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Barclay K, Kolk M, Kravdal Ø. Birth Spacing and Parents' Physical and Mental Health: An Analysis Using Individual and Sibling Fixed Effects. Demography 2024; 61:393-418. [PMID: 38456775 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11204828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
An extensive literature has examined the relationship between birth spacing and subsequent health outcomes for parents, particularly for mothers. However, this research has drawn almost exclusively on observational research designs, and almost all studies have been limited to adjusting for observable factors that could confound the relationship between birth spacing and health outcomes. In this study, we use Norwegian register data to examine the relationship between birth spacing and the number of general practitioner consultations for mothers' and fathers' physical and mental health concerns immediately after childbirth (1-5 and 6-11 months after childbirth), in the medium term (5-6 years after childbearing), and in the long term (10-11 years after childbearing). To examine short-term health outcomes, we estimate individual fixed-effects models: we hold constant factors that could influence parents' birth spacing behavior and their health, comparing health outcomes after different births to the same parent. We apply sibling fixed effects in our analysis of medium- and long-term outcomes, holding constant mothers' and fathers' family backgrounds. The results from our analyses that do not apply individual or sibling fixed effects are consistent with much of the previous literature: shorter and longer birth intervals are associated with worse health outcomes than birth intervals of approximately 2-3 years. Estimates from individual fixed-effects models suggest that particularly short intervals have a modest negative effect on maternal mental health in the short term, with more ambiguous evidence that particularly short or long intervals might modestly influence short-, medium-, and long-term physical health outcomes. Overall, these results are consistent with small to negligible effects of birth spacing behavior on (non-pregnancy-related) parental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieron Barclay
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Kolk
- Department of Sociology and Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Øystein Kravdal
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Economics, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
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Yosef T, Debela D, Shifera N. Determinants of short birth interval among child-bearing age women in the Gedeb Hasasa district of the West Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1025111. [PMID: 36760403 PMCID: PMC9902654 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1025111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Short birth intervals have been linked to higher rates of fetal loss, prenatal mortality, and poorer child survival. Therefore, for countries like Ethiopia that have a population policy intended at reducing fertility, understanding the level and factors influencing birth spacing is crucial in order to apply appropriate intervention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of the short birth interval among child-bearing age women in the Gedeb Hasasa district of the West Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 July to 20 August 2018. A multistage sampling method was used. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to gather data. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and later exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the short birth interval. The level of significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05. Results A total of 714 women participated, with a 98% response rate. The median birth interval length was 32 months. The prevalence of the short birth interval was 50.4%. After adjusting for confounding variables, being a rural resident [AOR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.52, 4.09)], having an illiterate husband [AOR = 4.14, 95% CI (2.15, 8.45)], breastfeeding duration for 7-12 months [AOR = 3.16, 95% CI (1.95, 5.13)] and 13-23 months [AOR = 2.45, 95% CI (1.52, 3.95)], sex of the prior child [AOR = 0.63, 95% CI (0.45, 0.88)], and previous child alive [AOR = 0.20, 95% CI (0.14, 0.96)] were the determinants of short birth interval. Conclusion and recommendation One in every two women practiced short birth intervals. The median birth interval duration was 32 months, which is below the minimum standard recommended by the WHO duration for the birth interval, which is 33 months. Short birth intervals were determined independently by residence, husband education, breastfeeding time, previous child's sex, and previous child's survival. Therefore, increasing women's awareness of the ideal birth interval should be done through community health professionals and health developmental armies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Yosef
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Degfachew Debela
- Public Health Department, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Harare Regional Health Bureau, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusie Shifera
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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Exploring hot spots of short birth intervals and associated factors using a nationally representative survey in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9551. [PMID: 35680970 PMCID: PMC9184619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Short Birth Interval (SBI, defined as < 33 months interval between the two most recent births or < 24 months between one live birth to the next pregnancy) is a public health problem in most low- and lower-middle-income countries. Understanding geographic variations in SBI, particularly SBI hot spots and associated factors, may help intervene with tailored programs. This study identified the geographical hot spots of SBI in Bangladesh and the factors associated with them. We analyzed women's data extracted from the 2017/18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and the healthcare facility data extracted from the 2017 Service Provision Assessment. SBI was the outcome variable, and it was defined as an interval between consecutive births of 33 months or less, as recommended by the World Health Organization. The characteristics of mothers and their partners were the explanatory variables. Moran's I was used to examine the spatial variation of SBI in Bangladesh whereas the Getis-Ord [Formula: see text](d) was used to determine the hot spots of SBI. The Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) was used to assess the predictors of SBI at the enumeration areas' level. The variables included in the GWR were selected using the exploratory regression and ordinary least square regression model. Data of 5941 women were included in the analyses. Around 26% of the total births in Bangladesh had occurred in short intervals. A majority of the SBI hot spots were found in the Sylhet division, and almost all SBI cold spots were in the Rajshahi and Khulna divisions. No engagement with formal income-generating activities, high maternal parity, and history of experiencing the death of a child were significantly associated with SBI in the Sylhet division. Women's age of 34 years or less at the first birth was a protective factor of SBI in the Rajshahi and Khulna divisions. The prevalence of SBI in Bangladesh is highly clustered in the Sylhet division. We recommend introducing tailored reproductive health care services in the hot spots instead of the existing uniform approach across the country.
