1
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Wang Z, Wang J, Zhao Y, Jin J, Si W, Chen L, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Mao S, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Chen L, Fei P. 3D live imaging and phenotyping of CAR-T cell mediated-cytotoxicity using high-throughput Bessel oblique plane microscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6677. [PMID: 39107283 PMCID: PMC11303822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Clarification of the cytotoxic function of T cells is crucial for understanding human immune responses and immunotherapy procedures. Here, we report a high-throughput Bessel oblique plane microscopy (HBOPM) platform capable of 3D live imaging and phenotyping of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The HBOPM platform has the following characteristics: an isotropic subcellular resolution of 320 nm, large-scale scouting over 400 interacting cell pairs, long-term observation across 5 hours, and quantitative analysis of the Terabyte-scale 3D, multichannel, time-lapse image datasets. Using this advanced microscopy platform, several key subcellular events in CAR-T cells are captured and comprehensively analyzed; these events include the instantaneous formation of immune synapses and the sustained changes in the microtubing morphology. Furthermore, we identify the actin retrograde flow speed, the actin depletion coefficient, the microtubule polarization and the contact area of the CAR-T/target cell conjugates as essential parameters strongly correlated with CAR-T-cell cytotoxic function. Our approach will be useful for establishing criteria for quantifying T-cell function in individual patients for all T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentian Si
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Longbiao Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiqi Mao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chunhong Zheng
- International Cancer Institute, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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2
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Dietze KA, Nguyen K, Pathni A, Fazekas F, Baker JM, Gebru E, Wang A, Sun W, Rosati E, Lum D, Rapoport AP, Fan X, Atanackovic D, Upadhayaya A, Luetkens T. Preventing trogocytosis by cathepsin B inhibition augments CAR T cell function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598379. [PMID: 38915559 PMCID: PMC11195252 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Still, most patients receiving CAR T cells relapse within 5 years of treatment. CAR-mediated trogocytosis (CMT) is a potential tumor escape mechanism in which cell surface proteins transfer from tumor cells to CAR T cells. CMT results in the emergence of antigen-negative tumor cells, which can evade future CAR detection, and antigen-positive CAR T cells, which is hypothesized to lead to CAR T cell fratricide and dysfunction. Using a system to selectively degrade trogocytosed antigen in CAR T cells, we show that the presence of trogocytosed antigen in CAR T cells directly causes CAR T cell fratricide and exhaustion. By performing a small molecule screening using a custom high throughput CMT-screening assay, we identified the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) as a key driver of CMT. We show that overexpression of cystatin A (CSTA), an endogenous human inhibitor of CTSB, reduces trogocytosis resulting in prolonged antitumor activity and increased CAR T cell expansion/persistence. Overall, we show that targeting CMT is an effective approach to enhance CAR T cell function, which may improve their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Dietze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kiet Nguyen
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Frank Fazekas
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jillian M. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Etse Gebru
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Alexander Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenxiang Sun
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ethan Rosati
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David Lum
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron P. Rapoport
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Arpita Upadhayaya
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
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3
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Guo J, Zeng X, Zhu Y, Yang D, Zhao X. Mesothelin-based CAR-T cells exhibit potent antitumor activity against ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:367. [PMID: 38637885 PMCID: PMC11025286 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by its rapid growth and spread which, accompanied by a low 5-year survival rate, necessitates the development of improved treatments. In ovarian cancer, the selective overexpression of Mucin-16 (MUC16, CA125) in tumor cells highlights its potential as a promising target for developing anti-tumor therapies. However, the potential effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy that targets MUC16 in ovarian cancer cells is unknown. METHODS The expression of MUC16 in viable OC cells was detected using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques. A MSLN-CAR construct, comprising the MUC16-binding polypeptide region of mesothelin (MSLN), a CD8 hinge spacer and transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ endo-domains; was synthesized and introduced into T cells using lentiviral particles. The cytotoxicity of the resultant CAR-T cells was evaluated in vitro using luciferase assays. Cytokine release by CAR-T cells was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The anti-tumor efficacy of the CAR-T cells was subsequently assessed in mice through both systemic and local administration protocols. RESULTS MSLN-CAR T cells exhibited potent cytotoxicity towards OVCAR3 cells and their stem-like cells that express high levels of MUC16. Also, MSLN-CAR T cells were inefficient at killing SKOV3 cells that express low levels of MUC16, but were potently cytotoxic to such cells overexpressing MUC16. Moreover, MSLN-CAR T cells delivered via tail vein or peritoneal injection could shrink OVCAR3 xenograft tumors in vivo, with sustained remission observed following peritoneal delivery of MSLN-CAR T cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggested that MSLN-CAR T cells could potently eliminate MUC16- positive ovarian cancer tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing a promising therapeutic intervention for MUC16-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaozhu Zeng
