in sequencing efforts of the cancer genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andretta
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cartón-García
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Águeda Martínez-Barriocanal
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priscila Guimarães de Marcondes
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lizbeth M. Jimenez-Flores
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irati Macaya
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Bazzocco
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josipa Bilic
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Nieto
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Simo Schwartz
- Group of Drug Delivery and Targeting, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Arthur Brown
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Higinio Dopeso
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Zambo I, Hermanova M, Zapletalova D, Skoda J, Mudry P, Kyr M, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Veselska R. Expression of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 in relation to the clinical outcome in pediatric sarcomas. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:107-16. [PMID: 27314299 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 are recently discussed as putative markers, co-expression of which might determine a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in sarcomas. OBJECTIVE Our study is focused on immunohistochemical analysis of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 expression in rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Furthermore, we also analyzed the possible correlation of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 expression levels with the patient outcome to identify potential prognostic values of these three putative CSC markers in the same cohorts. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, expression of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 was analyzed in 24 rhabdomyosarcoma, 22 Ewing sarcoma and 10 osteosarcoma tissue samples and expression levels of these markers were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS High nestin levels indicate poor prognosis in patients with Ewing sarcoma (P = 0.001), and high CD133 expression is associated with shorter survival in rhabdomyosarcoma patients (P = 0.002). In contrast, no significant relationship was found between ABCG2 expression and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis represents the first complex study of these three putative CSCs markers together in three different types of pediatric sarcomas and showed their possible prognostic values in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zambo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Zapletalova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mudry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kyr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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CD133 expression may be useful as a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer, a tool for optimizing therapy and supportive evidence for the cancer stem cell hypothesis: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:10023-36. [PMID: 26840260 PMCID: PMC4891101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of CD133-related clinical data to investigate the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, analyzing the effectiveness of various therapeutic strategies and examining the validity of the CSC hypothesis. For 28 studies (4546 patients), the relative risk (RR) to survival outcomes associated with CD133+ CRCs were calculated using STATA 12.0 software. Pooled results showed that CD133High patients had poor 5-year overall survival (RR 0.713, 95% CI 0·616-0·826) and 5-year disease free survival (RR 0·707, 95% CI 0·602-0·831). Both associations were consistently observed across different races, research techniques and therapeutic strategies. In a subgroup receiving adjuvant therapy, CD133Low patients achieved significantly better survival than CD133High patients. The findings suggest that CD133 could serve as a predictive marker of poor prognosis and treatment failure in CRC. CD133Low patients could benefit from adjuvant treatments, while CD133High patients should be given novel treatments besides adjuvant therapy. Our results also provide evidence in support of the CSC hypothesis.
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Li M, Yang C, Liu X, Yuan L, Zhang F, Wang M, Miao D, Gu X, Jiang S, Cui B, Tong J, Yu Z. EphA3 promotes malignant transformation of colorectal epithelial cells by upregulating oncogenic pathways. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Xu H, Cao G, Wu Z, Wang J. Loss of EphA3 Protein Expression Is Associated With Advanced TNM Stage in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 15:e169-e173. [PMID: 27591824 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Ephs and their ligands ephrins play an important role in development and carcinogenesis. The expression of EphA3, an Eph family member, has been investigated in a variety of human cancers, with mixed results. High levels of EphA3 protein expression have been reported in colorectal, prostate, and gastric cancers, whereas loss of protein expression has been reported in lung and hematopoietic cancers. EphA3 expression in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and its association with clinicopathological parameters has not previously been examined. The aim of this study was to determine the cancerous value of EphA3 protein expression in patients with ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 68 patients with ccRCC. EphA3 protein expression was examined in ccRCC tissue samples using immunohistochemistry and a specific polyclonal antibody, and the correlation between EphA3 expression and clinicopathological parameters was subsequently evaluated. RESULTS High EphA3 protein expression was observed in all normal renal tubules. In the 68 ccRCC patient samples examined, EphA3 protein expression was detected in 19 cases (27.9%) and undetectable in 49 cases (72.1%). EphA3 protein expression was significantly associated with tumor diameter (P = .016) and tumor, node metastases stage (P = .029). No significant association between protein expression and sex (P = .387), age (P = .727), or nuclear grade (P = .243) was found. CONCLUSION Ourdata indicate that EphA3 protein expression is reduced in ccRCC, suggesting the possibility that this receptor functions as a tumor suppressor in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxin Cao
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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EPHA3 regulates the multidrug resistance of small cell lung cancer via the PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11959-11971. [PMID: 27101199 PMCID: PMC5080350 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). EPHA3 has been revealed to be the most frequently mutated Eph receptor gene in lung cancer with abnormal expression. Growing evidence indicates that the signaling proteins of EPHA3 downstream, including PI3K, BMX and STAT3, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. To explore the possible role of EPHA3 in MDR, we assessed the influence of EPHA3 on chemoresistance, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor growth, as well as the relationship between EPHA3 and the expression of PI3K, BMX, and STAT3 in SCLC. We observed that overexpression of EPHA3 in SCLC cells decreased chemoresistance by increasing apoptosis and inducing G0/G1 arrest, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway. Knockdown of EPHA3 expression generated a resistant phenotype of SCLC, as a result of decreased apoptosis and induced G2/M phase arrest. And re-expression of EPHA3 in these cells reversed the resistant phenotype. Meanwhile, increased phosphorylation of PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling pathway was observed in these cells with EPHA3 deficiency. Notably, both PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and BMX inhibitor (LFM-A13) impaired the chemoresistance enhanced by EPHA3 deficiency in SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, EPHA3 inhibited growth of SCLC cells in vivo and was correlated with longer overall survival of SCLC patients. Thus, we first provide the evidences that EPHA3 is involved in regulating the MDR of SCLC via PI3K/BMX/STAT3 signaling and may be a new therapeutic target in SCLC.
