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Kawamura K, Matsushima H, Sakai H, Iwashima A, Nakamura S, Kojima T, Sasaki S, Shigenaga T, Natsume I, Sasaki T, Ohsaki Y, Iwanaga K, Nishi K, Mitsuishi Y, Taniguchi H, Sato K, Yamauchi M, Nakajima M, Takahashi K. A Randomized Phase 2 Study of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Hydrochloride and Sodium Ferrous Citrate for the Prevention of Nephrotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy of Lung Cancer. Oncology 2022; 100:620-632. [PMID: 36099876 PMCID: PMC9808709 DOI: 10.1159/000526977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cisplatin-based chemotherapy was established in the 1980s, and it has been improved by the development of a short hydration protocol in lung cancer therapy. However, cisplatin-based chemotherapy is still associated with renal toxicity. Because 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) is known to be a mitochondrial activator and a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducer, 5-ALA with SFC is speculated to mitigate cisplatin-induced renal inflammation. METHODS We investigated the effects of oral administration of 5-ALA with SFC for preventing cisplatin-based nephrotoxicity in patients with lung cancer and evaluated its benefits for patients who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was the significance of the difference between the serum creatinine (sCr) levels of the patients administered 5-ALA with SFC and those given placebo after course 1 of chemotherapy. The difference in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between the two groups was also evaluated as the secondary endpoint. RESULTS The double-blind, randomized two-arm studies were conducted at 15 medical facilities in Japan; 54 male and 20 female patients with lung cancer who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy between the ages of 42 and 75 years were included in the study. The compliance rate was greater than 94% in the primary assessment and subsequent drug administration periods. All enrolled patients completed the four cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy with short hydration. The average level of sCr on day 22 of course 1 was 0.707 mg/dL in the group treated with 5-ALA and SFC and 0.735 mg/dL in the placebo group, respectively, and the sCr in the test group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (p = 0.038). In addition, the eGFR was significantly higher in the SPP-003 group than in the placebo group up to day 1 of course 3 (84.66 and 75.68 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively, p = 0.02) and kept better even after the last administration of the study drug (82.37 and 73.49 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The oral administration of 5-ALA with SFC is beneficial to patients undergoing cisplatin-based chemotherapy for lung cancer with short hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Kawamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Matsushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Iwashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagaoka Chuo General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sukeyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tohru Kojima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shigenaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Ichiro Natsume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohsaki
- Department of Respiratory Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Mitsuishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamauchi
- Department of Clinical Development, SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Development, SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan,*Motowo Nakajima,
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kharel P, Janicek BE, Bae SH, Loutris AL, Carmichael PT, Huang PY. Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Small Organic Molecules on Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3628-3635. [PMID: 35413204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging of light elements in small organic molecules on graphene. We use low-dose, room-temperature, aberration-corrected STEM to image 2D monolayer and bilayer molecular crystals, followed by advanced image processing methods to create high-quality composite images from ∼102-104 individual molecules. In metalated porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives, these images contain an elementally sensitive contrast with up to 1.3 Å resolution─sufficient to distinguish individual carbon and nitrogen atoms. Importantly, our methods can be applied to molecules with low masses (∼0.6 kDa) and nanocrystalline domains containing just a few hundred molecules, making it possible to study systems for which large crystals cannot easily be grown. Our approach is enabled by low-background graphene substrates, which we show increase the molecules' critical dose by 2-7×. These results indicate a new route for low-dose, atomic-resolution electron microscopy imaging to solve the structures of small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Blanka E Janicek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sang Hyun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amanda L Loutris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Patrick T Carmichael
