Non-HFE mutations in haemochromatosis in China: combination of heterozygous mutations involving HJV signal peptide variants

SUGP2 p.(Arg639Gln) variant is involved in the pathogenesis of hemochromatosis via the CIRBP/BMPER signaling pathway

Pathogenic variants in HFE and non-HFE genes have been identified in hemochromatosis in different patient populations, but there are still a certain number of patients with unexplained primary iron overload. We recently identified in Chinese patients a recurrent p.(Arg639Gln) variant in SURP and G-patch domain containing 2 (SUGP2), a potential mRNA splicing-related factor. However, the target gene of SUGP2 and affected iron-regulating pathway remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the pathogenicity and underlying mechanism of this variant in hemochromatosis. RNA-seq analysis revealed that SUGP2 knockdown caused abnormal alternative splicing of CIRBP pre-mRNA, resulting in an increased normal splicing form of CIRBP V1, which in turn increased the expression of BMPER by enhancing its mRNA stability and translation. Furthermore, RNA-protein pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays revealed that SUGP2 inhibited splicing of CIRBP pre-mRNA by a splice site variant at CIRBP c.492 and was more susceptible to CIRBP c.492 C/C genotype. Cells transfected with SUGP2 p.(Arg639Gln) vector showed up-regulation of CIRBP V1 and BMPER expression and down-regulation of pSMAD1/5 and HAMP expression. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated SUGP2 p.(Arg622Gln) knock-in mice showed increased iron accumulation in the liver, higher total serum iron, and decreased serum hepcidin level. A total of 10 of 54 patients with hemochromatosis (18.5%) harbored the SUGP2 p.(Arg639Gln) variant and carried CIRBP c.492 C/C genotype, and had increased BMPER expression in the liver. Altogether, the SUGP2 p.(Arg639Gln) variant down-regulates hepcidin expression through the SUGP2/CIRBP/BMPER axis, which may represent a novel pathogenic factor for hemochromatosis.

Hereditary haemochromatosis: Prevalence and characterization of the disease in a tertiary hospital in Aragon

BACKGROUND

The main genetic cause of iron overload is haemochromatosis (HC). In recent years, the study of non-HFE genes (HFE2, HJV, HAMP, TRF2, SLC40A1, and BMP6) has become relevant thanks to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) techniques. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of both HFE (C282Y/HY63D variants) and non-HFE variants attending a tertiary hospital in Aragón, to predict the effect of the variants on the protein, and to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation evaluating with the clinical context.

METHODS

Retrospective descriptive study from 2006 to 2020 of patients attended at genetic consultation in a reference hospital for HC in Aragon. We calculated prevalence of HFE and non-HFE variants. We analysed non-HFE genes (HFE2, HJV, HAMP, TRF2, SLC40A1, and BMP6), used bioinformatics tools, consulted different databases and measured clinical parameters (laboratory and imaging).

RESULTS

The prevalence of C282Y homozygous was 5.95% respect the total of cases and 0.025% respect our population. The prevalence of non-HFE HC variants was 1.94% respect the total of cases and 0.008% respect our population. We found 27 variants in non-HFE genes and 4 in HFE gene, of which 6 were classified as variant of uncertain clinical significance (VUS), or likely pathogenic or pathogenic according to the ACMG classification criteria.

CONCLUSION

Our prevalence results are as expected, and similar to those obtained by other studies. Although some of the genetic findings explain the clinical symptoms of some of our patients, we remain have a high number of patients without a clear molecular diagnosis.

Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the hemojuvelin gene in a juvenile hemochromatosis patient: A case report

BACKGROUND

Juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) is an early-onset, rare autosomal recessive disorder of iron overload observed worldwide that leads to damage in multiple organs. Pathogenic mutations in the hemojuvelin (HJV) gene are the major cause of JH.