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26
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Hood G, Laufer-Amorim R, Fonseca-Alves CE, Palmieri C. Overexpression of Ephrin A3 Receptor in Canine Prostatic Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:180-5. [PMID: 26895888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin A3 (EphA3), a member of the ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase family, is involved in a variety of functions in normal cells, especially during embryonic development, and alterations in its expression profile have been observed in several human cancers. However, there are no reports of the expression of EphA3 in normal, hyperplastic or neoplastic canine prostate tissue or in other types of canine tumours. Six normal, 15 hyperplastic and 21 neoplastic canine prostates were examined immunohistochemically with a polyclonal antibody specific for human EphA3. The percentage of positive cells in all prostatic carcinomas was increased, with a mean of 89.28 ± 5.18% compared with normal (9.17 ± 6.72%) and hyperplastic prostates (20.00 ± 8.28%). EphA3 expression was not correlated with the histological subtypes of prostate cancer or with the Gleason score. The increase in EphA3 expression in canine prostatic carcinomas suggests the involvement of this receptor in prostatic carcinogenesis and its potential use as a target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Laufer-Amorim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C E Fonseca-Alves
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
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Laitinen VH, Akinrinade O, Rantapero T, Tammela TLJ, Wahlfors T, Schleutker J. Germline copy number variation analysis in Finnish families with hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:316-24. [PMID: 26552734 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inherited factors that predispose individuals to prostate cancer (PrCa) remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify germline copy number variants (CNVs) in Finnish individuals that could contribute to an increased PrCa risk. METHODS Genome-wide CNV screening was performed by analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms from 105 PrCa patients and 37 unaffected relatives, representing 31 Finnish hereditary PrCa (HPC) families. The CNVs that aggregated in affected individuals and overlapped with genes implicated in cancer were validated using quantitative PCR in 189 index patients from Finnish HPC families and in 476 controls. RESULTS An intronic deletion (14.7 kb) in the EPHA3 gene coding for class A ephrin receptor was observed in 11.6% of PrCa patients and in 6.1% of controls. The deletion associated with an increased PrCa risk (P = 0.018, OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.18-3.61). Although incomplete segregation with affection status was observed, the results show that the deletion was overrepresented in PrCa patients (56.1%) when compared to unaffected male relatives (31.2%). Interestingly, PrCa-specific mortality was higher among EPHA3 deletion carriers (24.3%) than among patients with a normal EPHA3 copy number (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first investigation of the contribution of germline CNVs to HPC susceptibility in Finland. A novel association between the EPHA3 deletion and PrCa risk was observed and, if confirmed, screening for this variant may aid in risk stratification among HPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi H Laitinen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, Finland
| | - Tommi Rantapero
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Wahlfors
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
- Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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28
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Vail ME, Murone C, Tan A, Hii L, Abebe D, Janes PW, Lee FT, Baer M, Palath V, Bebbington C, Yarranton G, Llerena C, Garic S, Abramson D, Cartwright G, Scott AM, Lackmann M. Targeting EphA3 inhibits cancer growth by disrupting the tumor stromal microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4470-81. [PMID: 25125683 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are critical for cell-cell communication during normal and oncogenic tissue patterning and tumor growth. Somatic mutation profiles of several cancer genomes suggest EphA3 as a tumor suppressor, but its oncogenic expression pattern and role in tumorigenesis remain largely undefined. Here, we report unexpected EphA3 overexpression within the microenvironment of a range of human cancers and mouse tumor xenografts where its activation inhibits tumor growth. EphA3 is found on mouse bone marrow-derived cells with mesenchymal and myeloid phenotypes, and activation of EphA3(+)/CD90(+)/Sca1(+) mesenchymal/stromal cells with an EphA3 agonist leads to cell contraction, cell-cell segregation, and apoptosis. Treatment of mice with an agonistic α-EphA3 antibody inhibits tumor growth by severely disrupting the integrity and function of newly formed tumor stroma and microvasculature. Our data define EphA3 as a novel target for selective ablation of the tumor microenvironment and demonstrate the potential of EphA3 agonists for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Vail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Carmel Murone
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - April Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda Hii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Degu Abebe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fook-Thean Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Baer
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Varghese Palath
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Carmen Llerena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Slavisa Garic
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Abramson
