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Özbay Kurt FG, Cicortas BA, Balzasch BM, De la Torre C, Ast V, Tavukcuoglu E, Ak C, Wohlfeil SA, Cerwenka A, Utikal J, Umansky V. S100A9 and HMGB1 orchestrate MDSC-mediated immunosuppression in melanoma through TLR4 signaling. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009552. [PMID: 39266214 PMCID: PMC11409250 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapies for malignant melanoma are challenged by the resistance developed in a significant proportion of patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), with their ability to inhibit antitumor T-cell responses, are a major contributor to immunosuppression and resistance to immune checkpoint therapies in melanoma. Damage-associated molecular patterns S100A8, S100A9, and HMGB1, acting as toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) ligands, are highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and drive MDSC activation. However, the role of TLR4 and RAGE signaling in the acquisition of MDSC immunosuppressive properties remains to be better defined. Our study investigates how the signaling via TLR4 and RAGE as well as their ligands S100A9 and HMGB1, shape MDSC-mediated immunosuppression in melanoma. METHODS MDSC were isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with advanced melanoma or generated in vitro from healthy donor-derived monocytes. Monocytes were treated with S100A9 or HMGB1 for 72 hours. The immunosuppressive capacity of treated monocytes was assessed in the inhibition of T-cell proliferation assay in the presence or absence of TLR4 and RAGE inhibitors. Plasma levels of S100A8/9 and HMGB1 were quantified by ELISA. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on monocytes from patients with melanoma and healthy donors. RESULTS We showed that exposure to S100A9 and HMGB1 converted healthy donor-derived monocytes into MDSC through TLR4 signaling. Our scRNA-seq data revealed in patient monocytes enriched inflammatory genes, including S100 and those involved in NF-κB and TLR4 signaling, and a reduced major histocompatibility complex II gene expression. Furthermore, elevated plasma S100A8/9 levels correlated with shorter progression-free survival in patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the critical role of TLR4 and, to a lesser extent, RAGE signaling in the conversion of monocytes into MDSC-like cells, underscore the potential of targeting S100A9 to prevent this conversion, and highlight the prognostic value of S100A8/9 as a plasma biomarker in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Gül Özbay Kurt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beatrice-Ana Cicortas
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bianca M Balzasch
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolina De la Torre
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ece Tavukcuoglu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cagla Ak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Wohlfeil
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Christakoudi S, Tsilidis KK, Riboli E. Prospective associations of leucocyte subtypes and obesity with the risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma in the UK Biobank cohort. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:625. [PMID: 38783251 PMCID: PMC11112846 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is linked to cancer development. Abdominal obesity (a body mass index, ABSI), however, has unusually been associated inversely with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), while general obesity (body mass index, BMI) is associated positively. Leucocytes participate in inflammation and are higher in obesity, but prospective associations of leucocytes with cutaneous malignant melanoma are unclear. METHODS We examined the prospective associations of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts (each individually), as well as the prospective associations of ABSI and BMI, with cutaneous malignant melanoma in UK Biobank. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and explored heterogeneity according to sex, menopausal status, age (≥ 50 years at recruitment), smoking status, ABSI (dichotomised at the median: ≥73.5 women; ≥79.8 men), BMI (normal weight, overweight, obese), and time to diagnosis. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 10.2 years, 2174 CMM cases were ascertained in 398,450 participants. There was little evidence for associations with neutrophil or lymphocyte counts. Monocyte count, however, was associated inversely in participants overall (HR = 0.928; 95%CI: 0.888-0.971; per one standard deviation increase; SD = 0.144*109/L women; SD = 0.169*109/L men), specifically in older participants (HR = 0.906; 95%CI: 0.862-0.951), and more clearly in participants with low ABSI (HR = 0.880; 95%CI: 0.824-0.939), or with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (HR = 0.895; 95%CI: 0.837-0.958 for overweight; HR = 0.923; 95%CI: 0.848-1.005 for obese). ABSI was associated inversely in pre-menopausal women (HR = 0.810; 95%CI: 0.702-0.935; SD = 4.95) and men (HR = 0.925; 95%CI: 0.867-0.986; SD = 4.11). BMI was associated positively in men (HR = 1.148; 95%CI: 1.078-1.222; SD = 4.04 kg/m2). There was little evidence for heterogeneity according to smoking status. The associations with monocyte count and BMI were retained to at least 8 years prior to diagnosis, but the association with ABSI was observed up to 4 years prior to diagnosis and not for longer follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS Monocyte count is associated prospectively inversely with the risk of developing CMM in older individuals, while BMI is associated positively in men, suggesting a mechanistic involvement of factors related to monocytes and subcutaneous adipose tissue in melanoma development. An inverse association with ABSI closer to diagnosis may reflect reverse causality or glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 90 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 90 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 90 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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Tu X, Chen L, Zheng Y, Mu C, Zhang Z, Wang F, Ren Y, Duan Y, Zhang H, Tong Z, Liu L, Sun X, Zhao P, Wang L, Feng X, Fang W, Liu X. S100A9 +CD14 + monocytes contribute to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy resistance in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by attenuating T cell-mediated antitumor function. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:72. [PMID: 38454445 PMCID: PMC10921725 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paucity of reliable biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as a burgeoning concern with the expanding use of immunotherapy. This study endeavors to delve into the potential peripheral biomarkers capable of prognosticating efficacy in HCC patients who are poised to receive anti-PD-1 monotherapy within the phase III clinical trial, KEYNOTE394. Additionally, we sought to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms for resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and propose innovative combination immunotherapy strategies for future clinical application. METHODS Patient blood samples were collected for single-cell RNA sequencing to evaluate the immune cell signature before receiving ICB therapy. Subsequently, in vitro assays and in vivo murine model experiments were conducted to validate the mechanism that S100A9+CD14+ monocytes play a role in ICB resistance. RESULTS Our study demonstrates a notable enrichment of S100A9+CD14+ monocytes in the peripheral blood of patients exhibiting suboptimal responses to anti-PD-1 therapy. Moreover, we identified the Mono_S100A9 signature as a predictive biomarker, indicative of reduced efficacy in immunotherapy and decreased survival benefits across various tumor types. Mechanistically, S100A9 activates PD-L1 transcription by directly binding to the CD274 (PD-L1) gene promoter, thereby suppressing T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, consequently diminishing the therapeutic effectiveness of subsequent anti-PD-1 treatments. Furthermore, our in vivo studies revealed that inhibiting S100A9 can synergistically enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 drugs in the eradication of hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the significance of S100A9+CD14+ monocytes in predicting inadequate response to ICB treatment and provides insights into the monocyte cell-intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to ICB therapy. We also propose a combined therapeutic approach to enhance ICB efficacy by targeting S100A9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Tu
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxian Chen
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Mu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Duan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunqi Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lie Wang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Feng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 321000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Liu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, People's Republic of China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Wise DR, Pachynski RK, Denmeade SR, Aggarwal RR, Deng J, Febles VA, Balar AV, Economides MP, Loomis C, Selvaraj S, Haas M, Kagey MH, Newman W, Baum J, Troxel AB, Griglun S, Leis D, Yang N, Aranchiy V, Machado S, Waalkes E, Gargano G, Soamchand N, Puranik A, Chattopadhyay P, Fedal E, Deng FM, Ren Q, Chiriboga L, Melamed J, Sirard CA, Wong KK. A Phase 1/2 multicenter trial of DKN-01 as monotherapy or in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00798-z. [PMID: 38341461 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is a Wingless-related integrate site (Wnt) signaling modulator that is upregulated in prostate cancers (PCa) with low androgen receptor expression. DKN-01, an IgG4 that neutralizes DKK1, delays PCa growth in pre-clinical DKK1-expressing models. These data provided the rationale for a clinical trial testing DKN-01 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC). METHODS This was an investigator-initiated parallel-arm phase 1/2 clinical trial testing DKN-01 alone (monotherapy) or in combination with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 (combination) for men with mCRPC who progressed on ≥1 AR signaling inhibitors. DKK1 status was determined by RNA in-situ expression. The primary endpoint of the phase 1 dose escalation cohorts was the determination of the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). The primary endpoint of the phase 2 expansion cohorts was objective response rate by iRECIST criteria in patients treated with the combination. RESULTS 18 pts were enrolled into the study-10 patients in the monotherapy cohorts and 8 patients in the combination cohorts. No DLTs were observed and DKN-01 600 mg was determined as the RP2D. A best overall response of stable disease occurred in two out of seven (29%) evaluable patients in the monotherapy cohort. In the combination cohort, five out of seven (71%) evaluable patients had a partial response (PR). A median rPFS of 5.7 months was observed in the combination cohort. In the combination cohort, the median tumoral DKK1 expression H-score was 0.75 and the rPFS observed was similar between patients with DKK1 H-score ≥1 versus H-score = 0. CONCLUSION DKN-01 600 mg was well tolerated. DKK1 blockade has modest anti-tumor activity as a monotherapy for mCRPC. Anti-tumor activity was observed in the combination cohorts, but the response duration was limited. DKK1 expression in the majority of mCRPC is low and did not clearly correlate with anti-tumor activity of DKN-01 plus docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wise
