1
|
Hu X, Ye K, Bo S, Xiao Z, Ma M, Pan J, Zhong X, Zhang D, Mo X, Yu X, Chen M, Luo L, Shi C. Monitoring imatinib decreasing pericyte coverage and HIF-1α level in a colorectal cancer model by an ultrahigh-field multiparametric MRI approach. J Transl Med 2024; 22:712. [PMID: 39085929 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive pericyte coverage promotes tumor growth, and a downregulation may solve this dilemma. Due to the double-edged sword role of vascular pericytes in tumor microenvironment (TME), indiscriminately decreasing pericyte coverage by imatinib causes poor treatment outcomes. Here, we optimized the use of imatinib in a colorectal cancer (CRC) model in high pericyte-coverage status, and revealed the value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) at 9.4T in monitoring treatment-related changes in pericyte coverage and the TME. METHODS CRC xenograft models were evaluated by histological vascular characterizations and mpMRI. Mice with the highest pericyte coverage were treated with imatinib or saline; then, vascular characterizations, tumor apoptosis and HIF-1α level were analyzed histologically, and alterations in the expression of Bcl-2/bax pathway were assessed through qPCR. The effects of imatinib were monitored by dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)- and amide proton transfer chemical exchange saturation transfer (APT CEST)-MRI at 9.4T. RESULTS The DCE- parameters provided a good histologic match the tumor vascular characterizations. In the high pericyte coverage status, imatinib exhibited significant tumor growth inhibition, necrosis increase and pericyte coverage downregulation, and these changes were accompanied by increased vessel permeability, decreased microvessel density (MVD), increased tumor apoptosis and altered gene expression of apoptosis-related Bcl-2/bax pathway. Strategically, a 4-day imatinib effectively decreased pericyte coverage and HIF-1α level, and continuous treatment led to a less marked decrease in pericyte coverage and re-elevated HIF-1α level. Correlation analysis confirmed the feasibility of using mpMRI parameters to monitor imatinib treatment, with DCE-derived Ve and Ktrans being most correlated with pericyte coverage, Ve with vessel permeability, AUC with microvessel density (MVD), DWI-derived ADC with tumor apoptosis, and APT CEST-derived MTRasym at 1 µT with HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS These results provided an optimized imatinib regimen to achieve decreasing pericyte coverage and HIF-1α level in the high pericyte-coverage CRC model, and offered an ultrahigh-field multiparametric MRI approach for monitoring pericyte coverage and dynamics response of the TME to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Hu
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Kunlin Ye
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shaowei Bo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Xingang Middle Road No. 466, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Panfu Road No. 1, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jinghua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xukai Mo
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No.601, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Liangping Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, West Huangpu Avenue No. 613, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eskandrani R, Al-Rasheed LS, Ansari SA, Bakheit AH, Almehizia AA, Almutairi M, Alkahtani HM. Targeting Transcriptional CDKs 7, 8, and 9 with Anilinopyrimidine Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In Silico Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114271. [PMID: 37298748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are promising targets in chemotherapy. In this study, we report a series of 2-anilinopyrimidine derivatives with CDK inhibitory activity. Twenty-one compounds were synthesized and their CDK inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. The representative compounds demonstrate potent antiproliferative activities toward different solid cancer cell lines and provide a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Compound 5f was the most potent CDK7 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.479 µM), compound 5d was the most potent CDK8 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.716 µM), and compound 5b was the most potent CDK9 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.059 µM). All the compounds satisfied the Lipinski's rule of five (molecular weight < 500 Da, number of hydrogen bond acceptors <10, and octanol-water partition coefficient and hydrogen bond donor values below 5). Compound 5j is a good candidate for lead optimization because it has a non-hydrogen atom (N) of 23, an acceptable ligand efficiency value of 0.38673, and an acceptable ligand lipophilic efficiency value of 5.5526. The synthesized anilinopyrimidine derivatives have potential as anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razan Eskandrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees S Al-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration and Development (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sampaio LA, Pina LTS, Serafini MR, Tavares DDS, Guimarães AG. Antitumor Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702487. [PMID: 34305611 PMCID: PMC8293693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is estimated that one in five people worldwide faces a diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm during their lifetime. Carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, are natural compounds that act against several diseases, including cancer. Thus, this systematic review aimed to examine and synthesize the knowledge on the antitumor effects of carvacrol and thymol. Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Lilacs databases in April 2020 (updated in March 2021) based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The following combination of health descriptors, MeSH terms and their synonyms were used: carvacrol, thymol, antitumor, antineoplastic, anticancer, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, in vitro and in vivo. To assess the risk of bias in in vivo studies, the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool was used, and for in vitro studies, a modified version was used. Results: A total of 1,170 records were identified, with 77 meeting the established criteria. The studies were published between 2003 and 2021, with 69 being in vitro and 10 in vivo. Forty-three used carvacrol, 19 thymol, and 15 studies tested both monoterpenes. It was attested that carvacrol and thymol induced apoptosis, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, antimetastatic activity, and also displayed different antiproliferative effects and inhibition of signaling pathways (MAPKs and PI3K/AKT/mTOR). Conclusions: Carvacrol and thymol exhibited antitumor and antiproliferative activity through several signaling pathways. In vitro, carvacrol appears to be more potent than thymol. However, further in vivo studies with robust methodology are required to define a standard and safe dose, determine their toxic or side effects, and clarify its exact mechanisms of action. This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020176736) and the protocol is available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=176736.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laeza Alves Sampaio
- Graduate Program of Applied Sciences to Health, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is essential for tissue homeostasis. De-regulation of the balance between proliferation and apoptosis contributes to tumor initiation. Particularly in the colon where apoptosis is a crucial process in intestinal turnover, inhibition of apoptosis facilitates transformation and tumor progression. The BCL-2 family of proteins are key regulators of apoptosis and have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, progression and resistance to therapy. In this review we outline the current knowledge on the BCL-2 family-regulated intrinsic apoptosis pathway and mechanisms by which it is de-regulated in CRC. We further review BH3 mimetics as a therapeutic opportunity to target this pathway and evaluate their potential for CRC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Ramesh
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raghav PK, Kumar R, Kumar V, Raghava GPS. Docking-based approach for identification of mutations that disrupt binding between Bcl-2 and Bax proteins: Inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e910. [PMID: 31490001 PMCID: PMC6825947 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducing apoptosis in cancer cells is an important step for the successful treatment of cancer patients. Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein which determines apoptosis by interacting with proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Exome sequencing has identified Bcl-2 and Bax missense mutations in more than 40 cancer types. However, a little information is available about the functional impact of each Bcl-2 and Bax mutation on the pathogenesis of cancer. METHODS The mutational data from cancer tissues and cell lines were retrieved from the cBioPortal web resource. The 13 mutated Bcl-2 and wild-type Bax complexes with experimentally verified binding were identified from previous studies wherein, binding for all complexes was reportedly disrupted except one. Several protein-protein docking methods such as ClusPro, HDOCK, PatchDock, FireDock, InterEVDock2 and several mutation prediction methods such as PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and OncoKB have been used to predict the effect of mutation to disrupt the binding between Bcl-2 and Bax. The result obtained was compared with the known experimental data. RESULTS The protein-protein docking method, ClusPro, employed in the present study confirmed that the binding affinity of 11 out of 13 complexes decreases. Similarly, binding affinity computed for all the 10 wild-type Bcl-2 and mutated Bax complexes agreed with experimentally verified results. CONCLUSION Several methods like PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and OncoKB have been developed to predict cancer-associated or deleterious mutations, but no method is available to predict apoptosis-inducing mutations. Thus, in this study, we have examined the mutations in Bcl-2 and Bax proteins that disrupt their binding, which is crucial for inducing apoptosis to eradicate cancer. This study suggests that protein-protein docking methods can play a significant role in the identification of hotspot mutations in Bcl-2 or Bax that can disrupt their binding with wild-type partner to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Center for Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Center for Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyNew DelhiIndia
- CSIR‐Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarhIndia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Center for Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyNew DelhiIndia
- CSIR‐Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarhIndia
| | - Gajendra P. S. Raghava
- Center for Computational BiologyIndraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torén W, Ansari D, Andersson R. Immunohistochemical investigation of prognostic biomarkers in resected colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30602942 PMCID: PMC6307223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the prognostic role of biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, no biomarker has been established in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the current literature for biomarkers evaluated by immunohistochemistry as prognostic markers in patients with resected CRLM. Methods A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified in the PubMed database with selected search terms and by cross-references search. The REMARK quality criteria were applied. Markers were included if they reported the prognostic impact of immunohistochemical markers in a multivariable setting in relation to overall survival (OS). A meta-analysis was conducted when more than one original article provided survival data of a marker. Results In total, 26 biomarkers were identified as independent significant markers for OS in resected CRLM. These biomarkers were found to be involved in multiple oncogenic signalling pathways that control cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection. Among these biomarker candidates were Ki-67, EGFR, p53, hTERT, CD34, TSP-1, KISS1, Aurora kinase A and CDX2. CD34 and TSP-1 were reported as significantly associated with survival by more than one study and where therefore pooled in a meta-analysis. Conclusion A number of independent prognostic biomarkers for resected CRLM were identified. However, most markers were evaluated in a retrospective setting with small patient cohorts, without external validation. Large, prospective, multicentre studies with standardised methods are needed before biomarkers can translated into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Torén