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Cartwright
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Tomasevic N, Luehrsen K, Baer M, Palath V, Martinez D, Williams J, Yi C, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Lanke R, Leung J, Ching W, Lee A, Bai L, Yarranton G, Bebbington C. A high affinity recombinant antibody to the human EphA3 receptor with enhanced ADCC activity. Growth Factors 2014; 32:223-35. [PMID: 25413948 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.984808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
EphA3 is expressed in solid tumors and leukemias and is an attractive target for the therapy. We have generated a panel of Humaneered® antibodies to the ligand-binding domain using a Fab epitope-focused library that has the same specificity as monoclonal antibody mIIIA4. A high-affinity antibody was selected that competes with the mIIIA4 antibody for binding to EphA3 and has an improved affinity of ∼1 nM. In order to generate an antibody with potent cell-killing activity the variable regions were assembled with human IgG1k constant regions and expressed in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in fucosyl transferase. Non-fucosylated antibodies have been reported to have enhanced binding affinity for the IgG receptor CD16a (FcγRIIIa). The affinity of the antibody for recombinant CD16a was enhanced approximately 10-fold. This resulted in enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against EphA3-expressing leukemic cells, providing a potent antibody for the evaluation as a therapeutic agent.
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases control cell-cell interactions during normal and oncogenic development, and are implicated in a range of processes including angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance and metastasis. They are thus of great interest as targets for cancer therapy. EphA3, originally isolated from leukemic and melanoma cells, is presently one of the most promising therapeutic targets, with multiple tumor-promoting roles in a variety of cancer types. This review focuses on EphA3, its functions in controlling cellular behavior, both in normal and pathological development, and most particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Victoria , Australia and
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Herington AC, Mertens-Walker I, Lisle JE, Maharaj M, Stephenson SA. Inhibiting Eph kinase activity may not be "Eph"ective for cancer treatment. Growth Factors 2014; 32:207-13. [PMID: 25413947 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2014.985293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are commonly over-expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cancers and are recognized as promising therapeutic targets. Although normal interaction between Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands stimulates kinase activity and is generally tumor suppressive, significant Eph over-expression allows activation of ligand- and/or kinase-independent signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis. Single-agent kinase inhibitors are widely used to target RTK-driven tumors but acquired and de novo resistance to such agents is a major limitation to effective clinical use. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ephs can be inhibited by "leaky" or low-specificity kinase inhibitors targeted at other RTKs. Such off-target effects may therefore inadvertently promote ligand- and/or kinase-independent oncogenic Eph signaling, thereby providing a new mechanism by which resistance to the RTK inhibitors can emerge. We propose that combining specific, non-leaky kinase inhibitors with tumor-suppressive stimulators of Eph signaling may provide more effective treatment options for overcoming treatment-induced resistance and clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Herington
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Queensland , Australia and
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32
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Stem cells, colorectal cancer and cancer stem cell markers correlations. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2014; 40:153-61. [PMID: 25729599 PMCID: PMC4340434 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.40.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
: The idea of stem cells as being progenitors of cancer was initially controversial, but later supported by research in the field of leukemia and solid tumors. Afterwards, it was established that genetic abnormalities can affect the stem and progenitor cells, leading to uncontrolled replication and deregulated differentiation. These alterations will cause the changeover to cancerous stem cells (CSC) having two main characteristics: tumor initiation and maintenance. This review will focus on the colorectal cancer stem cell (CR-CSCs) theory which provides a better understanding of different tumor processes: initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, treatment resistance and metastasis. A search in PubMed/Medline was performed using the following keywords: colorectal cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs), colorectal neoplasms stem cells, colorectal cancer stem cell (CR-CSCs) markers, etc. Electronic searches were supplemented by hand searching reference lists, abstracts and proceedings from meetings. Isolation of CR-CSCs can be achieved by targeting and selecting subpopulation of tumor cells based on expression of one or multiple cell surface markers associated with cancer self-renewal, markers as: CD133, CD166, CD44, CD24, beta1 integrin-CD29, Lgr5, EpCAM (ESA), ALDH-1, Msi-1, DCAMLK1 or EphB receptors. The identification and localization of CR-CSCs through different markers will hopefully lead to a better stratification of prognosis and treatment response, as well as the development of new effective strategies for cancer management.