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Jones LE, Wang G, Yilmazer T. The long-term effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on women's physical and mental health. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:1067-1102. [PMID: 35318768 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel method, and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we estimate the cumulative, long-term, causal effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) eligibility on women's physical and mental health at age 50. We find that an increase in lifetime eligible EITC benefits is associated with long-term improvements in physical health, such as reduced occurrence of activity-limiting health problems and reduced reported diagnoses of mild and severe diseases. We explore intermediate health behaviors and outcomes, and find that an increase in lifetime eligible EITC benefits increases the number of hours worked and access to employer-sponsored health insurance, and decreases body mass index in the short-term. We find no significant effects of the EITC on mental health at age 50. Finally, we find that White women benefit disproportionately from the EITC in terms of mobility-related health issues, while Black and Hispanic women benefit in terms of lung-related illnesses like asthma, as well as cancer and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Jones
- Department of Human Sciences and John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Social Policies for Health Equity Research Program (SPHERE), Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tansel Yilmazer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We introduce a "childbearing biography" approach to show how multiple childbearing characteristics cluster in ways significant for midlife health. METHODS We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79; N = 3992) using mixed-mode Latent Class Analysis with eight childbearing variables (e.g., age at first birth, parity, birth spacing, and mistimed births) to identify how childbearing biographies are associated with midlife health, adjusting for key covariates-including socioeconomic status (SES) and relationship history. RESULTS We identify six childbearing biographies: (1) early compressed, (2) staggered, (3) extended high parity, (4) later, (5) married planned, and (6) childfree. Childbearing biographies are strongly associated with physical health but not mental health, with differences primarily explained by SES. DISCUSSION Different childbearing biographies are related to physical health inequalities above what is demonstrated by the typical use of one or two childbearing measures, providing a new perspective into the growing health gap among aging midlife women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Beth Thomeer
- Department of Sociology, 200297The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rin Reczek
- Department of Sociology, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Clifford Ross
- Department of Sociology, 200297The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Afolabi RF, Fagbamigbe AF, Palamuleni ME. A comparative analysis of the influence of contraceptive use and fertility desire on the duration of second birth interval in four sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Womens Health 2021; 21:346. [PMID: 34600521 PMCID: PMC8487107 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fertility decline characterised by inter-birth intervals remains rather slow or stall in many countries of sub-Saharan African (SSA). Non-adherence to optimal inter-birth intervals often occasioned by low prevalence of contraceptive use and high fertility desires often lead to poor maternal and child health outcomes. Additionally, information on the influence of contraception and fertility desire on interval between first and second births (SBI) is rarely available. This study therefore aimed to examine the influence of fertility desire and contraception on SBI among women in four SSA countries. METHODS We analysed cross-sectional data on women aged 15-49 years who participated in the recent Demographic and Health Surveys in DR Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria and South Africa. Semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards regression was employed for the analysis at 5% significance level. RESULTS The median time to second birth was 34 months in DR Congo; 35 months, Nigeria; 42 months, Ethiopia; and 71 months, South Africa. About 70% of the women desired additional child(ren) and two-thirds have never used contraceptive in both Nigeria and DR Congo. The hazard of second birth was significantly lower among women who desired additional child(ren) compared to desired for no more child in DR Congo (aHR = 0.93; CI: 0.89-0.97), Ethiopia (aHR = 0.64; CI: 0.61-0.67) and South Africa (aHR = 0.51; CI: 0.47-0.55). Women who had never used contraceptive were 12%, 20% and 24% more likely to lengthen SBI than those who were current users in DR Congo, Nigeria and South Africa respectively. DR Congo and Nigerian women were about two times more likely to shorten SBI compared with their South African counterparts. Other significant determinants of SBI include ethnicity, rural residential, age and marital status at first birth, wealth and employment status. CONCLUSION Findings showed differentials in the linkage between second birth interval and the desired fertility and contraception by country, demonstrating the importance of context. The contribution of these factors to second birth interval requires country context-specific attention if further decline in fertility and poor health outcomes associated with sub-optimal inter-birth interval is to be attained in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi Felix Afolabi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Population Studies and Demography Programme and Population and Health Research Entity, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.
| | - Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Martin Enock Palamuleni
- Population Studies and Demography Programme and Population and Health Research Entity, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Gebremedhin M, Alemayehu A, Yihune M, Dessu S, Melis T, Nurahmed N. Acceptability and Factors Associated with Immediate Postpartum Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use Among Women Who Gave Birth at Government Hospitals of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2019. Open Access J Contracept 2021; 12:93-101. [PMID: 33790665 PMCID: PMC8009030 DOI: 10.2147/oajc.s291749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An intrauterine contraceptive device is suitable for women of all reproductive age groups for preventing unwanted pregnancies. Immediate postpartum family planning (PPFP) services need to be emphasized when the woman leaves the hospital. Despite the accepted demand for PPFP, many women do not access the services. Therefore, this study aimed to assess acceptability and factors associated with immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device use among women who gave birth at government hospitals of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to 30, 2019 with 452 participants studied using systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire from March 1 to 30, 2019. The data were coded, cleaned and entered into Epi-data manager version 4.2.2.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for advanced analysis. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors of immediate PPIUCD acceptability. Results This study revealed that about 161 (35.6%) in 95% CI (31.0, 39.6) of the study participants accepted immediate PPIUCD. Multiparty (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI, (1.29, 4.20)), completed antenatal follow up (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI, (2.22, 5.99)), counselling (AOR= 8.38, 95% CI, (4.85, 14.48)) and prior discussion (AOR=2.57, 95% CI, (1.51, 4.36)) were statistically significant. Conclusion and Recommendation Even though 58% of the mothers were counselled about PPIUCD during the important cascade of pregnancy and 53% of the mothers completed antenatal service, efforts need to improve antenatal care services and integrate counselling services through the whole cascade of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Gebremedhin
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Alemayehu
- Dilla University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Manaye Yihune
- Arba Minch University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Dessu
- Wolkite University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Melis
- Wachamo University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Negash Nurahmed
- Paster Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Damtie Y, Kefale B, Yalew M, Arefaynie M, Adane B. Short birth spacing and its association with maternal educational status, contraceptive use, and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246348. [PMID: 33534830 PMCID: PMC7857626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Closely spaced birth increases the risk of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of short birth spacing was highly variable across studies. Besides, contraceptive use, educational status, and duration of breastfeeding were frequently mentioned factors affecting short birth spacing. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of short birth spacing and its association with contraceptive use, educational status, and duration of breastfeeding among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods International databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane library, HINARI, and Global Health were searched systematically to identify articles reporting the prevalence of short birth spacing and its association with contraceptive use, educational status, and duration of breastfeeding among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. The data were analyzed by STATA/SE version-14 statistical software. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of short birth spacing and the log odds ratio was used to determine the association. Moreover, egger’s test and I-squared statistics were used to assess publication bias and heterogeneity respectively. Results After reviewing 511 research articles, a total of nine articles with 5,682 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of short birth spacing in Ethiopia was 46.9% [95% CI: (34.7, 59.1)]. Significant heterogeneity was observed between studies (I2 = 98.4, p <0.001). Not using contraceptives [OR = 3.87, 95% CI: (2.29, 6.53)] and duration of breastfeeding < 24 months [OR = 16.9, 95%CI: (2.69, 106.47)] had a significant association with short birth spacing. Conclusions Although a minimum inter-pregnancy interval of two years was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), significant numbers of women still practiced short birth spacing in Ethiopia. Duration of breastfeeding and non-use of contraceptives were factors significantly associated with short birth spacing. So, efforts should be made to improve breastfeeding practice and contraceptive utilization among women in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitayish Damtie
- Department of Reproductive and Family Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bereket Kefale
- Department of Reproductive and Family Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Yalew
- Department of Reproductive and Family Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Arefaynie