CASE SUMMARY

A 34-year-old male Chinese patient presented with liver fibrosis, diabetes, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypophysis hypothyroidism, and skin hyperpigmentation. Biochemical test revealed a markedly elevated serum ferritin level of 4329 μg/L and a transferrin saturation rate of 95.4%. Targeted exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing revealed that the proband had a novel mutation c.863G>A (p.R288Q) in the HJV gene which was transmitted from his father, and two known mutations, c.18G>C (p.Q6H) and c.962_963delGCinsAA (p.C321*) in cis, which were inherited from his mother. The p.R288W mutation was previously reported to be pathogenic for hemochromatosis, which strongly supported the pathogenicity of p.R288Q reported for the first time in this case. After 72 wk of intensive phlebotomy therapy, the patient achieved a reduction in serum ferritin to 160.5 μg/L. The patient's clinical symptoms demonstrated a notable improvement.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the importance of screening for hemochromatosis in patients with diabetes and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It also suggests that long-term active phlebotomy could efficiently improve the prognosis in severe JH.

SLC40A1-related hemochromatosis associated with a p.Y333H mutation in mainland China: a pedigree report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Haemochromatosis is a genetic disease characterized by the excessive deposition of iron in various tissues and organs, eventually results in organ damage including cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, etc. SLC40A1-related haemochromatosis is associated with gain-of-function mutations in the SLC40A1 gene, which encodes ferroportin. While sporadic reports of this condition exist in mainland China, the understanding of the phenotype and genetic pattern associated with the SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation remains incomplete.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report a pedigree with heterozygous p.Y333H mutation in Chinese Han population. The proband is a 64-year-old man complaining of persistent abnormality of liver enzyme levels for 1 year, with a history of knee joint pain, diabetes and skin pigmentation. He displayed markedly elevated serum ferritin level and transferrin saturation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed iron deposition in the liver, spleen, and pancreas, along with cirrhosis and splenomegaly. Whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous allelic variant c.997T > C (p.Y333H). Genetic screening of family members identified four first-degree relatives and three second-degree relatives having the same mutation. Additional cases with this mutation from two published studies were included. Among the probands and screened relatives, all eight males aged over 30 y had ferritin level > 1000 µg/L, transferrin saturation > 90%. Four patients with organ damage in the present study received therapeutic phlebotomy, alleviating clinical symptoms and improving in transferrin saturation and serum ferritin.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reports the largest pedigree with heterozygous SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation in the Chinese population to date. In Chinese families, males over 30 years old with hemochromatosis due to SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation exhibit severe iron overload phenotypes.

Chronic hepatitis B complicated with secondary hemochromatosis was cured clinically: A case report

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often causes iron overload in the liver but rarely causes severe secondary hemochromatosis (SH). A 48-year-old man was infected with CHB via vertical transmission. For 21 years, nonstandard treatment with second-line hepatitis B antiviral drugs has been administered. Repeated abnormalities in the liver transaminase function and continuous low-level replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been detected. The skin had turned black 5 years back. Biochemical tests and imaging revealed the presence of hemochromatosis. A liver biopsy suggested severe iron overload. Two genetic tests ruled out hereditary hemochromatosis. The patient was diagnosed with SH and treated with 400 ml bloodletting once per week and an iron-chelating agent. After 12 weeks, liver function was normal, and the skin turned white. First, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was lost, and HBV DNA was copied at low levels. The patient was diagnosed with an occult hepatitis B infection. HBV DNA was undetectable after 4 weeks of antiviral treatment with tenofovir. Upon reviewing the patient’s medical history, hemochromatosis was believed to be related to CHB with chronic inflammatory damage and no complete virological response. Improvements in hemochromatosis may promote HBsAg disappearance.

DENND3 p.L708V activating variant is involved in the pathogenesis of hereditary hemochromatosis via the RAB12/TFR2 signaling pathway

PURPOSE

Pathogenic variants in HFE and non-HFE genes have been identified in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) in different patient populations, but there are still a considerable proportion of patients with unexplained primary iron overload. We recently identified in Chinese patients with unexplained primary iron overload a recurrent p.L708V variant in the differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells domain 3 (DENND3) gene, functioning as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small GTpase Rab12 which down-regulates TfR expression in mice. We aim to investigate the pathogenicity and the underlying mechanism of the DENND3 p.L708V variant in HH patients.