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Oliver JA, Ortiz R, Melguizo C, Álvarez PJ, Gómez-Millán J, Prados J. Prognostic impact of MGMT promoter methylation and MGMT and CD133 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:511. [PMID: 25015560 PMCID: PMC4227111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New biomarkers are needed for the prognosis of advanced colorectal cancer, which remains incurable by conventional treatments. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation and protein expression have been related to colorectal cancer treatment failure and tumor progression. Moreover, the presence in these tumors of cancer stem cells, which are characterized by CD133 expression, has been associated with chemoresistance, radioresistance, metastasis, and local recurrence. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic value of CD133 and MGMT and their possible interaction in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS MGMT and CD133 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 123 paraffin-embedded colorectal adenocarcinoma samples, obtaining the percentage staining and intensity. MGMT promoter methylation status was obtained by using bisulfite modification and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). These values were correlated with clinical data, including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), tumor stage, and differentiation grade. RESULTS Low MGMT expression intensity was significantly correlated with shorter OS and was a prognostic factor independently of treatment and histopathological variables. High percentage of CD133 expression was significantly correlated with shorter DFS but was not an independent factor. Patients with low-intensity MGMT expression and ≥50% CD133 expression had the poorest DFS and OS outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that MGMT expression may be an OS biomarker as useful as tumor stage or differentiation grade and that CD133 expression may be a predictive biomarker of DFS. Thus, MGMT and CD133 may both be useful for determining the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients and to identify those requiring more aggressive adjuvant therapies. Future studies will be necessary to determine its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Antonio Oliver
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada 18012, Spain
| | - Pablo Juan Álvarez
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Millán
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada 18012, Spain
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Cui J, Xi H, Cai A, Bian S, Wei B, Chen L. Decreased expression of Sox7 correlates with the upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the poor survival of gastric cancer patients. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:197-204. [PMID: 24788044 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox7 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in the inhibition and progression of cancer. In the present study, we sought to investigate Sox7 expression in gastric cancer (GC) and its association with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We also wished to determine its clinicopathological significance and prognostic implications. Sox7 expression and its effects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the AGS, MKN-45 and GES-1 gastric cell lines. We also used immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue samples and western blot analysis on fresh tissue samples from patients with GC. The results revealed that Sox7 expression was significantly lower in the GC samples than in distal normal tissues, which was in accordance with our results obtained from our in vitro experiments on the cell lines. However, the expression levels of β-catenin were significantly higher. Sox7 and β-catenin expression significantly correlated with the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and the TNM stage. Patient samples that were Sox7-negative correlated with a significantly shorter survival time. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that Sox7 and β-catenin had an independent effect on the survival of GC patients. Sox7 and β-catenin expression in GC had a negative liner correlation with each other. Our findings suggest that Sox7 plays an important role in inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression, and may be a potential marker for predicting the prognosis of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Xi HQ, Wu XS, Wei B, Chen L. Eph receptors and ephrins as targets for cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2894-909. [PMID: 22862837 PMCID: PMC4393718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands are involved in various signalling pathways and mediate critical steps of a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Increasing experimental evidence demonstrates that both Eph receptor and ephrin ligands are overexpressed in a number of human tumours, and are associated with tumour growth, invasiveness and metastasis. In this regard, the Eph/ephrin system provides the foundation for potentially exciting new targets for anticancer therapies for Eph-expressing tumours. The purpose of this review is to outline current advances in the role of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in cancer, and to discuss novel therapeutic approaches of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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36
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Overexpression of B7-H3 in CD133+ colorectal cancer cells is associated with cancer progression and survival in human patients. J Surg Res 2014; 188:396-403. [PMID: 24630518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells are enriched in CD133-positive (CD133(+)) colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. To date, the biological significance of CD133 expression in cancer stem-like cells is still unknown. B7-H3, a costimulatory molecule, plays a pivotal role in tumor immune escape by inhibiting the functions of T cells. To identify a new marker to predict the tumor grade of CRC, we analyzed the expression of B7-H3 and CD133 in colorectal tumor samples, and their clinical significance was determined. By using a series of techniques including pathologic tissue microarray technology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent staining, we found B7-H3 was expressed in 56.73% of the CRC cases (59/104) sampled; CD133 was detected in 26.92% of the CRC cases (28/104) sampled. Further analysis indicated that 22 of these CD133(+) samples expressed B7-H3. We also found coexpression of CD133 and B7-H3 in tumor tissue samples (r = 0.321, P < 0.01). Moreover, in contrast to individual CD133 or B7-H3 expression, the coexpression of B7-H3 and CD133 was evidently associated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis, and Dukes' stage, suggesting it is a valuable biomarker for the progression of CRC. Indeed, the patients with coexpression of B7-H3 and CD133 had a poorer survival than the other patients (P < 0.05). In summary, our results reveal that B7-H3 was aberrantly expressed in CD133(+) CRC cells, and the expression level was closely associated with tumor progression.