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjie Zhu
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Ferrari M, Righi M, Baldan V, Wawrzyniecka P, Bulek A, Kinna A, Ma B, Bughda R, Akbar Z, Srivastava S, Gannon I, Robson M, Sillibourne J, Jha R, El-Kholy M, Amin OM, Kokalaki E, Banani MA, Hussain R, Day W, Lim WC, Ghongane P, Hopkins JR, Jungherz D, Herling M, Welin M, Surade S, Dyson M, McCafferty J, Logan D, Cordoba S, Thomas S, Sewell A, Maciocia P, Onuoha S, Pule M. Structure-guided engineering of immunotherapies targeting TRBC1 and TRBC2 in T cell malignancies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1583. [PMID: 38383515 PMCID: PMC10881500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas are typically aggressive with a poor prognosis. Unlike other hematologic malignancies, the lack of target antigens to discriminate healthy from malignant cells limits the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches. The T cell receptor expresses one of two highly homologous chains [T cell receptor β-chain constant (TRBC) domains 1 and 2] in a mutually exclusive manner, making it a promising target. Here we demonstrate specificity redirection by rational design using structure-guided computational biology to generate a TRBC2-specific antibody (KFN), complementing the antibody previously described by our laboratory with unique TRBC1 specificity (Jovi-1) in targeting broader spectrum of T cell malignancies clonally expressing either of the two chains. This permits generation of paired reagents (chimeric antigen receptor-T cells) specific for TRBC1 and TRBC2, with preclinical evidence to support their efficacy in T cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Ma
- Autolus Therapeutics, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ram Jha
- Autolus Therapeutics, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jade R Hopkins
- Cardiff University School of Medicine; Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dennis Jungherz
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy, Hemostaseology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Herling
- Department of Hematology, Cell Therapy, Hemostaseology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine; Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Maciocia
- Cancer Institute; University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Pule
- Autolus Therapeutics, London, UK.
- Cancer Institute; University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Shah P, Sperling AS. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Multiple Myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:1089-1105. [PMID: 37563077 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy with an approximate incidence of up to 8.5 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Over the last decade, therapy for multiple myeloma has undergone a revolutionary change. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has played a major role in this evolution. In this review, we discuss the existing state of CAR T-cell therapy in myeloma while evaluating several newer therapies and targets expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- Department of Hematology, Dartmouth Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03750, USA; Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Adam S Sperling
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Larson RC, Kann MC, Graham C, Mount CW, Castano AP, Lee WH, Bouffard AA, Takei HN, Almazan AJ, Scarfó I, Berger TR, Schmidts A, Frigault MJ, Gallagher KME, Maus MV. Anti-TACI single and dual-targeting CAR T cells overcome BCMA antigen loss in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7509. [PMID: 37980341 PMCID: PMC10657357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells directed to B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) mediate profound responses in patients with multiple myeloma, but most patients do not achieve long-term complete remissions. In addition, recent evidence suggests that high-affinity binding to BCMA can result in on-target, off-tumor activity in the basal ganglia and can lead to fatal Parkinsonian-like disease. Here we develop CAR T cells against multiple myeloma using a binder to targeting transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) in mono and dual-specific formats with anti-BCMA. These CARs have robust, antigen-specific activity in vitro and in vivo. We also show that TACI RNA expression is limited in the basal ganglia, which may circumvent some of the toxicities recently reported with BCMA CARs. Thus, single-targeting TACI CARs may have a safer toxicity profile, whereas dual-specific BCMA-TACI CAR T cells have potential to avoid the antigen escape that can occur with single-antigen targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Kann
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Graham
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher W Mount
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana P Castano
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won-Ho Lee
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda A Bouffard
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hana N Takei
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio J Almazan
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Scarfó
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trisha R Berger
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Schmidts
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Frigault
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M E Gallagher
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Ramezani F, Panahi Meymandi AR, Akbari B, Tamtaji OR, Mirzaei H, Brown CE, Mirzaei HR. Outsmarting trogocytosis to boost CAR NK/T cell therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:183. [PMID: 37974170 PMCID: PMC10652537 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK and T cell therapy are promising immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, the efficacy of CAR NK/T cell therapy is often hindered by various factors, including the phenomenon of trogocytosis, which involves the bidirectional exchange of membrane fragments between cells. In this review, we explore the role of trogocytosis in CAR NK/T cell therapy and highlight potential strategies for its modulation to improve therapeutic efficacy. We provide an in-depth analysis of trogocytosis as it relates to the fate and function of NK and T cells, focusing on its effects on cell activation, cytotoxicity, and antigen presentation. We discuss how trogocytosis can mediate transient antigen loss on cancer cells, thereby negatively affecting the effector