- Department of Reproductive and Family Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Bezawit Adane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Singh R, Mahat S, Singh S, Nyamasege CK, Wagatsuma Y. The relationship between pelvic organ prolapse and short birth intervals in a rural area of Nepal. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:5. [PMID: 33451367 PMCID: PMC7809744 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is one of the main contributors to reproductive health problems that affect women’s quality of life. Previous studies have reported the risk factors and prevalence of POP. The aim of this study is to examine the association between POP and short birth intervals in a rural area of Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Panchapuri municipality, located in Surkhet District of Karnali Province in Nepal. A questionnaire was used to collect information on POP, birth intervals, and other known confounding factors, such as age and parity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between minimum birth intervals and POP. Results The study recruited 131 women. The prevalence of POP was 29.8%. The mean (SD) of maternal age was 32.3 (0.7) years. The median parity was 2, with a range of 2–6 children. More than half (64.9%) of the women reported a minimum birth interval of less than 2 years. Maternal age at birth, minimum birth interval, parity, and latest birth interval were significantly associated with POP in univariate analyses. After adjusting for the potential confounding factors such as age and occupation, the minimum birth interval was significantly associated with POP [AOR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.04–9.19]. Conclusion The prevalence of POP was high in this rural area of Nepal. Age, parity, occupation, and minimum birth interval were significantly associated with POP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-021-00298-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Singh
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Sandeep Mahat
- Resident Medical Officer, Department of Radiology, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sonam Singh
- Medical Officer at Birendra Sainik Hospital, Chauni, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Carolyn K Nyamasege
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Wagatsuma
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Trials and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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Weisband YL, Manor O, Friedlander Y, Hochner H, Paltiel O, Calderon-Margalit R. Interpregnancy and interbirth intervals and all-cause, cardiovascular-related and cancer-related maternal mortality: findings from a large population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:957-963. [PMID: 32655002 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scarce research is available regarding the association between interbirth intervals (IBI) and long-term maternal health outcomes, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We aimed to assess whether IBIs were associated with all-cause, CVD-related and cancer-related mortality. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in the setting of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. Women with at least two consecutive singleton live births in 1964-1976 (N=18 294) were followed through 2016. IBIs were calculated as the interval between women's first and second cohort birth. We estimated associations between IBIs and mortality using Cox's proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, parity, maternal education, maternal origin and paternal socioeconomic status. Date of last menstrual period was available for a subset of women. We assessed the interpregnancy interval (IPI) for these women and compared the models using IPI and IBI. RESULTS During 868 079 years of follow up (median follow-up: 49.0 years), 3337 women died. Women with IBIs <15 months had higher all-cause mortality rates (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.33) compared to women with 33-month to 68-month IBIs (reference category). IBI and CVD mortality appeared to have a J-shaped association; IBIs of <15, 15-20, 21-2626-2632, 33-68 and ≥69 months had HRs of 1.44, 1.40, 1.33, 1.14, 1.00 and 1.30, respectively. No substantial association was found with cancer mortality. Models using IPIs and those using IBI were similar. CONCLUSION Our results support the WHO recommendations for IPIs of ≥24 months and add additional evidence regarding long-term CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiska Loewenberg Weisband
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Manor
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Hochner
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Paltiel
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.,Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Calderon-Margalit
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.,Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
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Sironi M, Ploubidis GB, Grundy EM. Fertility History and Biomarkers Using Prospective Data: Evidence From the 1958 National Child Development Study. Demography 2020; 57:529-558. [PMID: 32133595 PMCID: PMC7162827 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on the later-life health implications of fertility history has predominantly considered associations with mortality or self-reported indicators of health. Most of this previous research has either not been able to account for selection factors related to both early-life and later-life health or has had to rely on retrospectively reported accounts of childhood circumstances. Using the 1958 National Child Development Study, and in particular the biomedical survey conducted in 2002-2003, we investigate associations between fertility histories (number of children and age at first and at last birth) and biomarkers for cardiometabolic risk and respiratory function in midlife among both men and women. Results from models that adjusted for a very wide range of childhood factors, including early-life socioeconomic position, cognitive ability, and mental health, showed weak associations between parity and biomarkers. However, we found an inverse association between age at first birth and biomarkers indicative of worse cardiometabolic health, with poorer outcomes for those with very young ages at entry to parenthood and increasingly better outcomes for those becoming parents at older ages. A very young age at last birth was also associated with less favorable biomarker levels, especially among women. Results highlight the value of prospectively collected data and the availability of biomarkers in studies of life course determinants of health in midlife and later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sironi