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Liu YJ, Zhang S, Hou K, Li YT, Liu Z, Ren HL, Luo D, Li SH. Analysis of key genes and pathways associated with colorectal cancer with microarray technology. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:1819-23. [PMID: 23679280 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microarray data were analyzed to explore key genes and their functions in progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Two microarray data sets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using corresponding packages of R. Functional enrichment analysis was performed with DAVID tools to uncover their biological functions. RESULTS 631 and 590 DEGs were obtained from the two data sets, respectively. A total of 32 common DEGs were then screened out with the rank product method. The significantly enriched GO terms included inflammatory response, response to wounding and response to drugs. Two interleukin-related domains were revealed in the domain analysis. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the PPAR signaling pathway and the renin-angiotensin system were enriched in the DEGs. CONCLUSIONS Our study to systemically characterize gene expression changes in CRC with microarray technology revealed changes in a range of key genes, pathways and function modules. Their utility in diagnosis and treatment now require exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Clinical College Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Falivelli G, Lisabeth EM, de la Torre ER, Perez-Tenorio G, Tosato G, Salvucci O, Pasquale EB. Attenuation of eph receptor kinase activation in cancer cells by coexpressed ephrin ligands. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81445. [PMID: 24348920 PMCID: PMC3857839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases mediate juxtacrine signals by interacting “in trans” with ligands anchored to the surface of neighboring cells via a GPI-anchor (ephrin-As) or a transmembrane segment (ephrin-Bs), which leads to receptor clustering and increased kinase activity. Additionally, soluble forms of the ephrin-A ligands released from the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases can also activate EphA receptor signaling. Besides these trans interactions, recent studies have revealed that Eph receptors and ephrins coexpressed in neurons can also engage in lateral “cis” associations that attenuate receptor activation by ephrins in trans with critical functional consequences. Despite the importance of the Eph/ephrin system in tumorigenesis, Eph receptor-ephrin cis interactions have not been previously investigated in cancer cells. Here we show that in cancer cells, coexpressed ephrin-A3 can inhibit the ability of EphA2 and EphA3 to bind ephrins in trans and become activated, while ephrin-B2 can inhibit not only EphB4 but also EphA3. The cis inhibition of EphA3 by ephrin-B2 implies that in some cases ephrins that cannot activate a particular Eph receptor in trans can nevertheless inhibit its signaling ability through cis association. We also found that an EphA3 mutation identified in lung cancer enhances cis interaction with ephrin-A3. These results suggest a novel mechanism that may contribute to cancer pathogenesis by attenuating the tumor suppressing effects of Eph receptor signaling pathways activated by ephrins in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Falivelli
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Mathes Lisabeth
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Gizeh Perez-Tenorio
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu CY, Yang ZX, Zhou L, Huang ZZ, Zhang HT, Li J, Tao KS, Xie BZ. High levels of EphA3 expression are associated with high invasive capacity and poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2179-86. [PMID: 23970317 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although EphA3 expression has been associated with progression or prognosis in several types of tumors, the role of EphA3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. This study sought to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of EphA3 expression in HCC as well as the underlying mechanisms responsible. EphA3 protein was mainly localized within the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane. High EphA3 expression was correlated with tumor size, tumor grade, metastasis, venous invasion and AJCC TNM stage (P<0.05), and patients with high levels of EphA3 expression were at a significantly increased risk for shortened survival time (P<0.05). In vitro, the downregulation of EphA3 expression decreased the invasive capacity of HCC cells via the regulation of VEGF. EphA3 may represent a novel candidate marker for patient prognosis as well a molecular target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Lu
- Department of Information, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