function of CAR NK/T cells. Additionally, we address the phenomenon of fratricide and trogocytosis-associated exhaustion, which can limit the persistence and effectiveness of CAR-expressing cells. Furthermore, we explore how trogocytosis can impact CAR NK/T cell functionality, including the acquisition of target molecules and the modulation of signaling pathways. To overcome the negative effects of trogocytosis on cellular immunotherapy, we propose innovative approaches to modulate trogocytosis and augment CAR NK/T cell therapy. These strategies encompass targeting trogocytosis-related molecules, engineering CAR NK/T cells to resist trogocytosis-induced exhaustion and leveraging trogocytosis to enhance the function of CAR-expressing cells. By overcoming the limitations imposed by trogocytosis, it may be possible to unleash the full potential of CAR NK/T therapy against cancer. The knowledge and strategies presented in this review will guide future research and development, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ramezani
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Panahi Meymandi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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8
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Wachsmann TLA, Meeuwsen MH, Remst DFG, Buchner K, Wouters AK, Hagedoorn RS, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. Combining BCMA-targeting CAR T cells with TCR-engineered T-cell therapy to prevent immune escape of multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6178-6183. [PMID: 37567150 PMCID: PMC10582830 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miranda H. Meeuwsen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis F. G. Remst
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Buchner
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne K. Wouters
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renate S. Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Du J, Gu XR, Yu XX, Cao YJ, Hou J. Essential procedures of single-cell RNA sequencing in multiple myeloma and its translational value. BLOOD SCIENCE 2023; 5:221-236. [PMID: 37941914 PMCID: PMC10629747 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells. In many countries, it ranks as the second most prevalent malignant neoplasm of the hematopoietic system. Although treatment methods for MM have been continuously improved and the survival of patients has been dramatically prolonged, MM remains an incurable disease with a high probability of recurrence. As such, there are still many challenges to be addressed. One promising approach is single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), which can elucidate the transcriptome heterogeneity of individual cells and reveal previously unknown cell types or states in complex tissues. In this review, we outlined the experimental workflow of scRNA-seq in MM, listed some commonly used scRNA-seq platforms and analytical tools. In addition, with the advent of scRNA-seq, many studies have made new progress in the key molecular mechanisms during MM clonal evolution, cell interactions and molecular regulation in the microenvironment, and drug resistance mechanisms in target therapy. We summarized the main findings and sequencing platforms for applying scRNA-seq to MM research and proposed broad directions for targeted therapies based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Gu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang-Jia Cao
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710000, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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10
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Zhao H, Wu L, Dai J, Sun K, Zi Z, Guan J, Zhang L. Ligand-based adoptive T cell targeting CA125 in ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:596. [PMID: 37670338 PMCID: PMC10481596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly aggressive gynecological malignancy prevalent worldwide. Most OC cases are typically diagnosed at advanced stages, which has led to a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 35% following conventional treatment. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has shown limited efficacy in the treatment of patients with OC, and CAR-T therapy has also demonstrated modest results owing to inadequate T cell infiltration. Therefore, novel strategies must be developed to enhance T cell persistence and trafficking within the OC tumor microenvironment. METHODS In this study, we developed a novel adoptive T-cell therapy for ovarian cancer based on a chimeric antigen receptor structure. We used a ligand-receptor binding motif to enhance the therapeutic effect of targeting CA125. Since mesothelin can naturally bind to CA125 with high affinity, we concatenated the core-binding fragment of mesothelin with the 4-1BB and CD3ζ signal fragments to assemble a novel CA125-targeting chimeric receptor (CR). The CAR structure targeting CA125 derived from the 4H11 antibody was also constructed. CR- and CAR-encoding RNA were electroporated into T cells to evaluate their antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS While CR-T or CAR-T cells exhibited moderate activity against two ovarian cancer cell lines, T cells co-expressing CR and CAR exhibited a superior killing effect compared to T cells expressing either CR or CAR alone. Furthermore, upon interaction with ovarian tumors, the ability of CR and CAR T cells to release activation markers and functional cytokines increased significantly. Similarly, CR and CAR co-expressing T cells persistently controlled the growth of transplanted ovarian cancer tumors in NSG mice and significantly prolonged the overall survival of tumor-challenged mice. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the survival and cytotoxicity of T cells co-expressing CR and CAR were significantly altered compared with those of T cells expressing either CR or CAR. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that CA125 targeting CR and CAR can synergistically kill ovarian cancer cells, indicating that CA125 targeting by the two binding motifs simultaneously in tumors may improve the therapeutic outcomes of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiemin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhenguo Zi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junhua Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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11