- Department of Social Science, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU United Kingdom
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Department of Social Science, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU United Kingdom
- UCL Center for Longitudinal Studies, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU United Kingdom
| | - Emily M. Grundy
- Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ United Kingdom
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Berg V, Miettinen A, Jokela M, Rotkirch A. Shorter birth intervals between siblings are associated with increased risk of parental divorce. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228237. [PMID: 32004335 PMCID: PMC6993964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth intervals are a crucial component of fertility behaviour and family planning. Short birth intervals are associated—although not necessarily causally—with negative health-related outcomes, but less is known about their associations with family functioning. Here, the associations between birth intervals and marital stability were investigated by Cox regression using a nationally representative, register-based sample of individuals with two (N = 42,481) or three (N = 22,514) children from contemporary Finland (observation period 1972–2009). Shorter interbirth intervals were associated with an increased risk of parental divorce over a ten-year follow-up. Individuals with birth intervals of up to 1.5 years had 24–49 per cent higher divorce risk compared to individuals whose children were born more than 4 years apart. The pattern was similar in all socioeconomic groups and among individuals with earlier and later entry to parenthood. Our results add to the growing body of research showing associations between short birth intervals and negative outcomes in health and family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Berg
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anneli Miettinen
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, Helsinki, Finland
- Kela Research, Kela, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Jokela
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Rotkirch
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Olds DL, Kitzman H, Anson E, Smith JA, Knudtson MD, Miller T, Cole R, Hopfer C, Conti G. Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visiting Effects on Mothers: 18-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-3889. [PMID: 31748253 PMCID: PMC6889935 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal and infancy home-visiting by nurses is promoted as a means of improving maternal life-course, but evidence of long-term effects is limited. We hypothesized that nurse-visitation would lead to long-term reductions in public-benefit costs, maternal substance abuse and depression, and that cost-savings would be greater for mothers with initially higher psychological resources. METHODS We conducted an 18-year follow-up of 618 out of 742 low-income, primarily African-American mothers with no previous live births enrolled in an randomized clinical trial of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses. We compared nurse-visited and control-group women for public-benefit costs, rates of substance abuse and depression, and examined possible mediators of intervention effects. RESULTS Nurse-visited women, compared with controls, incurred $17 310 less in public benefit costs (P = .03), an effect more pronounced for women with higher psychological resources ($28 847, P = .01). These savings compare with program costs of $12 578. There were no program effects on substance abuseor depression. Nurse-visited women were more likely to be married from child age 2 through 18 (19.2% vs 14.8%, P = .04), and those with higher psychological resources had 4.64 fewer cumulative years rearing subsequent children after the birth of the first child (P = .03). Pregnancy planning was a significant mediator of program effects on public benefit costs. CONCLUSIONS Through child age 18, the program reduced public-benefit costs, an effect more pronounced for mothers with higher psychological resources and mediated by subsequent pregnancy planning. There were no effects on maternal substance abuse and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harriet Kitzman
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Elizabeth Anson
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Joyce A. Smith
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Ted Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Robert Cole
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Christian Hopfer
- Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gabriella Conti
- Departments of Economics and Social Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Interpregnancy care aims to maximize a woman's level of wellness not just in between pregnancies and during subsequent pregnancies, but also along her life course. Because the interpregnancy period is a continuum for overall health and wellness, all women of reproductive age who have been pregnant regardless of the outcome of their pregnancies (ie, miscarriage, abortion, preterm, full-term delivery), should receive interpregnancy care as a continuum from postpartum care. The initial components of interpregnancy care should include the components of postpartum care, such as reproductive life planning, screening for depression, vaccination, managing diabetes or hypertension if needed, education about future health, assisting the patient to develop a postpartum care team, and making plans for long-term medical care. In women with chronic medical conditions, interpregnancy care provides an opportunity to optimize health before a subsequent pregnancy. For women who will not have any future pregnancies, the period after pregnancy also affords an opportunity for secondary prevention and improvement of future health.