METHODS

Patients with primary iron overload were analyzed for DENND3 p.L708V. TFR2 and hepcidin expression in livers were examined in HH patients harboring DENND3 p.L708V. The effects of DENND3 p.L708V on RAB12/TFR2 and downstream iron metabolic pathways were investigated in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

Six of 31 patients with HH (19.35%) harbored the DENND3 p.L708V variant. The expression of TFR2 and hepcidin was decreased in the liver of HH patients with DENND3 p.L708V. Cells transfected with the DENND3 p.L708V vector showed up-regulation of RAB12 expression and TFR2 degradation in lysosomes, and down-regulation of the pSMAD1/5 and hepcidin. Mice models infected with adeno-associated virus expressing DENND3 p.L708V variant showed higher total serum iron concentrations and decreased HAMP level, increased amount of iron accumulation and the down-regulated of TFR2 expression in the liver.

CONCLUSIONS

The DENND3 p.L708V activating variant down-regulates hepcidin expression through the DENND3/RAB12/TFR2 axis, which may represent a potential novel pathogenic factor of HH.

Outcomes of subjects who are lean, overweight or obese with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study in China

The ability to determine the prognosis of lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is essential for decision making in clinical settings. Using a large community-based Chinese cohort, we aimed to investigate NAFLD outcomes by body mass index (BMI). We used the restricted cubic splines method to investigate the dose-response relationship between BMI and outcomes in subjects with NAFLD and those without NAFLD. We included 73,907 subjects from the Kailuan cohort and grouped all subjects into four phenotypes by using NAFLD and BMI (<23 kg/m² ). The probability of developing outcomes for individuals with lean NAFLD (LN), overweight/obese NAFLD (ON), overweight/obese non-NAFLD (ONN), and lean non-NAFLD (LNN) was estimated. We found a U-shaped association between BMI and death but a linear positive association concerning cardiovascular disease (CVD) after adjusting for age and other covariates. Compared with the LNN group, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the LN, ON, and ONN groups were 1.30 (1.14-1.49), 0.86 (0.80-0.91), 0.84 (0.80-0.89) for all-cause death, 2.61 (1.13-6.03), 0.74 (0.44-1.26), 1.10 (0.70-1.74) for liver-related death, 2.12 (1.46-3.08), 1.23 (0.99-1.54), 1.19 (0.98-1.43) for digestive system cancers, and 2.04 (1.40-2.96), 1.30 (1.05-1.61), 1.21 (1.01-1.46) for obesity-related cancers. Subjects with LN had a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer and esophagus cancer. However, the ON group had the highest CVD risk (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27-1.52). The LN group with hypertension had a higher risk of adverse outcomes, and those without hypertension had a similar risk compared to LNN. Conclusion: Subjects with LN may experience a higher risk of all-cause death, digestive system cancers, and obesity-related cancers than the other three groups but a lower risk of CVD than ON subjects. LN with hypertension may be a high-risk phenotype.

Identification of novel non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with hereditary hemochromatosis

BACKGROUNDS

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is mainly caused by homozygous p.C282Y mutations in HFE in the Caucasians. We recently reported non-HFE mutations constitute the major cause of HH in Chinese. However, there is still a relatively high proportion of cases with primary iron overload from unexplained causes. We aimed to explore novel non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with primary iron overload.

METHODS

Whole exome sequence was conducted to screen mutations in novel HH-related genes in the 9 cases with unexplained primary iron overload. Then the representative candidate genes were screened for mutations in another cohort of 18 HH cases. The biological function of the selected genes and variants were analyzed in vitro.

RESULTS

Whole exome sequencing of 9 cases with unexplained primary iron overload identified 42 missense variants in 40 genes associated with iron metabolism pathway genes such as UBE2O p.K689R and PCSK7 p.R711W. Subsequent Sanger sequencing of the UBE2O and PCSK7 genes in the 27 cases with primary iron overload identified p.K689R in UBE2O, p.R711W and p.V143F in PCSK7 at frequency of 2/27,1/27 and 2/27 respectively. In vitro siRNA interference of UBE2O and PCSK7 resulted in down-regulated HAMP mRNA expression. Adenovirus generation of UBE2O p.K689R in cell lines resulted in increased expression of SMAD6 and SMAD7 and downregulation of p-SMAD1/5 and HAMP expression, and the reduction of hepcidin level.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identified a series of novel candidate non-HFE mutations in Chinese patients with HH. These may provide insights into the genetic basis of unexplained primary iron overload.