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Russell K Pachynski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rahul R Aggarwal
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Adorno Febles
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Veterans Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arjun V Balar
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Minas P Economides
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Loomis
- Department of Pathology and DART Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shanmugapriya Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and DART Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason Baum
- Leap Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea B Troxel
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Griglun
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dayna Leis
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina Yang
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viktoriya Aranchiy
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Machado
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Waalkes
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Gargano
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadia Soamchand
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amrutesh Puranik
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ezeddin Fedal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Pan Y, Gao J, Lin J, Ma Y, Hou Z, Lin Y, Wen S, Pan M, Lu F, Huang H. High-dimensional single-cell analysis unveils distinct immune signatures of peripheral blood in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181538. [PMID: 37347110 PMCID: PMC10281055 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The mechanism of such poor response is not completely understood. Methods We assessed T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and RNA expression at the single-cell level using high-dimensional sequencing of peripheral blood immune cells isolated from PDAC patients and from healthy human controls. We validated RNA-sequencing data by performing mass cytometry (CyTOF) and by measuring serum levels of multiple immune checkpoint proteins. Results We found that proportions of T cells (CD45+CD3+) were decreased in PDAC patients compared to healthy controls, while proportion of myeloid cells was increased. The proportion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and the level of cytotoxicity per cell were increased in PDAC patients, with reduced TCR clonal diversity. We also found a significantly enriched S100A9+ monocyte population and an increased level of TIM-3 expression in immune cells of peripheral blood in PDAC patients. In addition, the serum level of soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) was significantly higher in PDAC patients compared to the non-PDAC participants and correlated with worse survival in two independent PDAC cohorts. Moreover, sTIM-3 exhibited a valuable role in diagnosis of PDAC, with sensitivity and specificity of about 80% in the training and validation groups, respectively. We further established an integrated model by combining sTIM-3 and carbohydrate antigen 19- 9 (CA19-9), which had an area under the curve of 0.974 and 0.992 in training and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusion Our RNA-seq and proteomic results provide valuable insight for understanding the immune cell composition of peripheral blood of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zelin Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yali Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minggui Pan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Fengchun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heguang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Song R, Liu F, Ping Y, Zhang Y, Wang L. Potential non-invasive biomarkers in tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: response and prognosis prediction. Biomark Res 2023; 11:57. [PMID: 37268978 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically enhanced the treatment outcomes for diverse malignancies. Yet, only 15-60% of patients respond significantly. Therefore, accurate responder identification and timely ICI administration are critical issues in tumor ICI therapy. Recent rapid developments at the intersection of oncology, immunology, biology, and computer science have provided an abundance of predictive biomarkers for ICI efficacy. These biomarkers can be invasive or non-invasive, depending on the specific sample collection method. Compared with invasive markers, a host of non-invasive markers have been confirmed to have superior availability and accuracy in ICI efficacy prediction. Considering the outstanding advantages of dynamic monitoring of the immunotherapy response and the potential for widespread clinical application, we review the recent research in this field with the aim of contributing to the identification of patients who may derive the greatest benefit from ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Song