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jameel GH, Ali Al-Ezzy AI, Mohammed IH. Immunomodulatory, Apoptosis Induction and Antitumor Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Calvatia Craniiformis in Mice Transfected with Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1206-1214. [PMID: 30087723 PMCID: PMC6062273 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Immunomodulatory, apoptosis induction and antitumor effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Calvatia craniiformis regarding the size of tumour mass, caspase-8 expression and apoptotic index (AI%) in mice transfected with murine hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (H22) as an experimental therapeutic system for human hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight Balb/C albino mice were transfected in legs with H22 cells. Tumour size was measured twice a week. Caspase-8 protein expression and apoptotic index determination evaluated by Immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Tumor size significantly differed between the two groups of mice transfected with H22 cells; the first was treated with C. craniiformis aqueous extract (0.3, 0.6, 1.2) mg/kg and the second group was treated with C. craniiformis methanolic extract (0.25, 0.5, 1.0) mg/kg compared with control group. The inhibitory activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts was dose and duration dependent. The size of the tumour mass was reduced up to 87.9% when treated with 1.2 mg/kg aqueous extract and 1 mg/kg for methanolic extract. Caspase-8 expression was increased in a dose-dependent manner among H22 bearing mice treated with C. craniiformis aqueous extract (0.3, 0.6, 1.2) mg/kg. At 0.3 mg/kg, the intensity of expression was strong in (33.33%) and very strong in (66.67%). While at 0.6 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg the intensity of expression was strong in (33.33%) and very strong in (100%) with a significant difference (P ≤ 0.001). H22 bearing mice treated with (0.25, 0.5, 1.0) mg/kg C. craniiformis methanolic extract shows increased caspase-8 expression in a dose-dependent manner. At 0.25 mg/kg, the intensity of expression was strong in (33.33%) and very strong in (66.67%). While at 0.5 mg/kg, the intensity of expression was strong in (33.33%) and very strong in (100%). At 1.0 mg/kg, the intensity of expression was strong in (16.67%) and very strong in (83.33%) with significant difference (P ≤ 0.001). AI% of H22 bearing mice treated with C. craniiformis aqueous and methanolic extracts were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the untreated control group. No significant difference was reported in AI% between aqueous and methanolic extracts treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Extracts of C. craniiformis were highly efficient in tumour growth inhibition, causing a reduction in the tumour size clinically and increase the expression of caspase-8 gene product in tumour tissue, causing increase apoptotic index of H22 cells taken from the legs of inoculated mice leading to loss of legs due to bone necrosis. Antitumor activity of C. craniiformis aqueous, and the methanolic extract was dose and duration dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Hamdan Jameel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Diyala University, Baqubah, Iraq
| | | | - Ibrahim H Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Diyala University, Baqubah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee SW, Park H, Lee HY, Sohn I, Lee SH, Kang J, Sun JM, Ahn MJ. Deciphering Clinicoradiologic Phenotype for Thymidylate Synthase Expression Status in Patients with Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Using a Radiomics Approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8968. [PMID: 29895834 PMCID: PMC5997691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify predictive clinicoradiologic characteristics of thymidylate synthase (TS) expression status in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer patients. We reviewed clinicoradiologic features of 169 patients stratified into TS-negative (n = 84) and TS-positive (n = 85) groups, including quantitative CT radiomic features of both primary lung and metastatic lesions from initial CT and PET. Clinical factors including age and smoking history were significantly associated with TS as well as radiomic features. The predictive performance for dichotomizing TS expression status was slightly higher when imaging features of primary lung lesions were added compared to the model based solely on the clinical features, but without statistical significance (10-fold cross-validated AUC = 0.619 and 0.581, respectively; P = 0.425). The predictive performance of clinicoradiologic parameters slightly increased with primary lung lesions only compared to the inclusion of metastatic lesions, but without statistical significance (10-fold cross-validated AUC = 0.619 and 0.554, respectively; P = 0.203). Overall survival was prolonged in the TS-negative group compared to the TS-positive group (P = 0.001). TS-negativity is a potential prognostic biomarker, and our study presents that although CT radiomic features have potential for predicting TS expression status, clinical significance is uncertain. The addition of radiomic features to clinical factors did not show significant improvement in predicting TS-negativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Won Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Yun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Lee
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inchun St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Inchun, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Atasoy P, Bozdoğan O, Oztürk S, Ensari A. BCL2 Expression and its Correlation with Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Colon Carcinomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 90:233-8. [PMID: 15237588 DOI: 10.1177/030089160409000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background In this study we investigated the association between BCL2 expression and neuroendocrine differentiation in tubular adenomas and colon carcinomas. We also evaluated the prognostic significance of BCL2 expression and neuroendocrine differentiation in the carcinoma group. Methods Forty-eight colon carcinomas and twelve tubular adenomas were stained immunohistochemically with BCL2 and chromogranin A (CgA). Staining patterns were scored semiquantitatively and correlated with tumor type, tumor grade, Dukes stage, and survival time. Results BCL2 expression was detected in 7 of 12 (58.3%) adenomas and 37 of 48 (77.0%) carcinomas. In normal mucosa we observed positive staining only in the basal portions of the crypts. However, diffuse positivity was observed in the adenomas and carcinomas. Carcinomas had significantly higher BCL2 scores than the normal group, but we did not observe any significant differences either between the adenoma and carcinoma group or between the adenoma and normal group. BCL2 scores were higher in stage B than in stage C tumors, and in adenocarcinomas than in mucinous carcinomas. CgA positivity was observed in 24 of 48 (50%) carcinomas. It was not detected in adenomas. We did not find a significant correlation between CgA expression and any of the clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion On consecutive sections BCL2 and CgA positivity closely paralleled each other and a significant positive correlation was observed between CgA and BCL2 expression. These findings suggest a close association between BCL2 expression and neuroendocrine differentiation and indicate that BCL2 may be involved in neuroendocrine differentiation in addition to its role in protecting cells from apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Atasoy
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar R, Raghava GPS. ApoCanD: Database of human apoptotic proteins in the context of cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20797. [PMID: 26861916 PMCID: PMC4748276 DOI: 10.1038/srep20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, apoptosis pathway has gained a serious consideration being a critical cellular process in determining the cancer progression. Inverse relationship between cancer progression and apoptosis rate has been well established in the literature. It causes apoptosis proteins under the investigative scanner for developing anticancer therapies, which certainly got a success in the case of few apoptosis proteins as drug targets. In the present study, we have developed a dedicated database of 82 apoptosis proteins called ApoCanD. This database comprises of crucial information of apoptosis proteins in the context of cancer. Genomic status of proteins in the form of mutation, copy number variation and expression in thousands of tumour samples and cancer cell lines are the major bricks of this database. In analysis, we have found that TP53 and MYD88 are the two most frequently mutated proteins in cancer. Availability of other information e.g. gene essentiality data, tertiary structure, sequence alignments, sequences profiles, post-translational modifications makes it even more useful for the researchers. A user-friendly web interface is provided to ameliorate the use of ApoCanD. We anticipate that, this database will facilitate the research community working in the field of apoptosis and cancer. The database can be accessed at: http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/apocand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vandiver AR, Idrizi A, Rizzardi L, Feinberg AP, Hansen KD. DNA methylation is stable during replication and cell cycle arrest. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17911. [PMID: 26648411 PMCID: PMC4673417 DOI: 10.1038/srep17911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification with important functions in development. Large-scale loss of DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer. Recent work has identified large genomic blocks of hypomethylation associated with cancer, EBV transformation and replicative senescence, all of which change the proportion of actively proliferating cells within the population measured. We asked if replication or cell-cycle arrest affects the global levels of methylation or leads to hypomethylated blocks as observed in other settings. We used fluorescence activated cell sorting to isolate primary dermal fibroblasts in G0, G1 and G2 based on DNA content and Ki67 staining. We additionally examined G0 cells arrested by contact inhibition for one week to determine the effects of extended arrest. We analyzed genome wide DNA methylation from sorted cells using whole genome bisulfite sequencing. This analysis demonstrated no global changes or large-scale hypomethylated blocks in any of the examined cell cycle phases, indicating that global levels of methylation are stable with replication and arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Vandiver
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Adrian Idrizi
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Lindsay Rizzardi
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Kasper D Hansen