Juvenile Hemochromatosis due to a Homozygous Variant in the HJV Gene

Hemochromatosis type 2 or juvenile hemochromatosis has an early onset of severe iron overload resulting in organ manifestation such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, arthropathy, hypogonadism, diabetes, osteopathic medicine, and thyroid abnormality, before age of 30. Juvenile hemochromatosis type 2a and 2b is an autosomal recessive disease caused by pathogenic variants in HJV and HAMP genes, respectively. We report a child with hepatic iron overload and family history of hemochromatosis. We aim to raise awareness of juvenile hemochromatosis, especially in families with a positive family history, as early diagnosis and treatment may prevent organ involvement and end-stage disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the gene variant that causes the disease. The genetic study was performed with a targeted gene panel: HFE, HJV, HAMP, TFR2, SLC40A1, FTL, and FTH1. We identified the variant c.309C > G (p.Phe103Leu) in the HJV gene in the homozygous state in the patient.

Genetic Diagnosis in Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Discovering and Understanding the Biological Relevance of Variants

BACKGROUND

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disease, leading to iron accumulation and possible organ damage. Patients are usually homozygous for p. Cys282Tyr in the homeostatic iron regulator gene but may have mutations in other genes involved in the regulation of iron. Next-generation sequencing is increasingly being utilized for the diagnosis of patients, leading to the discovery of novel genetic variants. The clinical significance of these variants is often unknown.

CONTENT

Determining the pathogenicity of such variants of unknown significance is important for diagnostics and genetic counseling. Predictions can be made using in silico computational tools and population data, but additional evidence is required for a conclusive pathogenicity classification. Genetic disease models, such as in vitro models using cellular overexpression, induced pluripotent stem cells or organoids, and in vivo models using mice or zebrafish all have their own challenges and opportunities when used to model HH and other iron disorders. Recent developments in gene-editing technologies are transforming the field of genetic disease modeling.

SUMMARY

In summary, this review addresses methods and developments regarding the discovery and classification of genetic variants, from in silico tools to in vitro and in vivo models, and presents them in the context of HH. It also explores recent gene-editing developments and how they can be applied to the discussed models of genetic disease.

Correlation of genotype and phenotype in 32 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis in China

Background

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is widely recognized and clinical manifestations of hemochromatosis-related (HFE-related) HH is well studied in European populations. Less is known about the clinical and laboratory characteristics of non-HFE related HH in Asian population. We aimed to explore the relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype in Chinese patients with non-HFE related hereditary hemochromatosis.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples and clinical data of patients with primary iron overload were collected from the China Registry of Genetic/Metabolic Liver Diseases. Sanger sequencing was performed in cases with primary iron overload, for 5 known HH related genes (HFE, HJV, HAMP, TFR2 and SLC40A1) and 2 novel iron homeostasis-related genes (DENND3 and SUGP2). The correlation of genotype and clinical phenotype in these patients was analyzed.

Results

Of the 32 patients with primary iron overload (23 were males and 9 were females), non-HFE variants were detected in 31 (31/32, 97%), including 8 pathogenic variants in HJV, 7 pathogenic variants in SLC40A1, 8 likely pathogenic variants in SUGP2 and 5 likely pathogenic variants in DENND3 cases. Among these 31 cases, 4 cases harbored homozygous variants, 2 cases harbored homozygous + heterozygous variants, 19 cases harbored heterozygous or combined heterozygous variants, and 6 cases harbored no any damaging variants. None of investigated cases carried damaging HAMP and TFR2 variants were found. 8 cases were classified as type 2A HH and 6 cases as type 4 HH, 10 cases as non-classical genotype, and 6 cases had no pathogenic variants from 31 cases. During the statistical analysis, we excluded one case (SLC40A1 IVS3 + 10delGTT + SUGP2 p. R639Q(homo)) with difficulty in grouping due to combined damaging variants. Cases with type 2A HH have an earlier age at diagnosis (p = 0.007). The iron index of cases in type 2A HH and type 4 HH was higher than that in other groups (p = 0.01). Arthropathy was relatively rare in all groups. None of cases with type 2A HH developed cirrhosis. Cirrhosis and diabetes are more prevalent in type 4 HH. The incidence of cirrhosis (p = 0.011), cardiac involvement (p = 0.042), diabetes (p = 0.035) and hypogonadism (p = 0.020) was statistically significant in the four groups. However, due to the limited sample size, the pairwise comparison showed no significant difference.