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fengsen Liu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Raza A, Mohsen R, Kanbour A, Zar Gul AR, Philip A, Vijayakumar S, Hydrose S, Prabhu KS, Al-Suwaidi AK, Inchakalody VP, Merhi M, Abo El-Ella DM, Tauro MA, Akbar S, Al-Bozom I, Abualainin W, Al-Abdulla R, Sirriya SA, Hassnad S, Uddin S, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Al Homsi U, Demime S. Serum immune mediators as novel predictors of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with high tissue-PD-L1 expression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157100. [PMID: 37256148 PMCID: PMC10225547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, have significantly changed the treatment outcomes with better overall survival, but only 15-40% of the patients respond to ICIs therapy. The search for predictive biomarkers of responses is warranted for better clinical outcomes. We aim here to identify pre-treatment soluble immune molecules as surrogate biomarkers for tissue PD-L1 (TPD-L1) status and as predictors of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in NSCLC patients. Sera from 31 metastatic NSCLC patients, eligible for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or combined chemoimmunotherapy, were collected prior to treatment. Analysis of soluble biomarkers with TPD-L1 status showed significant up/down regulation of the immune inhibitory checkpoint markers (sSiglec7, sSiglec9, sULBP4 and sPD-L2) in patients with higher TPD-L1 (TPD-L1 >50%) expression. Moreover, correlation analysis showed significant positive linear correlation of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) with higher TPD-L1 expression. Interestingly, only responders in the TPD-L1 >50% group showed significant down regulation of the immune inhibitory markers (sPD-L2, sTIMD4, sNectin2 and CEA). When responders vs. non-responders were compared, significant down regulation of other immune inhibitory biomarkers (sCD80, sTIMD4 and CEA) was recorded only in responding patients. In this, the optimal cut-off values of CD80 <91.7 pg/ml and CEA <1614 pg/ml were found to be significantly associated with better progression free survival (PFS). Indeed, multivariate analysis identified the cutoff-value of CEA <1614 pg/ml as an independent predictor of response in our patients. We identified here novel immune inhibitory/stimulatory soluble mediators as potential surrogate/predictive biomarkers for TPD-L1 status, treatment response and PFS in NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Raza
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reyad Mohsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aladdin Kanbour
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anite Philip
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suma Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shereena Hydrose
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kirti S. Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aisha Khamis Al-Suwaidi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dina M. Abo El-Ella
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shayista Akbar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Issam Al-Bozom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abualainin
- Diagnostic Genomic Division , Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rajaa Al-Abdulla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaza Abu Sirriya
- Diagnostic Genomic Division , Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suparna Hassnad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad, Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy and Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ussama Al Homsi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Demime
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Matas-Nadal C, Bech-Serra JJ, Gatius S, Gomez X, Ribes-Santolaria M, Guasch-Vallés M, Pedraza N, Casanova JM, Gómez CDLT, Garí E, Aguayo-Ortiz RS. Biomarkers found in the tumor interstitial fluid may help explain the differential behavior among keratinocyte carcinomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100547. [PMID: 37059366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCC) and cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCC) are the most frequent types of cancer, and both originate from the keratinocyte transformation, giving rise to the group of tumors called keratinocyte carcinomas (KC). The invasive behavior is different in each group of KC and may be influenced by their tumor microenvironment. The principal aim of the study is to characterize the protein profile of the Tumor Interstitial Fluid (TIF) of KC to evaluate changes in the microenvironment that could be associated with their different invasive and metastatic capabilities. We obtained TIF from 27 skin biopsies and conducted a label-free quantitative proteomic analysis comparing 7 BCCs, 16 SCCs, and 4 Normal Skins. A total of 2945 proteins were identified, 511 of them quantified in more than half of the samples of each tumoral type. The proteomic analysis revealed differentially expressed TIF-proteins that could explain the different metastatic behavior in both KC. In detail, the SCC samples disclosed an enrichment of proteins related to cytoskeleton, such as Stratafin and Ladinin1. Previous studies found their up-regulation positively correlated with tumor progression. Furthermore, the TIF of SCC samples was enriched with the cytokines S100A8/S100A9. These cytokines influence the metastatic output in other tumors through the activation of NF-kB signaling. According to this, we observed a significant increase in nuclear NF-kB subunit p65 in SCCs but not in BCCs. In addition, the TIF of both tumors was enriched with proteins involved in the immune response, highlighting the relevance of this process in the composition of the tumor environment. Thus, the comparison of the TIF composition of both KC provides the discovery of a new set of differential biomarkers. Among them, secreted cytokines such as S100A9 may help explain the higher aggressiveness of SCCs, while Cornulin is a specific biomarker for BCCs. Finally, the proteomic landscape of TIF provides key information on tumor growth and metastasis, which can contribute to the identification of clinically applicable biomarkers that may be used in the diagnosis of KC, as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Matas-Nadal
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dermatology department. Hospital Santa Caterina, Salt, Girona.