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gene expression differences in primary colorectal tumors and matched liver metastases: chemotherapy related or tumoral heterogeneity? Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:322-9. [PMID: 25301403 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is generally based on genetic testing performed in primary tumor biopsies, but whether the genomic status of primary tumors is identical to that of metastases is not well known. We compared the gene expression profiles of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies of colorectal primary tumors and matched liver metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We compared the expression of 18 genes in FFPE CRC tumors and their matched liver metastases from 32 patients. The expression of each gene in CRC primary tumors and their matched liver metastases was tested using Student's t test for paired samples. Pairwise correlations of each gene in the primary tumors and matched liver metastases were evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS The expression of six genes was significantly different in primary tumors compared with their matched liver metastases [CXCR4 (p < 0.001), THBS1 (p = 0.007), MMP 9 (p = 0.048), GST Pi (p = 0.050), TYMP (p = 0.042) and DPYD (p < 0.001)]. For the remaining genes, where no significant differences were observed, only SMAD4 (r s = 0.447, p = 0.010), ERCC1 (r s = 0.423, p = 0.016) and VEGF A (r s = 0.453, p = 0.009) showed significant correlation in expression between the two tissues. Therefore, we only detected similar gene expression levels between the tumor and the metastases in these three markers. CONCLUSIONS We only found similar gene expression levels between the tumor and the metastases in three genes (SMAD4, ERCC1, and VEGF A). However, our study could not assess whether the differences in gene expression were secondary to tumoral heterogeneity or to molecular changes induced by previous chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ivanecz A, Kavalar R, Palfy M, Pivec V, Sremec M, Horvat M, Potrč S. Can we improve the clinical risk score? The prognostic value of p53, Ki-67 and thymidylate synthase in patients undergoing radical resection of colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16:235-42. [PMID: 23509992 PMCID: PMC3945849 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess whether biological markers can provide prognostic information additional to that supplied by the clinical risk score (CRS) in patients with colorectal liver metastases. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was conducted. Patients selected for this study were treated between 1996 and 2011 with potentially curative liver surgery. Expressions of p53, Ki-67 and thymidylate synthase were assayed using immunohistochemical techniques on tissue microarrays. RESULTS A total of 98 (24%) of 406 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median follow-up was 103 months. Analysis revealed a correlation between p53 protein overexpression and high CRS (P = 0.058). Following multivariate analysis, only high CRS remained as an independent negative prognostic predictor of survival (P = 0.018), as well as an indicator of early recurrence of disease (P = 0.010). Of the biological markers investigated, only Ki-67 overexpression was identified as a positive predictor of survival on multivariate analysis (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Ki-67 overexpression was a positive predictor of survival. Only high CRS remained an independent negative prognostic predictor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Ivanecz
- Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia,Correspondence Arpad Ivanecz, Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Tel: + 386 41 962402. Fax: + 386 2 321 1257. E-mail:
| | - Rajko Kavalar
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Palfy
- Department of Medical Research, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Vid Pivec
- Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Sremec
- Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Horvat
- Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Stojan Potrč
- Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Centre MariborMaribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu L, Liu S. Autophagy contributes to modulating the cytotoxicities of Bcl-2 homology domain-3 mimetics. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:553-60. [PMID: 24012660 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of apoptosis is a key step in developing cancers, and mediates resistance to cancer therapy. Commitment to apoptosis is caused by permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, a process regulated by the interactions between different proteins of Bcl-2 family. Furthermore, Bcl-2 family proteins also bind to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they modulate autophagy, another important pathway regulating cell survival and death. Dysregulation of Bcl-2 family has been demonstrated in a wide spectrum of human cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, targeting the Bcl-2 family of proteins represents a promising therapeutic approach for these malignancies. Recent advances have yielded small molecules that have close structural or functional similarity to BH3-only proteins and are therefore named BH3 mimetics. Of these BH3 mimetics, obatoclax, (-)-gossypol, and ABT-263 are currently in clinical trials for multiple cancers. Growing evidence indicates that these BH3 mimetics not only induce apoptosis, but also regulate autophagy which may serve as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism to counteract or mediate the cytotoxicity of BH3 mimetics. This review discusses the role of autophagy in cell-fate decision upon BH3 mimetics treatment. Further exploration of our understanding of the association between autophagy and cellular outcomes in response to BH3 mimetics treatment will likely offer improved therapies for patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jang MJ, Kim JW, Jeon YJ, Chong SY, Hong SP, Hwang SG, Oh D, Cho YK, Ji YG, Kim NK. Polymorphisms of folate metabolism-related genes and survival of patients with colorectal cancer in the Korean population. Gene 2013; 533:558-64. [PMID: 24100087 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a cornerstone of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC), and the major targets of 5-FU are thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1). We hypothesized that polymorphisms in the genes encoding these proteins would be associated with CRC patient survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS We genotyped the following polymorphisms in 372 CRC patients: TS enhancer region (TSER), TS 1494del6, MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C, and RFC1 -43T>C, 80G>A, and 696C>T. Using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard models, we evaluated associations between these polymorphisms and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The combined TS 1494 0bp6bp+6bp6bp genotype was associated with reduced OS compared to the TS 1494 0bp0bp genotype. Among rectal cancer patients, the RFC1 -43CC and 80AA genotypes were associated with favorable OS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that TS and RFC1 polymorphisms are associated with CRC prognosis in Korean patients. Further studies are needed to verify these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Ju Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kykalos S, Dimitroulis D, Ntikoudi E, Karayiannakis A. The clinical significance of apoptosis and M30 expression in colonic cancer progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:255-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.802804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Laird A, O'Mahony FC, Nanda J, Riddick ACP, O'Donnell M, Harrison DJ, Stewart GD. Differential expression of prognostic proteomic markers in primary tumour, venous tumour thrombus and metastatic renal cell cancer tissue and correlation with patient outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60483. [PMID: 23577117 PMCID: PMC3618228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most deadly of urological malignancies. Metastatic disease affects one third of patients at diagnosis with a further third developing metastatic disease after extirpative surgery. Heterogeneity in the clinical course ensures predicting metastasis is notoriously difficult, despite the routine use of prognostic clinico-pathological parameters in risk stratification. With greater understanding of pathways involved in disease pathogenesis, a number of biomarkers have been shown to have prognostic significance, including Ki67, p53, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and ligand D (VEGFD), SNAIL and SLUG. Previous pathway analysis has been from study of the primary tumour, with little attention to the metastatic tumours which are the focus of targeted molecular therapies. As such, in this study a tissue microarray from 177 patients with primary renal tumour, renal vein tumour thrombus and/or RCC metastasis has been created and used with Automated Quantitative Analysis (AQUA) of immunofluorescence to study the prognostic significance of these markers in locally advanced and metastatic disease. Furthermore, this has allowed assessment of differential protein expression between the primary tumours, renal vein tumour thrombi and metastases. The results demonstrate that clinico-pathological parameters remain the most significant predictors of cancer specific survival; however, high VEGFR1 or VEGFD can predict poor cancer specific survival on univariate analysis for locally advanced and metastatic disease. There was significantly greater expression of Ki67, p53, VEGFR1, SLUG and SNAIL in the metastases compared with the primary tumours and renal vein tumour thrombi. With the exception of p53, these differences in protein expression have not been shown previously in RCC. This confirms the importance of proliferation, angiogenesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis and metastasis of RCC. Importantly, this work highlights the need for further pathway analysis of metastatic tumours for overcoming drug resistance and developing new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laird
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hashimoto M, Kobayashi T, Tashiro H, Amano H, Oshita A, Tanimoto Y, Kuroda S, Tazawa H, Aikata H, Chayama K, Fujii M, Arihiro K, Ohdan H. A huge metastatic liver tumor from leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava: report of a case. Surg Today 2011; 42:505-8. [PMID: 22127537 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare malignant tumor, and only a few cases of the resection of IVC leiomyosarcomas with synchronous liver metastases have been reported. This report describes a female patient who initially presented with a solitary, huge liver tumor and a retroperitoneal tumor. Following our preoperative diagnosis of primary liver cancer with a retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, the patient underwent combined resection of both tumors. The surgical findings revealed that the retroperitoneal tumor originated from the IVC wall. The pathological and immunohistochemical findings revealed that both tumors were leiomyosarcomas. Although the liver tumor was much larger than the IVC tumor, we considered that the metastatic liver tumor arose from the IVC leiomyosarcoma. This was an instructive case because the metastatic liver tumor from the IVC leiomyosarcoma was so large as to be mistaken for a primary liver tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hashimoto
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Payne CM, Crowley-Skillicorn C, Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bernstein H. Molecular and cellular pathways associated with chromosome 1p deletions during colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2011; 4:75-119. [PMID: 21753893 PMCID: PMC3132853 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is a major pathway of sporadic colon carcinogenesis. Chromosome arm 1p appears to be one of the "hot spots" in the non-neoplastic mucosa that, when deleted, is associated with the initiation of carcinogenesis. Chromosome arm 1p contains genes associated with DNA repair, spindle checkpoint function, apoptosis, multiple microRNAs, the Wnt signaling pathway, tumor suppression, antioxidant activities, and defense against environmental toxins. Loss of 1p is dangerous since it would likely contribute to genomic instability leading to tumorigenesis. The 1p deletion-associated colon carcinogenesis pathways are reviewed at the molecular and cellular levels. Sporadic colon cancer is strongly linked to a high-fat/low-vegetable/low-micronutrient, Western-style diet. We also consider how selected dietary-related compounds (eg, excess hydrophobic bile acids, and low levels of folic acid, niacin, plant-derived antioxidants, and other modulatory compounds) might affect processes leading to chromosomal deletions, and to the molecular and cellular pathways specifically altered by chromosome 1p loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Carol Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hana Holubec