Conclusions

This is the first comprehensive analysis about the gene variant spectrum and phenotypic aspects of non-HFE HH in China. The results will be useful to the identification, diagnosis and management of HH in China.

Appropriate Clinical Genetic Testing of Hemochromatosis Type 2-4, Including Ferroportin Disease

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an inherited iron overload disorder due to a deficiency of hepcidin, or a failure of hepcidin to degrade ferroportin. The most common form of HH, Type 1 HH, is most commonly due to a homozygous C282Y mutation in HFE and is relatively well understood in significance and action; however, other rare forms of HH (Types 2–4) exist and are more difficult to identify and diagnose in clinical practice. In this review, we describe the clinical characteristics of HH Type 2–4 and the mutation patterns that have been described in these conditions. We also review the different methods for genetic testing available in clinical practice and a pragmatic approach to the patient with suspected non-HFE HH.

Ethnic Differences in Iron Status

Iron is unique among all minerals in that humans have no regulatable excretory pathway to eliminate excess iron after it is absorbed. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when absorbed iron is not sufficient to meet body iron demands, whereas iron overload and subsequent deposition of iron in key organs occur when absorbed iron exceeds body iron demands. Over time, iron accumulation in the body can increase risk of chronic diseases, including cirrhosis, diabetes, and heart failure. To date, only ∼30% of the interindividual variability in iron absorption can be captured by iron status biomarkers or iron regulatory hormones. Much of the regulation of iron absorption may be under genetic control, but these pathways have yet to be fully elucidated. Genome-wide and candidate gene association studies have identified several genetic variants that are associated with variations in iron status, but the majority of these data were generated in European populations. The purpose of this review is to summarize genetic variants that have been associated with alterations in iron status and to highlight the influence of ethnicity on the risk of iron deficiency or overload. Using extant data in the literature, linear mixed-effects models were constructed to explore ethnic differences in iron status biomarkers. This approach found that East Asians had significantly higher concentrations of iron status indicators (serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin) than Europeans, African Americans, or South Asians. African Americans exhibited significantly lower hemoglobin concentrations compared with other ethnic groups. Further studies of the genetic basis for ethnic differences in iron metabolism and on how it affects disease susceptibility among different ethnic groups are needed to inform population-specific recommendations and personalized nutrition interventions for iron-related disorders.

Hemochromatosis risk genotype is not associated with colorectal cancer or age at its diagnosis

Homozygotes for the higher penetrance hemochromatosis risk allele, HFE c.845G>A (p.Cys282Tyr, or C282Y), have been reported to be at a 2- to 3-fold increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). These results have been reported for small sample size studies with no information about age at diagnosis for CRC. An association with age at diagnosis might alter CRC screening recommendations. We analyzed two large European ancestry datasets to assess the association of HFE genotype with CRC risk and age at CRC diagnosis. The first dataset included 59,733 CRC or advanced adenoma cases and 72,351 controls from a CRC epidemiological study consortium. The second dataset included 13,564 self-reported CRC cases and 2,880,218 controls from the personal genetics company, 23andMe. No association of the common hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) risk genotype and CRC was found in either dataset. The odds ratios (ORs) for the association of CRC and HFE C282Y homozygosity were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-1.29; p = 0.4) and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.78-1.31, p = 0.9) in the two cohorts, respectively. Age at CRC diagnosis also did not differ by HFE C282Y/C282Y genotype in either dataset. These results indicate no increased CRC risk in individuals with HH genotypes and suggest that persons with HH risk genotypes can follow population screening recommendations for CRC.