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15
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Grundy EMD, Read S, Väisänen H. Fertility trajectories and later-life depression among parents in England. Population Studies 2019; 74:219-240. [PMID: 31451043 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2019.1649450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examine pathways between indicators of fertility tempo/quantum and depressive symptoms among parents aged 55+ with at least two children, using three waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Using standard regression approaches and path analysis within the structural equation framework, we also investigate whether fertility trajectories mediated the association between childhood disadvantage and later-life depression. Results provide limited support for direct influences of fertility trajectories on depression, but indicate indirect linkages for both women and men. Associations are mediated by partnership history, social support, wealth, later-life smoking, and functional limitation. Associations between childhood disadvantage and later-life depression are partially mediated by fertility stressors. Results confirm the influence of life course experiences on depression at older ages and demonstrate the interlinked role of family and other life course pathways on later-life well-being.
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16
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Abstract
Studies have focused on the effect of short birth spacing on childhood mortality, yet very little attention has been paid to the possibility of an inverse relationship such that child mortality might also positively or negatively affect birth spacing. In Nigeria, where both fertility and child mortality are high, this inverse relationship is a possible reason for the country's high fertility. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of child death on time to birth of the next child. Data were drawn from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. The study sample comprised 188,986 live births born to women aged 15-49 years within the five years preceding the survey. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted to the data, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals calculated. More than half of the mothers (68%) already had a next birth by 36 months after the death of the index child. Controlling for other covariates, the Cox regression model showed that the likelihood of next birth was higher when the index child had died compared with when the index child survived (HR: 2.21; CI: 2.03-2.41). Sub-group analysis by geo-political regions in Nigeria showed that in all regions there was a higher likelihood of having a next birth following the death of a preceding child. Death of the index child was found to be a major factor that shortens the length of birth intervals in Nigeria. It is therefore important that the Government of Nigeria intensifies efforts aimed at reducing infant mortality and encouraging adequate birth spacing.
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17
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Louis JM, Bryant A, Ramos D, Stuebe A, Blackwell SC, Stuebe A, Blackwell SC. Interpregnancy Care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:B2-B18. [PMID: 30579872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interpregnancy care aims to maximize a woman's level of wellness not just in between pregnancies and during subsequent pregnancies, but also along her life course. Because the interpregnancy period is a continuum for overall health and wellness, all women of reproductive age who have been pregnant regardless of the outcome of their pregnancies (ie, miscarriage, abortion, preterm, full-term delivery), should receive interpregnancy care as a continuum from postpartum care. The initial components of interpregnancy care should include the components of postpartum care, such as reproductive life planning, screening for depression, vaccination, managing diabetes or hypertension if needed, education about future health, assisting the patient to develop a postpartum care team, and making plans for long-term medical care. In women with chronic medical conditions, interpregnancy care provides an opportunity to optimize health before a subsequent pregnancy. For women who will not have any future pregnancies, the period after pregnancy also affords an opportunity for secondary prevention and improvement of future health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison Stuebe
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
| | - Sean C Blackwell
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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18
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Amrane S, Brown MB, Lobo RA, Luke B. Factors associated with short interpregnancy interval among women treated with in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1595-1602. [PMID: 30030711 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate factors associated with interpregnancy interval (IPI) among women treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS Women with at least two cycles of IVF between 2004 and 2013 were identified from the SART CORS database and grouped by age at first cycle, infertility diagnosis, IVF treatment parameters, and cycle 1 outcome (singleton or multiple live birth or no live birth, length of gestation, and birthweight). The distributions of IPIs (in months, 0-5, 6-11, 12-17, 18-23, and ≥ 24) were compared across these factors. IPI was fit as a function of these factors by a general linear model, separately for singleton and multiple live births and no live births at cycle 1. RESULTS The study included 93,546 women with two consecutive IVF cycles where the first cycle resulted in a clinical intrauterine pregnancy or a live birth. Among women with a live birth in cycle 1, there was a general pattern of longer IPI for younger women compared to older women. Women with a multiple birth waited longer before initiating a second cycle than women with a singleton birth. For women with no live birth in the first cycle, nearly three fourths initiated cycle 2 within 6 months, regardless of their age. Short (0-5 months) IPI was associated with preterm delivery, older maternal age, and use of donor oocytes. CONCLUSIONS Age of the mother, outcome of the first pregnancy, and treatment factors affect the length of the interpregnancy interval. Because short IPI has been associated with poor outcomes, women who are at risk for short IPI should be counseled about these outcome risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amrane