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Harris Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kykalos S, Mathaiou S, Karayiannakis AJ, Patsouras D, Lambropoulou M, Simopoulos C. Tissue Expression of the Proteins Fas and Fas Ligand in Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastases. J Gastrointest Cancer 2011; 43:224-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12029-011-9252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
21
|
Henderson-Jackson EB, Helm J, Ghayouri M, Hakam A, Nasir A, Leon M, Bui M, Yeatman T, Coppola D. Correlation between Mcl-1 and pAKT protein expression in colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 3:768-774. [PMID: 21151390 PMCID: PMC2993227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mcl-1 inhibits apoptosis in well-differentiated cells by sequestering BAD, BID, and BAX and other apoptotic molecules. pAKT blocks apoptotsis by facilitating the interaction of BAD with BCL-XL. Expression of pAKT and Mcl-1 have been described in colon cancer, however, the relationship between pAKT and Mcl-1 has not. Mcl-1 and pAKT immunohistochemistry was performed using colorectal cancer tissue microarray (TMA). The Holm step-down method was used to adjust for multiple testing. Mcl-1 and pAKT scores, stage, and grade were compared using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Metastasis and no metastasis groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Mcl-1 and pAKT scores were compared for normal colorectal mucosa (NR), adenoma (AD), and colorectal cancer (CRC) cohorts. The mean (SD) pAKT expression in NR (14) was 2.0 (1.4), in AD (8) was 3.0 (1.7), and in CRC (101) was 5.6 (2.4). These differences were statistically significant. For Mcl-1 the mean (SD) expression was 4.1 (1.7) in NR, 3.2 (1.2) in AD, and 3.3 (2.6) in CRC. Mcl-1 and pAKT scores were directly correlated during various stages of colon car-cinogenesis (p = 0.04). Mcl-1 showed direct correlation with tumor grade (p = 0.001) and tumor stage (p = 0.02) and with presence of metastasis (p = 0.008). We report the correlation of Mcl-1 protein expression with higher grade and stage in colorectal cancer. Mcl-1 correlated also with pAKT expression. We also report the up regulation of pAKT during the transition from NR to CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Helm
- Departments of Biostatistic; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Masoumeh Ghayouri
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ardeshir Hakam
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Aejaz Nasir
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marino Leon
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marilyn Bui
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Program of Experimental Therapeutics; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Timothy Yeatman
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
- Departments of Program of Experimental Therapeutics; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, at the University of South Florida, School of MedicineTampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramana KV, Tammali R, Srivastava SK. Inhibition of aldose reductase prevents growth factor-induced G1-S phase transition through the AKT/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/E2F-1 pathway in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:813-24. [PMID: 20354121 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women worldwide. The deregulated cell cycle control or decreased apoptosis of normal epithelial cells leading to uncontrolled proliferation is one of the major features of tumor progression. We have previously shown that aldose reductase (AR), a NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase, has been shown to be involved in growth factor-induced proliferation of colon cancer cells. Herein, we report that inhibition of AR prevents epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced HT29 cell proliferation by accumulating cells at G(1) phase of cell cycle. Similar results were observed in SW480 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Treatment of HT29 cells with AR inhibitor, sorbinil or zopolrestat, prevented the EGF- and bFGF-induced DNA binding activity of E2F-1 and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Inhibition of AR also prevented EGF- and bFGF-induced phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-2 and expression of G(1)-S transition regulatory proteins such as cyclin D1, cdk4, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin E, and c-myc. More importantly, inhibition of AR prevented the EGF- and bFGF-induced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT and reactive oxygen species generation in colon cancer cells. Further, inhibition of AR also prevented the tumor growth of human colon cancer cells in nude mouse xenografts. Collectively, these results show that AR mediates EGF- and bFGF-induced colon cancer cell proliferation by activating or expressing G(1)-S phase proteins such as E2F-1, cdks, and cyclins through the reactive oxygen species/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway, indicating the use of AR inhibitors in the prevention of colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 813-24. (c)2010 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gene expression profiling of primary and metastatic colon cancers identifies a reduced proliferative rate in metastatic tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 27:1-9. [PMID: 19882219 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to gain insights into the biological basis of the metastatic process by characterizing the gene expression differences between primary and metastatic colon cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that few new mutational changes are acquired during the metastatic progression of colon tumors [Jones et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (11): 4283-4288, 2008]. However, the extent to which epigenetic and transcriptional changes occur between primary and metastatic colon cancer remains unknown. We approached these issues using Affymetrix microarrays to assess the similarities and differences in gene expression profiles between macro-dissected primary and metastatic colon tumors. Unexpectedly, we found that expression of a number of cell proliferation markers were reduced in the liver metastases of colon tumors when compared to primary tumors. This finding was validated by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and Cyclin D1 in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) section of the same samples, and in an independent cohort of FFPE matched tumor and metastatic tissue samples. These results indicate that significant transcriptional differences exist between primary and metastatic colon tumors, and demonstrate that metastatic lesions have a lower proliferative rate compared to primary tumors. These findings may have implications for interpreting differences in response rates between primary and metastatic lesions and suggest that measurement of expression-based biomarkers in metastatic tissue will be most informative for understanding the basis of response of metastatic tumors to therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological features and the expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation and the different pathways of apoptosis in retinoblastoma. Nineteen retinoblastoma patients were included, and mitotic index (MI) and apoptotic index (AI) were assessed. The expression of MIB-1, p53, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Fas protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical comparison. High MI (mean 16.84, range 0-66) and high MIB-1 expression (mean 57.89, range 0-90) were found. The MI was significantly related to MIB-1 expression (P= 0.01). The tumors showed a high apoptotic index (mean 40.26, range 1-110), and the AI was associated with the mitotic index (P= 0.02). The caspase-3 expression was positively related to the AI (P= 0.03), although a small number of tumors with no significant or very low caspase-3 staining showed a high number of apoptotic cells, suggestive of a caspase-3-independent apoptosis pathway. Bcl-2 expression was not significantly related to AI (P= 0.07). No striking relationship was found in expression patterns of p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and Fas. In conclusion, we found that (1) cell proliferation and apoptosis are linked in retinoblastoma; (2) activation of effector caspase-3 induces apoptosis in retinoblastoma, but Bcl-2 overexpression does not prevent apoptosis in many tumors; (3) there is a p53-independent pathway in approximately one-quarter of cases; (4) the findings suggesting a caspase-3-independent pathway might lead to apoptosis in retinoblastoma; and, finally, we found no consistent pattern of expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic molecules, suggesting that in retinoblastoma there is no preference for any single pathway of apoptosis. Confirmation of the results in a large set of tumors would be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Sitorus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nehls O, Hass HG, Okech T, Zenner S, Hsieh CJ, Sarbia M, Borchard F, Gruenagel HH, Gaco V, Porschen R, Gregor M, Klump B. Prognostic implications of BAX protein expression and microsatellite instability in all non-metastatic stages of primary colon cancer treated by surgery alone. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:655-63. [PMID: 19221769 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-009-0635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether the apoptosis-related protein, BAX, or the microsatellite-instability phenotype provide prognostic information in patients with resected colon cancer. METHODS A total of 371 stage I-III patients that previously underwent radical surgery were included (mean follow-up 51.8 months). BAX expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining; high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI+) was determined by assessing the specific marker, BAT26, using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)-based analysis. RESULTS High BAX expression was found in 66.4% of patients. MSI+ tumors were observed in 14.8% of 344 patients. Univariate analysis showed that unlike MSI, low BAX expression was significantly correlated with poor disease-specific overall survival (OS) in stages I-III (p = 0.04). Multivariate subgroup analyses revealed that unlike MSI, low BAX was an independent predictor for OS in stage II (p = 0.009); however, in stages I or III, BAX or MSI were not independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS In stage II colon cancer treated with surgery alone, BAX protein expression may be a predictor for prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nehls
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Apoptosis signaling proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1795:117-29. [PMID: 19167459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer related mortality in the Western world. In recent years, combination 5-fluorouracil based adjuvant chemotherapy as first line treatment of this disease has led to improved disease free and overall survival. However drug resistance, both innate and acquired, remains an obstacle in the effective treatment of this disease. Apoptotic pathways are frequently altered in both tumor progression and drug resistance; therefore proteins associated with this pathway may have potential as prognostic biomarkers for this disease. Identification of clinical biomarkers that are able to identify patients who are more likely to respond to specific chemotherapy will lead to more personalized, effective, and less toxic therapy. This review focuses on the current status of apoptosis related proteins as biomarkers for colorectal cancer and discusses the possible application of systems approaches in this context.