Juvenile Hemochromatosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Juvenile hemochromatosis (JH), type 2A hemochromatosis, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of systemic iron overload due to homozygous mutations of HJV (HFE2), which encodes hemojuvelin, an essential regulator of the hepcidin expression, causing liver fibrosis, diabetes, and heart failure before 30 years of age, often with fatal outcomes. We report two Japanese sisters of 37 and 52 years of age, with JH, who showed the same homozygous HJV I281T mutation and hepcidin deficiency and who both responded well to phlebotomy on an outpatient basis. When all reported cases of JH with homozygous HJV mutations in the relevant literature were reviewed, we found—for the first time—that JH developed in females and males at a ratio of 3:2, with no age difference in the two groups. Furthermore, we found that the age of onset of JH may depend on the types of HJV mutations. In comparison to patients with the most common G320V/G320V mutation, JH developed earlier in patients with L101P/L101P or R385X/R385X mutations and later in patients with I281T/I281T mutations.

A recurrent ABCC2 p.G693R mutation resulting in loss of function of MRP2 and hyperbilirubinemia in Dubin-Johnson syndrome in China

BACKGROUND

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is caused by pathogenic mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) gene, which encodes multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). However, little is known about the causative mutation of DJS in China. Recently, we have reported ABCC2 p.G693R mutation in two unrelated cases. In the present study, we investigated the pathogenicity of the ABCC2 p.G693R mutation in DJS in China.

METHODS

Clinical and genetic analysis was conducted for the two patients with the ABCC2 p.G693R mutation. Whole exome sequencing for mutations in other known hyperbilirubinemia-related genes was conducted for the cases with ABCC2 p.G693R. Expression and cellular localization of the mutant MRP2 p.G693R were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Organic anion transport activity was evaluated by the analysis of glutathione-conjugated-monochlorobimane.

RESULTS

The two DJS patients with ABCC2 p.G693R mutation, which was conserved among different species, showed typical hyperbilirubinemia phenotype. No pathogenic mutation was identified in the other known hyperbilirubinemia related genes. Functional studies in three cell lines showed that the expression, localization and the organic anion transport activity were significantly compromised by MRP2 p.G693R mutation compared with wild-type MRP2.

CONCLUSIONS

The recurrent ABCC2 p.G693R mutation is associated with loss of function of the MRP2 protein and may result in hyperbilirubinemia in DJS in China.

HFE-Related Hemochromatosis in a Chinese Patient: The First Reported Case

HFE-related Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic iron overload disease in European populations, particularly of Nordic or Celtic ancestry. It is reported that the HFE p.C282Y mutation is present in 1/10 people of northern European descent, resulting in one in two hundred people will be homozygous. However, the HFE p.C282Y heterozygosity is virtually absent among East Asians, including Japanese, Koreans, and Chinese. In this article, we report a case of HFE-related hemochromatosis caused by compound heterozygosity HFE p.C282Y/p.R71X. This is the first report of hemochromatosis associated with HFE p.C282Y mutation in China.

A case report of hereditary hemochromatosis caused by mutation of SLC40A1 gene

RATIONALE

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a frequent autosomal recessive disease. The pathogenesis of disease is excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron, resulting in pathologically high iron storage in tissues and organs. As a systemic disease, it has several manifestations including cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, joint disease. However, a proportion of patients are asymptomatic.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 34-year-old man who had abnormal liver function for 9 months without specific symptoms. He underwent various tests, including liver biopsy and genetic testing, which eventually ruled out common liver diseases and identified iron metabolic abnormalities. In addition, we confirmed the pathogenic genes by sequencing the genes of him and his families.

DIAGNOSIS

Combined with the symptoms, auxiliary examinations and sequencing results, the patient was diagnosed as HH.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient was given a low iron diet and phlebotomy therapy interval 2 weeks until the ferritin is <100 mg/L.

OUTCOMES

The patient' condition is stable during the follow-up period.

LESSONS

When clinicians are confronted with unexplained liver dysfunction, the possibility of the HH should be considered. Liver biopsy and gene sequencing are helpful in diagnosis. Phlebotomy treatment is the most economical and practical treatment for HH at present, but it should vary from person to person.