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Kuusisto KM, Akinrinade O, Vihinen M, Kankuri-Tammilehto M, Laasanen SL, Schleutker J. copy number variation analysis in familial BRCA1/2-negative Finnish breast and ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71802. [PMID: 23967248 PMCID: PMC3742470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited factors predisposing individuals to breast and ovarian cancer are largely unidentified in a majority of families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). We aimed to identify germline copy number variations (CNVs) contributing to HBOC susceptibility in the Finnish population. METHODS A cohort of 84 HBOC individuals (negative for BRCA1/2-founder mutations and pre-screened for the most common breast cancer genes) and 36 healthy controls were analysed with a genome-wide SNP array. CNV-affecting genes were further studied by Gene Ontology term enrichment, pathway analyses, and database searches to reveal genes with potential for breast and ovarian cancer predisposition. CNVs that were considered to be important were validated and genotyped in 20 additional HBOC individuals (6 CNVs) and in additional healthy controls (5 CNVs) by qPCR. RESULTS An intronic deletion in the EPHA3 receptor tyrosine kinase was enriched in HBOC individuals (12 of 101, 11.9%) compared with controls (27 of 432, 6.3%) (OR = 1.96; P = 0.055). EPHA3 was identified in several enriched molecular functions including receptor activity. Both a novel intronic deletion in the CSMD1 tumor suppressor gene and a homozygous intergenic deletion at 5q15 were identified in 1 of 101 (1.0%) HBOC individuals but were very rare (1 of 436, 0.2% and 1 of 899, 0.1%, respectively) in healthy controls suggesting that these variants confer disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION This study reveals new information regarding the germline CNVs that likely contribute to HBOC susceptibility in Finland. This information may be used to facilitate the genetic counselling of HBOC individuals but the preliminary results warrant additional studies of a larger study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M. Kuusisto
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Satu-Leena Laasanen
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Outpatient Clinic, and Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Photochemical internalization (PCI) of immunotoxins targeting CD133 is specific and highly potent at femtomolar levels in cells with cancer stem cell properties. J Control Release 2013; 168:317-26. [PMID: 23567040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD133 is a putative cancer stem cell (CSC) marker for a number of different cancers and is suggested to be a therapeutic target. Since also normal stem cells express CD133 it is of paramount importance that targeting strategies provide a specific and efficient delivery of cytotoxic drugs in only CD133-positive CSCs. In this study, we have employed photochemical internalization (PCI), a minimally invasive method for light-controlled, specific delivery of membrane-impermeable macromolecules from endocytic vesicles to the cytosol, to specifically target CD133-positive cancer cells. We demonstrate that PCI increases the cytotoxic effect of an immunotoxin (IT) targeting CD133-expressing cancer cells of colon (WiDr and HCT116) and pancreas (BxPC-3) origin. The IT consisted of the mAb CD133/1 (AC133) bound to the ribosome inactivating plant toxin saporin (anti-CD133/1-sap). We show that TPCS2a-PCI of anti-CD133/1-sap is specific, and highly cytotoxic at femto-molar concentrations. Specific binding and uptake of CD133/1, was shown by fluorescence microscopy and co-localization with TPCS2a in endosomes/lysosomes was determined by confocal microscopy. CD133(high) WiDr cells, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting, had a 7-fold higher capacity to initiate spheroids than CD133(low) cells (P<0.001) and were resistant to photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, PDT-resistance was bypassed by the PCI strategy. Tumor initiation and aggressive growth in athymic nude mice was obtained with only 10 CD133(high) cells in contrast to CD133(low) cells where substantially higher cell numbers were needed. The excellent high efficacy and selectivity of eliminating CD133-expressing cells by PCI warrant further pre-clinical evaluations of this novel therapeutic approach.
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Yu Y, Dou KF, Wang JL, Li X, Wang JF, Han W, Zhang ZC, Ruan B, Wang DS. Clinical significance of expression of EphA3 in colon cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:835-839. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i9.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the significance of expression EphA3 protein in colon cancer and the correlation between EphA3 expression and tumor angiogenesis.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine EphA3 expression in 108 surgically resected colon cancer specimens and 15 normal colon mucosal tissue specimens. Microvessel density (MVD) in colon cancer was determined after immunostaining for CD31, and the correlation between EphA3 expression and MVD in colon cancer was assessed. The clinical and pathological significance and the prognosis of patients were analyzed using statistical methods.