Collapse
|
27
|
Schulze-Bergkamen H, Ehrenberg R, Hickmann L, Vick B, Urbanik T, Schimanski CC, Berger MR, Schad A, Weber A, Heeger S, Galle PR, Moehler M. Bcl-x L and Myeloid cell leukaemia-1 contribute to apoptosis resistance of colorectal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3829-40. [PMID: 18609706 PMCID: PMC2721439 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of Bcl-xL and Myeloid cell leukaemia (Mcl)-1 for the apoptosis resistance of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells towards current treatment modalities.
METHODS: Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 mRNA and protein expression were analyzed in CRC cell lines as well as human CRC tissue by Western blot, quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein expression was knocked down or increased in CRC cell lines by applying specific siRNAs or expression plasmids, respectively. After modulation of protein expression, CRC cells were treated with chemotherapeutic agents, an antagonistic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR1) antibody, an EGFR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or with the death receptor ligand TRAIL. Apoptosis induction and cell viability were analyzed.
RESULTS: Here we show that in human CRC tissue and various CRC cell lines both Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 are expressed. Bcl-xL expression was higher in CRC tissue than in surrounding non-malignant tissue, both on protein and mRNA level. Mcl-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in malignant tissues. However, protein expression was slightly higher. Viability rates of CRC cells were significantly decreased after knock down of Bcl-xL expression, and, to a lower extent, after knock down of Mcl-1 expression. Furthermore, cells with reduced Bcl-xL or Mcl-1 expression was more sensitive towards oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-induced apoptosis, and in the case of Bcl-xL also towards 5-FU-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, upregulation of Bcl-xL by transfection of an expression plasmid decreased chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. EGF treatment clearly induced Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression in CRC cells. Apoptosis induction upon EGFR1 blockage by cetuximab or PD168393 was increased by inhibiting Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL expression. More strikingly, CD95- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis was increased by Bcl-xL knock down.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that Bcl-xL and, to a lower extent, Mcl-1, are important anti-apoptotic factors in CRC. Specific downregulation of Bcl-xL is a promising approach to sensitize CRC cells towards chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsourouflis G, Theocharis SE, Sampani A, Giagini A, Kostakis A, Kouraklis G. Prognostic and predictive value of thymidylate synthase expression in colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1289-96. [PMID: 17934851 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis. Its competitive inhibition constitutes the major mechanism of the antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy, which significantly improves the survival rate of colon cancer patients. The aim of our study was to examine the clinical importance of TS expression in colon cancer patients and to correlate its expression with various clinicopathological parameters, tumor proliferative capacity, cell cycle-related molecules' expression and patients' survival. Of the 71 colon cancer patients studied, 51 (71.8%) tested positive for TS, with the positive result being statistically significantly correlated with patients' gender (P = 0.012), tumor histological grade (P = 0.032), vascular invasion (P = 0.017) and the expression of cyclin E, pRb and p16 (P = 0.042, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). The overall 5-year survival rate was 40% for TS-positive patients and 68.6% for TS-negative ones (P = 0.0134); in patients aged >70 years, this was 30 and 77.8%, respectively (P = 0.0008). In a multivariate analysis of survival, TS expression proved to be of prognostic significance (P = 0.0174). Our findings support evidence for the clinical importance of TS expression in colon cancer patients and define it as an independent prognostic risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marioni G, Giacomelli L, D'Alessandro E, Marchese-Ragona R, Staffieri C, Ferraro SM, Staffieri A, Blandamura S. Nuclear localization of mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN): is its impact on the prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma due to a proapoptotic effect? Am J Otolaryngol 2008; 29:156-62. [PMID: 18439947 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell death by apoptosis is considered a regulator of cell number; cancer cells are defective in their response to apoptosis. Many potential markers of apoptosis are under study: M30 immunoreactivity is confined to the cytoplasm of apoptotic epithelial cells and is expressed during early apoptosis. Mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN), a suppressor of tumor growth, seems to be involved in the induction of tumour cell apoptosis. The aim of our preliminary study was to investigate, for the first time, the relations between MASPIN subcellular pattern of expression, nuclear MASPIN expression, M30 expression, and prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subcellular pattern of distribution of MASPIN and nuclear MASPIN expression were immunohistochemically determined in 66 consecutive cases of laryngeal carcinoma. M30 expression in correspondent carcinoma fields was also calculated. RESULTS M30 expression was significantly higher in the group of laryngeal carcinomas with MASPIN nuclear localization (P = .024). Our investigation found a reduced carcinoma recurrence rate in the group of patients with MASPIN nuclear localization (P value = .0086). The log-rank test showed a significantly longer disease-free interval in patients with nuclear MASPIN localization (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results support the hypothesis of an apoptosis-sensitizing effect of nuclear MASPIN in laryngeal carcinoma with the potential perspective of a clinical use of the tumour suppressive proapoptotic function of MASPIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kummoona R, Mohammad Sámi S, Al-Kapptan I, Al-Muala H. Study of antiapoptotic gene of oral carcinoma by using Bcl-2 oncogene. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:345-51. [PMID: 18248353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was addressed to find out the expression of Bcl-2 proto-oncogene in tumor tissue derived from 24 patients with malignant oral carcinoma and oral mucosa from the same patients served as control and showed a cytoplasmic pattern of Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in basal cell layer. Fourteen of 24 (58.3%) of oral carcinoma and four adenocystic carcinoma expressed positive Bcl-2 oncogene. Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showed absence of immunoreactivity. No statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated between Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and the age or sex of the patients, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis. A direct correlation between Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in G2 and G3 was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Patients with absence of or low (scores 0 or 1) Bcl-2 immunoreactive tumors manifested poorer overall survival rate in comparison with patients with moderate or high (scores 2 and 3) Bcl-2 expression, but the difference was not statistically significant. Tumors exhibited three different expressions of Bcl-2 (weak, moderate, and strong positive), compared to the mucosa of some patients affected by these tumors. No correlation was found between the histopathology of the tumors, mucosal expression, and degree of Bcl-2 expression. We propose from this study that overexpression of Bcl-2 proto-oncogene acts as a strong antiapoptotic in both squamous cells and adenocystic carcinoma may be an important molecular event on oral carcinoma to make these tumors resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Kummoona
- Maxillofacial Surgery, Surgical Specialties Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Riner K, Boos A, Hässig M, Liesegang A. Vitamin D receptor distribution in intestines of domesticated sheepOvis ammon f. aries. J Morphol 2008; 269:144-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Turkington RC, Coyle VM, Johnston PG, Eatock MM. Predictive and prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. Per Med 2007; 4:295-306. [DOI: 10.2217/17410541.4.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of both early and advanced colorectal cancer, it remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the western world. There is, therefore, a pressing need to optimize the use of the currently available systemic therapies and to identify active new agents for the treatment of this disease. Pharmacogenomic studies have shown that genetically determined variability in key cellular functions can influence toxicity, response to treatment and survival. Numerous examples of these single ‘classical’ markers have been identified for a wide range of agents and each has been studied with regard to its effect on response. However, in any individual or tumor it is likely that a number of complex, interacting factors are involved in determining the likelihood of benefit with a given therapeutic agent. Microarray-based gene-expression profiling has allowed the complex range of molecular changes occurring in the cell and surrounding stroma to be assessed in relation to response and prognosis. Predictive gene sets have been developed and, along with other markers, are being assessed in prospective clinical trials. Treatment may soon be individualized by using this technology to predict which patients will benefit from a particular systemic therapy or which are likely to develop recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Turkington
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Oncology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Vicky M Coyle
- Queen’s University of Belfast, Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Belfast City Hospital, 51 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Patrick G Johnston
- Queen’s University of Belfast, Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Belfast City Hospital, 51 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Martin M Eatock