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1330 First Ave, Apt 403, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - M B Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Lobo
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1330 First Ave, Apt 403, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - B Luke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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19
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Gutmann MP, Merchant EK, Roberts E. "Big data" in economic history. THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 2018; 78:268-299. [PMID: 29713093 PMCID: PMC5922781 DOI: 10.1017/s0022050718000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Big data is an exciting prospect for the field of economic history, which has long depended on the acquisition, keying, and cleaning of scarce numerical information about the past. This article examines two areas in which economic historians are already using big data - population and environment - discussing ways in which increased frequency of observation, denser samples, and smaller geographic units allow us to analyze the past with greater precision and often to track individuals, places, and phenomena across time. We also explore promising new sources of big data: organically created economic data, high resolution images, and textual corpora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron P Gutmann
- Department of History and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado
| | | | - Evan Roberts
- Department of Sociology and Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota
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20
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Associations of parity and age at first pregnancy with overall and cause-specific mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:179-188.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Boothroyd C. Twinning: Double, double, toil and trouble? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 56:445-446. [PMID: 27699764 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Barclay K, Keenan K, Grundy E, Kolk M, Myrskylä M. Reproductive history and post-reproductive mortality: A sibling comparison analysis using Swedish register data. Soc Sci Med 2016; 155:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Hanson HA, Smith KR, Zimmer Z. Reproductive History and Later-Life Comorbidity Trajectories: A Medicare-Linked Cohort Study From the Utah Population Database. Demography 2015; 52:2021-49. [PMID: 26527471 PMCID: PMC4655204 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-015-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive lives of men and women may provide significant insight into later-life morbidity and mortality. Sociological, biological, and evolutionary theories predict a relationship between reproductive history and later-life health; however, current research is lacking consensus on the direction of the relationship. Parity, early age at first birth and last birth, birth weight of offspring, having a child die as an infant, and having a preterm birth may have long-term effects on health for both men and women. In this study, the relationship between these measures of reproductive history and later-life health is examined using the Utah Population Database (a rich source of longitudinal data), and Medicare claims data from 1992-2009. Later-life health is measured using annual Charlson comorbidity index scores, a construct that summarizes most serious illnesses afflicting older individuals. Group-based trajectory modeling that accounts for nonrandom attrition due to death is used to identify the number and types of morbidity trajectories by sex and age for 52,924 individuals aged 65-84 in 1992. For females, early age at first birth, high parity, and having a preterm or high-birth-weight baby are associated with increased risks of comorbidity; later age at last birth is associated with a decreased risk of comorbidity. For males, early age at first birth and having a child with an abnormal birth weight leads to increased risk of comorbidity. The results suggest that both biological and social factors play important roles in the relationships between fertility and morbidity profiles at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hanson
- Division of Public Health, University of Utah, 675 Arapeen, Suite 200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Ken R Smith
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zachary Zimmer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Ngo AD, Roberts CL, Figtree G. Association between interpregnancy interval and future risk of maternal cardiovascular disease-a population-based record linkage study. BJOG 2015; 123:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AD Ngo
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research; Kolling Institute; Northern Sydney Local Health District; St Leonards NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - CL Roberts
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research; Kolling Institute; Northern Sydney Local Health District; St Leonards NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - G Figtree
- Sydney Medical School Northern; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Cardiology; Royal North Shore Hospital; St Leonards NSW Australia
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