| | - Joan J Bech-Serra
- Proteomics Unit, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Servei d'anatomia patològica, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida
| | - Xavier Gomez
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida
| | - Marina Ribes-Santolaria
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida
| | - Marta Guasch-Vallés
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida
| | - Neus Pedraza
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida
| | - Josep M Casanova
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida; Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida
| | | | - Eloi Garí
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida
| | - Rafael S Aguayo-Ortiz
- Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida); Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Lleida; Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida; Cell cycle lab. Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida)
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9
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Chen Y, Ouyang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Ma J. S100A8 and S100A9 in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188891. [PMID: 37001615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are Ca2+ binding proteins that belong to the S100 family. Primarily expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, S100A8 and S100A9 play critical roles in modulating various inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases. Forming a common heterodimer structure S100A8/A9, S100A8 and S100A9 are widely reported to participate in multiple signaling pathways in tumor cells. Meanwhile, S100A8/A9, S100A8, and S100A9, mainly as promoters, contribute to tumor development, growth and metastasis by interfering with tumor metabolism and the microenvironment. In recent years, the potential of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 as tumor diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers has also been demonstrated. In addition, an increasing number of potential therapies targeting S100A8/A9 and related signaling pathways have emerged. In this review, we will first expound on the characteristics of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 in-depth, focus on their interactions with tumor cells and microenvironments, and then discuss their clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also highlight current limitations and look into the future of S100A8/A9 targeted anti-cancer therapy.
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10
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Jeon SH, Lee YJ, Kim HD, Nam H, Ryoo BY, Park SH, Yoo C, Shin EC. Dynamic changes in peripheral blood monocytes early after anti-PD-1 therapy predict clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:371-384. [PMID: 35902399 PMCID: PMC9333050 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there remains a need for peripheral blood biomarkers to predict the clinical response. Here, we analyzed the peripheral blood of 45 patients with advanced HCC who underwent nivolumab. During treatment, frequency of classical monocytes (CD14+CD16-) was increased on day 7, and the fold increase in the frequency on day 7 over day 0 (cMonocyteD7/D0) was significantly higher in patients with durable clinical benefit (DCB) than in patients with non-DCB (NDB). When we analyzed transcriptomes of classical monocytes, CD274, gene encoding PD-L1, was upregulated in NDB patients compared to DCB patients at day 7. Notably, gene signature of suppressive tumor-associated macrophages, or IL4l1+PD-L1+IDO1+ macrophages, was enriched after treatment in NDB patients, but not in DCB patients. Accordingly, the fold increase in the frequency of PD-L1+ classical monocytes at day 7 over day 0 (cMonocyte-PDL1D7/D0) was higher in NDB patients than DCB patients. The combined biomarker cMonocyteD7/D0/cMonocyte-PDL1D7/D0 was termed the "monocyte index", which was significantly higher in DCB patients than NDB patients. Moreover, the monocyte index was an independent prognostic factor for survival. Overall, our results suggest that early changes of circulating classical monocytes, represented as a monocyte index, could predict clinical outcomes of advanced HCC patients undergoing anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyuck Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Don Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Nam
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Tian Q, Gao H, Zhao W, Zhou Y, Yang J. Development and validation of an immune gene set-based prognostic signature in cutaneous melanoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4115-4129. [PMID: 34291650 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to fully understand the landscape of the skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) microenvironment and develop an immune prognostic signature that can predict the prognosis for SKCM patients. RNA sequencing data and clinical information were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. The immune-prognostic signature was constructed by LASSO Cox regression analysis. We calculated the relative abundance of 29 immune-related gene sets based on the mRNA expression profiles of 314 SKCM patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas training set. Hierarchical clustering was performed to classify SKCM patients into three clusters: immunity-high, -medium and -low. The values of our prognostic model in predicting disease progression, metastasis and immunotherapeutic responses were also validated. In conclusion, the prognostic model demonstrated a powerful ability to distinguish and predict SKCM patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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