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Oncology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mauritz R, van Groeningen CJ, Smid K, Jansen G, Pinedo HM, Peters GJ. Thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression after administration of 5-fluorouracil to patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2609-12. [PMID: 17330233 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) exposure on mRNA levels of its target enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) and the rate-limiting catabolic enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in tumors of colorectal cancer patients. TS and DPD mRNA levels were determined in primary tumor and liver metastasis samples from patients who were either not pretreated (n = 29) or given one presurgery bolus of 5FU (n = 67). In both groups a wide variation in TS mRNA levels was observed. Median TS mRNA expression in 17 primary tumors of exposed patients was 3.0-fold higher than in 19 primary tumors of unexposed patients (p = 0.015). TS mRNA expression in liver metastasis samples of exposed patients (n = 16) was also higher (5.2-fold) than that of unexposed patients (n = 48; p < 0.001). Also DPD mRNA expression displayed a large degree of interpatient variation. No difference in DPD expression in liver metastasis samples was observed between exposed and unexposed patients. However, median DPD mRNA expression in 15 primary tumors of exposed patients was 3.2-fold lower than in 18 primary tumors of unexposed patients (p = 0.027). In conclusion, administration of 5FU in vivo influences the gene expression of TS and DPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mauritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guichard SM, Hua ML, Kang P, Macpherson JS, Jodrell DI. Short hairpin RNAs targeting Bcl-xL modulate senescence and apoptosis following SN-38 and irinotecan exposure in a colon cancer model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:651-60. [PMID: 17273826 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-xL is an anti-apoptotic protein over-expressed in colorectal cancers acting on both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. We stably expressed four different short hairpin RNA (pSNG-xL1-4) targeting Bcl-xL in HCT 116 cells. HCT 116 pSNG-xL#1 produced a modest (30%) decrease in Bcl-xL expression whilst Bcl-2 levels were similar to the parental cell line, HCT 116 pSNG-xL#2 and 3 showed 50% decrease in Bcl-xL and stable Bcl-2. HCT 116 pSNG-xL#3 showed a concomitant decrease (50%) in Bcl-2. A decrease in Bcl-xL sensitised cells to the small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Antimycin A3 and the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors, SN-38 and camptothecin, but not to doxorubicin. HCT 116 pSNG-xL#1 produced a moderate increase in both senescence and apoptosis and a limited increase in SN-38 induced cell death while HCT 116 pSNG-xL#2 produced an increase in apoptosis but reduced senescence. Finally, when both Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were decreased to a similar degree (HCT 116 pSNG-xL#3), senescence was significantly increased but apoptosis was limited. This effect was confirmed in vivo after administration of irinotecan and was associated with greater anti-tumour effect. Optimal growth inhibitory effect was therefore observed when both Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were decreased to a similar extent. Antimycin A3, in combination with SN-38 recapitulated this phenotype in HCT 116 cells, suggesting a potential role for small molecule inhibitors of Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 in the treatment of colorectal cancer, potentially in combination with irinotecan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Guichard
- CRUK Pharmacology and Drug Development Group, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lai PS, Cheah PY, Kadam P, Chua CLM, Lie DKH, Li HH, Eu KW, Seow-Choen F, Lee ASG. Overexpression of RB1 transcript is significantly correlated with 13q14 allelic imbalance in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1061-6. [PMID: 16570290 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RB1 gene expression has been reported to be upregulated in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) at both the mRNA and protein levels when compared to normal colonic mucosa. However, allelic loss at the genomic level has been detected in CRC with widely differing frequencies ranging from 11.5% to 50%. To determine whether there is indeed a correlation between RB1 allelic imbalance (AI) and expression, a consecutive series of 55 CRC from Singapore patients were analysed by microsatellite analysis, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Microsatellite analysis using 3 RB1 intragenic microsatellite markers and 2 markers flanking RB1 detected AI in 32.7% (18/55) of the cases, in at least 1 locus. The highest AI frequency (22.9%) was observed at the microsatellite marker D13S137 (Cu13), which maps 5 cM distal to RB1. AI was present in both early and late Dukes stages. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that all 40 cases analysed expressed RB1 mRNA, with mRNA overexpression in 37.5% (15/40) and pRB protein expression in 88.2% (30/34) of cases. Notably, a statistically significant correlation was found between AI of RB1 and mRNA overexpression of RB1 (p < 0.001, Fishers exact test). These findings provide evidence that despite AI, RB1 expression is not abrogated. Thus, our data suggests that RB1 may play a role in colorectal tumorigenesis through functional regulation of the transcript and protein rather than through its tumour suppressor role by gene inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poh-San Lai
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Neal CP, Garcea G, Doucas H, Manson MM, Sutton CD, Dennison AR, Berry DP. Molecular prognostic markers in resectable colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1728-43. [PMID: 16815701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of prognosis in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM) is desirable in order to improve case selection for surgery and tailor adjuvant treatment according to individual recurrence risk. Conventional clinicopathological factors lack the sensitivity to accurately achieve this goal. Consideration of tumour biology and the identification of molecular prognostic markers may allow more accurate risk stratification. METHOD This systematic review examines evidence from published manuscripts looking at molecular markers in resectable colorectal liver metastases and their correlation with disease recurrence and survival following hepatectomy. RESULTS Studies have yielded promising results in the search for prognostic molecular markers of CLM. Molecular biomarkers from varied aspects of tumour biology have been examined and a number of these, including proliferation indices, telomerase, thymidylate synthase, microvessel density and thrombospondin-1 appear to have prognostic utility in this context. Validation of other markers, notably p53, has been limited by a failure of methodologies to account for their biological complexity. CONCLUSIONS A biomarker-based approach may yield significant benefits through informed treatment of resectable metastatic colorectal malignancy. Standardised retrospective analyses are necessary to confirm preliminary findings and identify existing and novel markers for inclusion into prospective studies. Assessment and verification of multiple molecular markers in this manner may allow molecular profiling of metastases and tailoring of therapy according to the biological aggressiveness of individual tumours. The advent of genomic- and proteomic-based technologies will allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple molecular markers and the derivation of disease profiles associated with disease recurrence and poor survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Neal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kuramochi H, Hayashi K, Uchida K, Miyakura S, Shimizu D, Vallbohmer D, Park S, Danenberg KD, Takasaki K, Danenberg PV. 5-fluorouracil-related gene expression levels in primary colorectal cancer and corresponding liver metastasis. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:522-6. [PMID: 16572420 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression levels of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) have been shown to be associated with response to 5-fluorouracil-based therapies. Analyzing these gene expression levels in liver metastases is important to obtain the best prediction of therapy. Our aim was to determine how TS, DPD, TP and OPRT gene expression levels in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) were related to those in liver metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 31 pairs of primary CRC and corresponding liver metastases were dissected by using laser-captured microdissection. RNA was extracted and cDNA was prepared by reverse-transcription. Quantitation of target gene and internal reference gene was performed using real-time PCR. No significant difference was seen between median mRNA expression levels of TS, DPD, TP and OPRT in primary cancer and those in corresponding liver metastases (median value: TS 1.48 vs. 1.43; p=0.92, DPD 0.19 vs.0.12; p=0.10, TP 1.20 vs. 0.98; p=0.39, OPRT 1.17 vs. 0.95; p=0.10). When matched tissue sets were compared on an individual basis, there was a significant correlation for TS mRNA expression between primary cancer and corresponding liver metastases (rs=0.52, p=0.0026). However, no correlation was seen between matched sets for DPD, TP or OPRT. Significant correlation was seen between DPD and TP expression levels in both primary CRC (rs=0.38, p=0.03) and liver metastases (rs=0.72, p<0.0001). A good prediction of TS mRNA levels in liver metastases can be obtained by measuring those of primary CRC, although no correlation was seen for DPD, TP and OPRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kuramochi
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Badvie S, Hanna-Morris A, Andreyev HJN, Cohen P, Saini S, Allen-Mersh TG. A "field change" of inhibited apoptosis occurs in colorectal mucosa adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:942-6. [PMID: 16679352 PMCID: PMC1860481 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is associated with a "field change" of increased proliferation throughout the colonic and rectal mucosa. Both proliferation and apoptosis are disrupted during carcinogenesis. Whether altered apoptosis contributes to this field change of microscopic abnormality is, however, unclear. Bcl-xL is an anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits apoptosis by preventing release of cytochrome c, a recognised pathway to cell death. AIM To determine whether Bcl-xL inhibition of apoptosis is increased in colorectal mucosa adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma over that in normal non-neoplastic colorectal mucosa. PATIENTS PATIENTS undergoing surgical resection for neoplastic (adenocarcinoma) or non-neoplastic disease of the colorectum (rectal prolapse, diverticular disease or volvulus). METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded surgical colorectal resection specimens were immunostained for Bcl-xL protein. Labelling indices were determined by counting the proportion of positively stained cells in mucosal crypts. RESULTS 85 patients were studied. Bcl-xL immunostaining was most marked in the upper third of mucosal crypts. It occurred in a minority of samples from non-neoplastic colorectal mucosa, but was seen in most mucosal samples adjacent to colorectal adenocarcinoma. Significant increases (p<0.001) were observed in Bcl-xL labelling indices in the mucosa at 1 cm (n = 46, median labelling index 31.8%, interquartile range 8.3-43.9%) and at 10 cm (n = 52, median labelling index 22.0%, interquartile range 0.0-36.3%) from colorectal carcinoma, compared with normal, non-neoplastic colorectal mucosa (n = 22, median labelling index 0.0%, interquartile range 0.0-0.0%). CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with a field change of inhibited apoptosis in mucosa adjacent to colorectal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Badvie