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Jaccard A, Wyss T, Maldonado-Pérez N, Rath JA, Bevilacqua A, Peng JJ, Lepez A, Von Gunten C, Franco F, Kao KC, Camviel N, Martín F, Ghesquière B, Migliorini D, Arber C, Romero P, Ho PC, Wenes M. Reductive carboxylation epigenetically instructs T cell differentiation. Nature 2023; 621:849-856. [PMID: 37730993 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity against pathogens or cancer is mediated by the activation and clonal expansion of antigen-specific naive T cells into effector T cells. To sustain their rapid proliferation and effector functions, naive T cells switch their quiescent metabolism to an anabolic metabolism through increased levels of aerobic glycolysis, but also through mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, generating energy and signalling molecules1-3. However, how that metabolic rewiring drives and defines the differentiation of T cells remains unclear. Here we show that proliferating effector CD8+ T cells reductively carboxylate glutamine through the mitochondrial enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2). Notably, deletion of the gene encoding IDH2 does not impair the proliferation of T cells nor their effector function, but promotes the differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells. Accordingly, inhibiting IDH2 during ex vivo manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells induces features of memory T cells and enhances antitumour activity in melanoma, leukaemia and multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, inhibition of IDH2 activates compensating metabolic pathways that cause a disequilibrium in metabolites regulating histone-modifying enzymes, and this maintains chromatin accessibility at genes that are required for the differentiation of memory T cells. These findings show that reductive carboxylation in CD8+ T cells is dispensable for their effector response and proliferation, but that it mainly produces a pattern of metabolites that epigenetically locks CD8+ T cells into a terminal effector differentiation program. Blocking this metabolic route allows the increased formation of memory T cells, which could be exploited to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jaccard
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Translational Data Science (TDS) Group, AGORA Cancer Research Center, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Maldonado-Pérez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Jan A Rath
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bevilacqua
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jhan-Jie Peng
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Anouk Lepez
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Von Gunten
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Franco
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kung-Chi Kao
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Camviel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Martín
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Mass Spectrometry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denis Migliorini
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Arber
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Wenes
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Kilgour MK, Bastin DJ, Lee SH, Ardolino M, McComb S, Visram A. Advancements in CAR-NK therapy: lessons to be learned from CAR-T therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166038. [PMID: 37205115 PMCID: PMC10187144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have revolutionized treatment for several cancer types over the past decade. Despite this success, obstacles including the high price tag, manufacturing complexity, and treatment-associated toxicities have limited the broad application of this therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cell (CAR-NK) therapy offers a potential opportunity for a simpler and more affordable "off-the-shelf" treatment, likely with fewer toxicities. Unlike CAR-T, CAR-NK therapies are still in early development, with few clinical trials yet reported. Given the challenges experienced through the development of CAR-T therapies, this review explores what lessons we can apply to build better CAR-NK therapies. In particular, we explore the importance of optimizing the immunochemical properties of the CAR construct, understanding factors leading to cell product persistence, enhancing trafficking of transferred cells to the tumor, ensuring the metabolic fitness of the transferred product, and strategies to avoid tumor escape through antigen loss. We also review trogocytosis, an important emerging challenge that likely equally applies to CAR-T and CAR-NK cells. Finally, we discuss how these limitations are already being addressed in CAR-NK therapies, and what future directions may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Kilgour
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Scott McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alissa Visram
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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13
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Banerjee R, Lee SS, Cowan AJ. Innovation in BCMA CAR-T therapy: Building beyond the Model T. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1070353. [PMID: 36505779 PMCID: PMC9729952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have revolutionized the field of multiple myeloma in the same way that the Ford Model T revolutionized the original CAR world a century ago. However, we are only beginning to understand how to improve the efficacy and usability of these cellular therapies. In this review, we explore three automotive analogies for innovation with BCMA CAR-T therapies: stronger engines, better mileage, and hassle-free delivery. Firstly, we can build stronger engines in terms of BCMA targeting: improved antigen binding, tools to modulate antigen density, and armoring to better reach the antigen itself. Secondly, we can improve "mileage" in terms of response durability through ex vivo CAR design and in vivo immune manipulation. Thirdly, we can implement hassle-free delivery through rapid manufacturing protocols and off-the-shelf products. Just as the Model T set a benchmark for car manufacturing over 100 years ago, idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel have now set the starting point for BCMA CAR-T therapy with their approvals. As with any emerging technology, whether automotive or cellular, the best in innovation and optimization is yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banerjee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sarah S. Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Cowan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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