RESULTS: Expression of EphA3 protein in cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal colon mucosa tissue. MVD was significantly correlated with overexpression of EpbA3, and high MVD was present in tumor areas that were strongly positive for EphA3. Overexpression of EphA3 protein was correlated with tumor size (71.8% vs 28.2%), TMN stages (Ⅰ: 25.0% vs 75.0%; Ⅱ: 67.9% vs 32.%; Ⅲ: 86.5% vs 13.5%; Ⅳ: 90.9% vs 9.1%), differentiation grade (low differentiation: 90.0% vs 10.0%; moderate differentiation: 62.5% vs 37.5%; high differentiation: 37.5% vs 62.5%), lymph node metastasis (94.1% vs 5.9%) and distant metastasis (75.0% vs 25.0%), but not with patient age or sex.
CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between EphA3 protein overexpression and tumor infiltration and poor prognosis of colon cancer.
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Pirozzi G, Tirino V, Camerlingo R, La Rocca A, Martucci N, Scognamiglio G, Franco R, Cantile M, Normanno N, Rocco G. Prognostic value of cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and circulating tumor cells in lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1763-8. [PMID: 23426441 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program involved in embryonic development that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastasis. CD133 is the main marker identifying cancer stem cells (CSCs) in lung cancer. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are demonstrated to be useful as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The aim of this study was to correlate EMT, CSCs and CTCs with patient prognosis to verify whether they can contribute to better stratification of lung cancer patients at risk for recurrent and metastatic disease. Pulmonary venous blood was drawn after major pulmonary surgery in 45 patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in order to identify CTCs. For the same patients, we also constructed prognostic lung tissue microarrays (TMA) for CD133 and c-kit and evaluated CSC and EMT markers using flow cytometry. Cytokeratin-positive cells were detectable in 11 (23.9%) cases. c-kit expression was heterogeneous in prognostic TMAs while CD133 expression was low or absent which was also confirmed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mean percentage of cells with CD133 expression was 1.6%. CD90 and CD326 markers were co-expressed with a mean percentage of 10.41%. When CD133 and CD90/CD326 expression was correlated with follow-up, CD133 showed a higher correlation with deceased patients when compared with CD90/CD326 co-expression (32.5 vs. 9.5%). CD133 expression demonstrated a strong significant association with patients exhibiting progressive disease when compared to CD90/CD326 expression (15 vs. 7.1%). CD133 may be significantly associated with invasion and metastatic spread of NSCLC. The co-expression of CD90, CD326 and CD133 has definite prognostic value in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Chen S, Song X, Chen Z, Li X, Li M, Liu H, Li J. CD133 expression and the prognosis of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56380. [PMID: 23409180 PMCID: PMC3569427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective CD133 has recently been reported as a marker of cancer stem-like cells in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its predictive value in CRC still remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between the expression of CD133 and clinicopathological features and the outcome of CRC patients by performing a meta-analysis. Methods A comprehensive literature search for relevant studies published up to December 2012 was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science. Only articles in which CD133 antigen was detected in situ localisation by immunohistochemical staining were included. This meta-analysis was done using RevMan 4.2 software. Results We found that a total of 15 studies involving 810 CD133-high and 1487 CD133-low patients met the inclusion criteria for the analysis of 5-year overall survival (OS) rate. In a random-effects model, the results showed that CD133-high expression in colorectal cancer was an independent prognostic marker correlating with both OS rate (RR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.54–0.82, P<0.01) and disease free survival (DFS) rate (RR = 0.71, 95%CI 0.52–0.96, P = 0.03). CD133-high expression was also associated with more T3,4 tumor invasion, N positive and vascular invasion cases, corresponding to a risk difference of 1.12 (95%CI 1.01–1.23, P = 0.03), 1.31 (95%CI 1.06–1.63, P = 0.01) and 1.24 (95%CI 1.08–1.41, P<0.01), respectively. However, when types of histology, lymphatic invasion and distant metastasis were considered, CD133 overexpression was not significantly related with these clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion Our meta-analysis results suggest that CD133 is an efficient prognostic factor in CRC. Higher CD133 expression is significantly associated with poorer clinical outcome and some clinicopathological factors such as T category, N category and vascular invasion in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicai Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Eph receptors and their ligands: promising molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:243-57. [PMID: 23396052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although at present, there is a high incidence of prostate cancer, particularly in the Western world, mortality from this disease is declining and occurs primarily only from clinically significant late stage tumors with a poor prognosis. A major current focus of this field is the identification of new biomarkers which can detect earlier, and more effectively, clinically significant tumors from those deemed "low risk", as well as predict the prognostic course of a particular cancer. This strategy can in turn offer novel avenues for targeted therapies. The large family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, the Ephs, and their binding partners, the ephrins, has been implicated in many cancers of epithelial origin through stimulation of oncogenic transformation, tumor angiogenesis, and promotion of increased cell survival, invasion and migration. They also show promise as both biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value and as targeted therapies in cancer. This review will briefly discuss the complex roles and biological mechanisms of action of these receptors and ligands and, with regard to prostate cancer, highlight their potential as biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, their application as imaging agents, and current approaches to assessing them as therapeutic targets. This review demonstrates the need for future studies into those particular family members that will prove helpful in understanding the biology and potential as targets for treatment of prostate cancer.