- Department of Surgery, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huerta S, Goulet EJ, Livingston EH. Colon cancer and apoptosis. Am J Surg 2006; 191:517-26. [PMID: 16531147 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of new therapeutic options for the management of metastatic colon cancer mandates a revisit to apoptosis and its role in colon cancer tumorigenesis with an emphasis on the mechanisms leading to chemotherapeutic resistance and immune system evasion of colon cancer cells. DATA SOURCES Literature regarding molecular apoptosis mechanisms and the role of apoptosis in colon cancer progression are reviewed by this article. CONCLUSION Programmed cell death has rapidly emerged as a potential target for cancer treatment at various stages of tumor progression. Chemoprevention, immuno-regulation, and metastasis are prospective targets by which apoptotic mechanisms could be utilized in the prevention and management of tumorigenesis. Understanding how defects in the death receptor pathway of apoptosis permit colon cancer cells to escape the immune system would allow for treatment options whereby the body's immune system could again recognize and eliminate unwanted cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Huerta
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Veterans Administration North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lassmann S, Hennig M, Rosenberg R, Nährig J, Schreglmann J, Krause F, Poignee-Heger M, Nekarda H, Höfler H, Werner M. Thymidine phosphorylase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthase mRNA expression in primary colorectal tumors-correlation to tumor histopathology and clinical follow-up. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21:238-47. [PMID: 16132996 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-005-0767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evaluation of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA levels in formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded tissues of patients with colorectal cancer and their prognostic and/or predictive value. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total RNA was isolated from microdissected, formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded tissues (controls and tumor) and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) in the LightCycler system. Resulting mRNA levels correlated to tumor histology (n=102) and the clinical follow-up in patients treated by resection alone (n=40) and by resection plus adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy (n=52). RESULTS Correlation to histopathological parameters revealed a significant association between tumor stage and the TP mRNA level (T and N category and UICC) as well as the TP:DPD (T and N category and UICC) and TS:DPD (T category) ratio. In addition, tumor differentiation was correlated to the TS mRNA level and the TS:DPD ratio. Finally, the TS:DPD ratio was a prognostic marker for overall survival in patients receiving resection alone (p=0.032). Moreover, a high TP:DPD ratio (>8.1; p=0.002) and, marginally, low DPD (<8.2; p=0.05) mRNA levels significantly correlated to disease-free survival. CONCLUSION We present a novel, standardized approach for TP, DPD, and TS mRNA quantification in archival tissue specimens and applied this to a large series of primary colorectal tumors. Correlations to histopathological parameters and clinical follow-up revealed an association of TP, DPD and TS mRNA expression patterns with tumor stage and suggested new prognostic and predictive markers for patients with colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lassmann
- Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bodiga VL, Boindala S, Putcha U, Subramaniam K, Manchala R. Chronic low intake of protein or vitamins increases the intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis in Wistar/NIN rats. Nutrition 2006; 21:949-60. [PMID: 16039830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malnutrition decreases antioxidant defense and increases oxidative stress in the intestine. We studied the effects of long-term restriction of food, protein, and vitamins on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Weanling, Wistar/NIN male rats were fed ad libitum with a control diet, 75% protein-restricted diet, or 50% vitamin-restricted diet for 20 wk. The food-restricted group received 50% of the diet consumed by control rats. IEC apoptosis was monitored by morphometry, Annexin V binding, M30 CytoDeath assay, and DNA fragmentation. Structural and functional integrity of the villus were assessed by the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and alkaline phosphatase and lys, ala-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activities, respectively. Oxidative stress parameters, caspase-3 activity, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined to assess the probable mechanisms of altered apoptosis. RESULTS Protein and vitamin restrictions but not food restriction significantly increased IEC apoptosis and only vitamin restriction altered structural and functional integrity of villi. Increased levels of protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and caspase-3 activity along with decreased glutathione levels and Bcl-2 expression were observed in IECs of these rats, whereas food restriction did not affect these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Protein restriction increased only IEC apoptosis, whereas vitamin restriction also affected the structure and function of villi. Modulation of the pathway mediated by mitochondria through increased oxidative stress appears to be the probable mechanism underlying this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rajakangas J, Pajari AM, Misikangas M, Mutanen M. Nuclear factor kappaB is downregulated and correlates with p53 in the Min mouse mucosa during an accelerated tumor growth. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:279-83. [PMID: 16049962 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway has gained attention for its role in the carcinogenic process. We have measured the protein levels of the p65 subunit during a growth of adenomas in the Min mouse model for colon cancer. To study how an accelerated growth of adenomas affect cell signalling, adenoma growth was increased by an inulin diet (10%) that we have shown previously to be a promotor of adenoma formation. In our study, the association between NF-kappaB, p53, beta-catenin, Fas and COX-2 were evaluated by measuring their protein levels in 9- and 15-week old Min mouse adenomas and surrounding mucosa. The amount of p65 rouse between 9- and 15-weeks in the mucosa of the control-fed mice (p = 0.032). The inulin-fed mice had less p65 in the nucleus of the mucosa at 15 weeks of age compared to the control (p = 0.064), although the adenomas were significantly larger (1.46 mm +/- 0.12 for inulin, 0.97 mm +/- 0.12 for control, p < 0.001). Nuclear p65 correlated positively with nuclear p53 in the mucosa (p < 0.001) and adenoma (p < 0.001) tissues. Also, p65 correlated positively with nuclear beta-catenin in the mucosa (p = 0.012) and the adenoma (p = 0.001). Fas expression increased in the inulin group between 9-15 weeks (p = 0.034) and correlated negatively with p65 (p = 0.03). The amount of COX-2 in the adenoma tissue increased between 9-15 weeks and did not correlate with p65. The results suggest that p65 is involved in a p53-dependent apoptotic response in the Min mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rajakangas
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Smorenburg CH, Peters GJ, van Groeningen CJ, Noordhuis P, Smid K, van Riel AMGH, Dercksen W, Pinedo HM, Giaccone G. Phase II study of tailored chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer with either 5-fluouracil and leucovorin or oxaliplatin and irinotecan based on the expression of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:35-42. [PMID: 16251201 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are essential enzymes for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism. In patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC), retrospective studies have shown that low expression levels of TS and DPD correlated with response to 5-FU. We performed a prospective study in which the choice of first-line chemotherapy with either 5-FU or a non-5-FU containing regimen was based on TS and DPD expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fresh-frozen samples of metastases were obtained from 58 previously untreated patients with ACRC. mRNA expression of TS and DPD was quantified using an RT-PCR assay. Patients with low tumor expression of both TS and DPD received weekly bolus 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) 500 mg/m2 (group A); patients with high TS and/or DPD received 3-weekly oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 and irinotecan 200 mg/m2 (group B). After progression, cross-over to the alternative regimen was attempted. RESULTS Of 53 eligible patients, 31 had tumors with both low TS and low DPD, and were treated in group A. A response was observed in 11 patients [35%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 19% to 54%]. Cross-over to second-line oxaliplatin/irinotecan resulted in a partial response in two out of 16 patients (13%; 95% CI 1% to 38%). In group B, four out of 22 patients responded (18%; 95% CI 5% to 40%), while no responses were observed in 12 patients after cross-over to 5-FU/LV (0%; 95% CI 0% to 28%). CONCLUSIONS Prospective selection of 5-FU/LV chemotherapy based on low TS and DPD expression in patients with ACRC did not confirm the high response rates reported in retrospective studies. The procedure of obtaining metastatic tissue and quantitation of enzymes appeared feasible but cumbersome. Before assessing the clinical utility of a predictive marker in a randomized trial, future studies should focus on prospective validation of the assay in a large and well defined population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Smorenburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sun H, Collins JM, Mangner TJ, Muzik O, Shields AF. Imaging the pharmacokinetics of [F-18]FAU