Genotypic and phenotypic spectra of hemojuvelin mutations in primary hemochromatosis patients: a systematic review

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disorder that causes excess absorption of iron and can lead to a variety of complications including liver cirrhosis, arthritis, abnormal skin pigmentation, cardiomyopathy, hypogonadism, and diabetes. Hemojuvelin (HJV) is the causative gene of a rare subtype of HH worldwide. This study aims to systematically review the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of HJV-HH in multiple ethnicities, and to explore the genotype-phenotype correlations. A comprehensive search of PubMed database was conducted. Data were extracted from 57 peer-reviewed original articles including 132 cases with HJV-HH of multiple ethnicities, involving 117 biallelic cases and 15 heterozygotes. Among the biallelic cases, male and female probands of Caucasian ancestry were equally affected, whereas males were more often affected among East Asians (P=1.72×10-2). Hepatic iron deposition and hypogonadism were the most frequently reported complications. Hypogonadism and arthropathy were more prevalent in Caucasians than in East Asians (P=9.30×10-3, 1.69×10-2). Among the recurrent mutations, G320V (45 unrelated cases) and L101P (7 unrelated cases) were detected most frequently and restricted to Caucasians. [Q6H; C321*] was predominant in Chinese patients (6 unrelated cases). I281T (Chinese and Greek), A310G (Brazilian and African American), and R385* (Italian and North African) were reported across different ethnicities. In genotype-phenotype correlation analyses, 91.30% of homozygotes with exon 2-3 mutations developed early-onset HH compared to 66.00% of those with exon 4 mutations (P=2.40×10-2). Hypogonadism occurred more frequently in homozygotes with missense mutations (72.55%) than in those with nonsense mutations (35.71%; P=2.43×10-2). Liver biopsy was accepted by more probands with frame-shift or missense mutations (85.71% and 60.78%, respectively) than by those with nonsense mutations (28.57%; P=2.37×10-2, 3.93×10-2). The present review suggests that patients' ethnicity, geographical region, and genetic predisposition should be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of HJV-HH.

A novel SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation with gain of function of ferroportin: A recurrent cause of haemochromatosis in China

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Haemochromatosis type 4, also known as ferroportin disease, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the SLC40A1 gene, which encodes ferroportin 1 (FPN1). We have identified a novel SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation in our previous study. In the present study, we tried to investigate the frequency and pathogenicity of the SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation in haemochromatosis in China.

METHODS

Patients were analysed for SLC40A1 p.Y333H as well as mutations in the other classic haemochromatosis-related genes by Sanger sequencing. To analyse iron export capacity of the SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutant, the 293T cells were transfected with the SLC40A1 p.Y333H construct and then treated with hepcidin after exposure to ferric ammonium citrate. Cellular localization of mutant FPN1, expression of FPN1 and intracellular ferritin were analysed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Of 22 unrelated cases with primary iron overload, three cases (3/22, 13.6%) harboured the SLC40A1 p.Y333H, with no missense mutations identified in any other classical haemochromatosis-related genes including HFE, HJV, HAMP and TFR2. Pedigree analysis showed that three probands and the son of one proband had haemochromatosis of stage 3, while the son of another proband with age of 16 showed elevated transferrin saturation but normal serum ferritin level. In vitro studies showed the mutant p.Y333H ferroportin was resistant to hepcidin, affecting the subsequent internalization and degradation of FPN1, and was associated with ferroportin gain of function.

CONCLUSIONS

The SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation is associated with gain of function of ferroportin, representing one of the major aetiological factors of haemochromatosis in China.

Complex ATP7B mutation patterns in Wilson disease and evaluation of a yeast model for functional analysis of variants

Wilson disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is associated with various mutations in the ATP7B gene. Although ATP7B variants are frequently identified, the exact mutation patterns remain unknown because of the absence of pedigree studies, and the functional consequences of individual ATP7B variants remain to be clarified. In this study, we recruited 65 clinically diagnosed WD patients from 60 unrelated families. Pedigree analysis showed that besides several ATP7B homozygous variants (8/65, 12.3%), compound heterozygous variants (43/65, 66.2%) were present in the majority of WD patients. There were 20% of the patients had one (12/65, 18.5%) or multiple (1/65, 1.5%) variants in only a single allele, characterized by a high ratio of splicing or frameshift variants. Nine ATP7B variants were cloned into the pAG426GPD yeast expression vector to evaluate their functional consequences, and the results suggested different degrees of functional disruption from mild or uncertain to severe, consistent with the corresponding phenotypes. Our study revealed the complex ATP7B mutation patterns in WD patients and the applicability of a yeast model system to the evaluation of the functional consequences of ATP7B variants, which is essential for WD cases that are difficult to interpret.