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Sgambato A, Corbi M, Svelto M, Caredda E, Cittadini A. New Insights into the CD133 (Prominin-1) Expression in Mouse and Human Colon Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 777:145-66. [PMID: 23161081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following its discovery as a cancer stem cell marker, CD133 has been widely studied for its role in colorectal tumorigenesis. Indeed, colon cancer remains one of the major causes of cancer-related disease and death worldwide, and there is a strong need for an improvement of current diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Thus, efforts have been devoted to try to understand whether CD133 might play a role in human colorectal tumorigenesis and might contribute to a better management of colon cancer patients. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on CD133 expression in normal and cancer colon tissues, both in humans and mice, discussing apparently conflicting data reported in the two species. Moreover, a great attention is devoted to the available information regarding the functional role of CD133 in colon cancer cells. Finally, the proposed clinical applications of CD133, as a prognostic and/or predictive marker as well as a target for novel antineoplastic strategies in colorectal cancer, are discussed. Overall, the available data support a potential important role of CD133 as cancer stem cell marker in colon cancer cells and warrant future studies to verify its potential use in the routine clinical management of colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sgambato
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy,
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Wang K, Xu J, Zhang J, Huang J. Prognostic role of CD133 expression in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:573. [PMID: 23216926 PMCID: PMC3532409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD133 has been identified as a putative cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinical and prognostic significance of CD133 in CRC remains controversial. Methods Publications were identified which assessed the clinical or prognostic significance of CD133 in CRC up to October 2012. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between CD133 expression and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, and comprised 3652 cases. Analysis of these data showed that CD133 was not significantly associated with the depth of CRC invasion (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77–2.68, Z = 1.15, P = 0.252) or tumor differentiation (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.28–1.46, Z = −1.06, P = 0.286). Also, there was no statistically significant association of CD133 with lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.87–1.54, Z = 1.05, P = 0.315) or lymphatic invasion (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.81–1.43, Z = 0.53, P = 0.594). However, in identified studies, overexpression of CD133 was highly correlated with reduced overall survival (relative risk [RR] = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.45–3.17, Z = 3.81, P = 0.0001). Conclusions CD133 may play an important role in the progression of CRC, and overexpression of CD133 is closely related with poorer patient survival. If these findings are confirmed by well-designed prospective studies, CD133 may be a useful maker for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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CD133 affects the invasive ability of HCT116 cells by regulating TIMP-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23195431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD133 is widely expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cell lines. This protein has been used as a marker of CRC cancer stem cells, although the function and mechanism of CD133 in CRC invasion and metastasis remain unclear. In our study, we examined the role of CD133 in CRC invasion in vitro and investigated the mechanism involved in CD133-related invasion. CD133(high) and CD133(low) HCT116 cells were isolated, and the proliferation and invasive ability of these two subpopulations were tested. CD133(high) HCT116 cells exhibited greater proliferation and invasion compared with CD133(low) HCT116 cells. CD133 knockdown (using CD133 small-interfering [si]RNA) inhibited the invasive activity of CD133si-HCT116 cells. For the first time, we found that the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) was down-regulated in CD133si-HCT116 cells. In addition, for the TIMP-2si-HCT116 cells (transfected with TIMP-2 siRNA), in vitro invasion was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of CD133 remained unchanged. Finally, the metalloproteinase 2 and MEK/ERK signaling pathways were examined, and no significant change was observed after the knockdown of CD133 or TIMP-2 in HCT116 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CD133 plays an important role in HCT116 cell invasion, and for the first time, we found that CD133 knockdown significantly down-regulated TIMP-2 expression, which suggests that CD133 affects the invasive ability of HCT116 cells by regulating TIMP-2.
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Grosse-Gehling P, Fargeas CA, Dittfeld C, Garbe Y, Alison MR, Corbeil D, Kunz-Schughart LA. CD133 as a biomarker for putative cancer stem cells in solid tumours: limitations, problems and challenges. J Pathol 2012; 229:355-78. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grosse-Gehling
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology; Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories (BIOTEC) and DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD); Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
| | - Claudia Dittfeld
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology; Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
| | - Yvette Garbe
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology; Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London; UK
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories (BIOTEC) and DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD); Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology; Dresden University of Technology; Fetscherstrasse 74; 01307; Dresden; Germany
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