in patients with tumors: PET studies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 57:343-8. [PMID: 16001172 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FAU (1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D: -arabinofuranosyl) uracil) can be phosphorylated by thymidine kinase, methylated by thymidylate synthase, followed by DNA incorporation and thus functions as a DNA synthesis inhibitor. This first-in-human study of [F-18]FAU was conducted in cancer patients to determine its suitability for imaging and also to understand its pharmacokinetics as a potential antineoplastic agent. METHODS Six patients with colorectal (n = 3) or breast cancer (n = 3) were imaged with [F-18]FAU. Serial blood and urine samples were analyzed using HPLC to determine the clearance and metabolites. RESULTS Imaging showed that [F-18]FAU was concentrated in breast tumors and a lymph node metastasis (tumor-to-normal-breast-tissue-ratio 3.7-4.7). FAU retention in breast tumors was significantly higher than in normal breast tissues at 60 min and retained in tumor over 2.5 h post-injection. FAU was not retained above background in colorectal tumors. Increased activity was seen in the kidney and urinary bladder due to excretion. Decreased activity was seen in the bone marrow with a mean SUV 0.6. Over 95% of activity in the blood and urine was present as intact [F-18]FAU at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Increased [F-18]FAU retention was shown in the breast tumors but not in colorectal tumors. The increased retention of FAU in the breast compared to bone marrow indicates that FAU may be useful as an unlabeled antineoplastic agent. The low retention in the marrow indicates that unlabeled FAU might lead to little marrow toxicity; however, the images were not of high contrast to consider FAU for diagnostic clinical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihao Sun
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-2013, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer globally. The risk of developing colon cancer is influenced by a number of factors that include age and diet, but is primarily a genetic disease, resulting from oncogene over-expression and tumour suppressor gene inactivation. The induction and progression of the disease is briefly outlined, as are the cellular changes that occur in its progression. While colon cancer is uniformly amenable to surgery if detected at the early stages, advanced carcinomas are usually lethal, with metastases to the liver being the most common cause of death. Oncogenes and genetic mutations that occur in colon cancer are featured. The molecules and signals that act to eradicate or initiate the apoptosis cascade in cancer cells, are elucidated, and these include caspases, Fas, Bax, Bid, APC, antisense hTERT, PUMA, 15-LOX-1, ceramide, butyrate, tributyrin and PPARgamma, whereas the molecules which promote colon cancer cell survival are p53 mutants, Bcl-2, Neu3 and COX-2. Cancer therapies aimed at controlling colon cancer are reviewed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charleen Rupnarain
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wong SCC, Lo SFE, Cheung MT, Ng KOE, Tse CW, Lai BSP, Lee KC, Lo YMD. Quantification of plasma beta-catenin mRNA in colorectal cancer and adenoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1613-7. [PMID: 15014011 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer is an important cause of cancer deaths. Here, we focused our investigation on the beta-catenin gene which is implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis and tested whether beta-catenin mRNA is detectable in the plasma of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma patients using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma beta-catenin mRNA was measured from 58 colorectal carcinoma patients, 49 colorectal adenoma patients, and 43 apparently normal subjects using intron-spanning primers and Taqman probes. Five clinicopathological parameters were studied and correlated with plasma beta-catenin mRNA concentration. Additionally, 19 colorectal carcinoma patients after tumor removal were also recruited for plasma beta-catenin mRNA measurement to further demonstrate the clinical usefulness of this test. RESULTS beta-catenin mRNA was detected with median concentrations of 8737 (range: 1480-933100), 1218 (range: 541-2254) and 291 (range: 0-1366) copies/ml plasma in colorectal carcinoma, colorectal adenoma, and apparently normal subjects, respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated that plasma beta-catenin mRNA concentration was correlated to tumor stage but not sex, age, lymph node status, and degree in differentiation. Moreover, plasma beta-catenin mRNA concentration decreased significantly after tumor removal in 16 of 19 (84%) colorectal carcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that plasma beta-catenin mRNA may potentially serve as a marker for colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Departments of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Choti MA. In search of better outcome predictors for patients following resection of colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2003; 11:7-8. [PMID: 14699025 DOI: 10.1007/bf02524337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
48
|
van Grieken NCT, Meijer GA, zur Hausen A, Meuwissen SGM, Baak JPA, Kuipers EJ. Increased apoptosis in gastric mucosa adjacent to intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:358-61. [PMID: 12719456 PMCID: PMC1769949 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.5.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological processes involved in the development of gastric mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are still incompletely understood. Reports testing the hypothesis that apoptosis leads to atrophy have yielded conflicting results. The availability of new antibodies for the detection of apoptotic cells in tissue sections has facilitated the analysis of the role of apoptosis in the gastritis-atrophy-intestinal metaplasia sequence. METHODS Archival material from 40 gastric resection specimens with normal mucosa (n = 5), chronic active gastritis (n = 17), or intestinal metaplasia (n = 18) was studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies directed against cleaved cytokeratin 18 and active caspase 3. Slides were scored on a 0-3 scale for the presence of apoptotic cells. RESULTS Normal gastric mucosa contained low numbers of apoptotic cells at the surface epithelium (mean score, 0.20). This number was significantly increased in cases with chronic gastritis (mean score, 1.06) and in those with intestinal metaplasia (mean score, 2.56). Within the intestinal metaplasia cases, 44 different foci of intestinal metaplasia were identified. In 39 of these 44 areas, concentrations of apoptotic cells were seen immediately adjacent to the foci of intestinal metaplasia, but not in the metaplastic epithelium itself. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis is uncommon in normal gastric mucosa. Chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia are associated with increased apoptosis, but occur mainly at the mucosal surface and not in the deeper layers. These findings do not support the concept that apoptosis underlies the loss of gastric glands and leads to atrophy, but the observed concentration of apoptotic epithelial cells adjacent to foci of intestinal metaplasia could be related to heterogeneity of epithelial damage, causing apoptosis, to which intestinal metaplasia is a response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C T van Grieken
- Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ackland SP, Beale P, Peters GJ. Thymidylate synthase inhibitors. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2003; 21:1-28. [PMID: 15338738 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ackland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peters GJ, Backus HHJ, Freemantle S, van Triest B, Codacci-Pisanelli G, van der Wilt CL, Smid K, Lunec J, Calvert AH, Marsh S, McLeod HL, Bloemena E, Meijer S, Jansen G, van Groeningen CJ, Pinedo HM. Induction of thymidylate synthase as a 5-fluorouracil resistance mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1587:194-205. [PMID: 12084461 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dTMP) from 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (dUMP), for which 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate (CH(2)-THF) is the methyl donor. TS is an important target for chemotherapy; it is inhibited by folate and nucleotide analogs, such as by 5-fluoro-dUMP (FdUMP), the active metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). FdUMP forms a relatively stable ternary complex with TS and CH(2)THF, which is further stabilized by leucovorin (LV). 5FU treatment can induce TS expression, which might bypass dTMP depletion. An improved efficacy of 5FU might be achieved by increasing and prolonging TS inhibition, a prevention of dissociation of the ternary complex, and prevention of TS induction. In a panel of 17 colon cancer cells, including several variants with acquired resistance to 5FU, sensitivity was related to TS levels, but exclusion of the resistant variants abolished this relation. For antifolates, polyglutamylation was more important than the intrinsic TS level. Cells with low p53 levels were more sensitive to 5FU and the antifolate raltitrexed (RTX) than cells with high, mutated p53. Free TS protein down-regulates its own translation, but its transcription is regulated by E2F, a cell cycle checkpoint regulator. Together, this results in low TS levels in stationary phase cells. Although cells with a low TS might theoretically be more sensitive to 5FU, the low proliferation rate prevents induction of DNA damage and 5FU toxicity. TS levels were not related to polymorphisms of the TS promoter. Treatment with 5FU or RTX rapidly induced TS levels two- to five-fold. In animal models, 5FU treatment resulted in TS inhibition followed by a two- to three-fold TS induction. Both LV and a high dose of 5FU not only enhanced TS inhibition, but also prevented TS induction and increased the antitumor effect. In patients, TS levels as determined by enzyme activity assays, immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression, were related to a response to 5FU. 5FU treatment initially decreased TS levels, but this was followed by an induction, as seen with an increased ratio of TS protein over TS-mRNA. The clear retrospective relation between TS levels and response now forms the basis for a prospective study, in which TS levels are measured before treatment in order to determine the treatment protocol.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Fluorouracil/metabolism
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Folic Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Thymidylate Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thymidylate Synthase/biosynthesis
- Thymidylate Synthase/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|