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Kuroda Y, Kamiya A, Ishii T, Ishizuka M, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. 5-Aminolevulinic acid combined with ferrous iron improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice via upregulation of glucose transporter 1. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1454. [PMID: 34737794 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased mitochondrial metabolism suppresses glucose metabolism, resulting in obesity and diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate mechanisms underlying the 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) hydrochloride-mediated increase in glucose uptake in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice in vivo and C2C12 myotube cells in vitro. C57BL/6N male mice (20 weeks old) were fed either HFD or normal diet (ND) for 4 weeks. A total of five HFD-fed mice were orally administered with 300 mg/kg 5-ALA hydrochloride and 47.1 mg/kg sodium ferrous citrate (SFC; HFD + 5-ALA/SFC), whereas ND and other HFD-fed mice were orally administered with saline. After 4 weeks, these mice were intraperitoneally administered with 2 g/kg glucose and 3.2 mg/kg 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) for intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and glucose uptake test. Body weights, plasma glucose levels and the area under the curve of IPGTT were lower in mice treated with HFD + 5-ALA/SFC compared with in those treated with HFD alone. 2DG uptake in the gastrocnemius muscle and heart were more significantly improved in the HFD + 5-ALA/SFC mice compared with the HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, 5-ALA/SFC increased 2DG uptake in C2C12 cells to a similar level to the insulin-treated group. Moreover, it increased glucose transport (GLUT)1 translocation in the plasma membrane by 2.5-fold relative to the controls without affecting GLUT1 expression; however, it had no effect on GLUT4 translocation. Therefore, 5-ALA/SFC enhanced gastrocnemius and cardiac glucose uptake in HFD-fed mice, and upregulated GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane, but not GLUT4 in C2C12 myotube cells. Therefore, it could potentially be used as a novel drug for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Kamiya
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishii
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H. RNA Interference by Ingested Dsrna-Expressing Bacteria to Study Porphyrin Pigmentation in Crassostrea gigas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116120. [PMID: 34204154 PMCID: PMC8201132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins are a widespread group of pigments in nature which are believed to contribute to shell colors in mollusks. Previous studies have provided candidate genes for porphyrin shell coloration, however, the linkage analysis between functional genes and porphyrin pigmentation remains unclear in mollusks. RNA interference is a powerful molecular tool for analyzing the loss of functions of genes in vivo and alter gene expression. In this study, we used unicellular alga Platymonas subcordiformis and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima as vectors to feed oysters with Escherichia coli strain HT115 engineered to express double-stranded RNAs targeting specific genes involved in porphyrin synthesis. A strain of Crassostrea gigas with orange shell was used to target key haem pathway genes expression using the aforementioned approach. We show here that feeding the oysters with E. coli, containing dsRNA targeting pigmentation genes, can cause changes in the color of the newly deposited shell. For example, the RNAi knockdown of CgALAS and CgPBGD resulted in the loss of uroporphyrin pigmentation from the shell due to the accumulation of the pigment in the oyster's mantle. The study probed the crucial role of ALAS and PBGD genes potential functions of uroporphyrin production and shell color pigmentation in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H, Du S. Identification and characterization of key haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110595. [PMID: 33753220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs exhibit diverse shell colors. The molecular regulation of shell coloration is however not well understood. To investigate the connection of shell coloration with pigment synthesis, we analyzed the distribution of porphyrins, a widespread group of pigments in nature, in four Pacific oyster strains of different shell colors including black, orange, golden, and white. The porphyrin distribution was analyzed in oyster mantles and shells by fluorescence imaging and UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that red fluorescence emitted by porphyrins under the UV light was detected only on the nacre of the orange-shell strain and mantles of orange, black and white-shell strains. Extracts from newly deposit shell, nacre and mantle tissue from orange-shell specimens showed peaks in UV-vis spectra that are characteristic of porphyrins, but these were not observed for the other shell-color strains. In addition, genes of the haem synthetic pathway were isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of CgALAS, CgALAD, CgPBGD, CgUROS, and CgUROD provide further evidence for a conserved genetic pathway of haem synthesis during evolution. Differential expression of the haem genes expressed in mantle tissues support these findings and are consistent with porphyrins being produced by the orange strain only. Tissue in situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of these candidate genes at the outer fold of C. gigas mantles where shell is deposited. Our studies provide a better understanding of shell pigmentation in C. gigas and candidate genes for future mechanistic analysis of shell color formation in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Oetama VSP, Pentzold S, Boland W. The fate of chlorophyll in phytophagous insects goes beyond nutrition. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:1-9. [PMID: 32887212 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural compound that is found in all autotrophic plants. Since phytophagous insects ingest the photosynthetically active material with the plant leaves, the question arises if and how herbivores deal with Chl and its degradation products. Here we review findings on Chl degradation in phytophagous insects and highlight the role of these ubiquitous plant metabolites for plant-feeding insects. Due to the anaerobic gut of many insects, the degradation is limited to the removal of the peripheral substituents, while the tetrapyrrole core remains intact. Proteins, such as red fluorescent protein, P252 (a novel 252-kDa protein), and chlorophyllide binding protein have been reported to occur in the insect gut and might be indirectly connected to Chl degradation. Besides of an nutritional value, e.g., by taking up Mg2+ ions or by sequestration of carbon from the phytol side chain, the Chl degradation products may serve the insect, after binding to certain proteins, as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral factors. The protein complexes may also confer protection against reactive oxygen species. The antibiotic potential of proteins and degradation products does not only benefit phytophagous insects but also human being in medical application of cancer treatment for instance. This review highlights these aspects from a molecular, biochemical, and ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincensius S P Oetama
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Peoc'h K, Puy V, Fournier T. Haem oxygenases play a pivotal role in placental physiology and pathology. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:634-649. [PMID: 32347305 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haem oxygenases (HO) catabolise haem, which is the prosthetic group of numerous haemoproteins. Thus, multiple primary cellular pathways and functions rely on haem availability. HO exists in two isoforms, both expressed in the placenta, namely HO-1 and HO-2, the first being inducible. Haem oxygenases, particularly HO-1, have garnered specific interest in the field of physiological and pathological placental function. These enzymes mediate haem degradation by cleaving the alpha methene bridge to produce biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin, carbon monoxide and iron. HO-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. SEARCH METHODS An initial literature analysis was performed using PubMed on 3 October 2018 using key terms such as 'haem oxygenase and pregnancy', 'haem oxygenase and placenta', 'HO-1 and pregnancy', 'HO-1 and placenta', 'HO and placenta', 'HO and pregnancy', 'genetic variant and HO', 'CO and pregnancy', 'CO and placenta', 'Bilirubin and pregnancy', 'Iron and pregnancy' and 'PPAR and Haem', selecting consensus conferences, recommendations, meta-analyses, practical recommendations and reviews. A second literature analysis was performed, including notable miscarriages, foetal loss and diabetes mellitus, on 20 December 2019. The three authors studied the publications independently to decipher whether they should be included in the manuscript. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aimed to summarise current pieces of knowledge of haem oxygenase location, function and regulation in the placenta, either in healthy pregnancies or those associated with miscarriages and foetal loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and diabetes mellitus. OUTCOMES HO-1 exerts some protective effects on the placentation, probably by a combination of factors, including its interrelation with the PGC-1α/PPAR pathway and the sFlt1/PlGF balance, and through its primary metabolites, notably carbon monoxide and bilirubin. Its protective role has been highlighted in numerous pregnancy conditions, including pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus and miscarriages. WIDER IMPLICATIONS HO-1 is a crucial enzyme in physiological and pathological placentation. This protective enzyme is currently considered a potential therapeutic target in various pregnancy diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Peoc'h
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM U1149, UFR de Médecine Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP Nord, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Puy
- Reproductive Biology Unit CECOS, Paris-Saclay University, Antoine Béclère Hospital, APHP, Clamart 92140, France
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, F-75014, Paris, France
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Ritter M, Oetama VSP, Schulze D, Muetzlaff K, Meents AK, Seidel RA, Görls H, Westerhausen M, Boland W, Pohnert G. Pyrrolic and Dipyrrolic Chlorophyll Degradation Products in Plants and Herbivores. Chemistry 2020; 26:6205-6213. [PMID: 31971638 PMCID: PMC7318184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of chlorophyll, the omnipresent green pigment, has been investigated intensively over the last 30 years resulting in many elucidated tetrapyrrolic degradation products. With a comparison to the degradation of the structurally similar heme, we hereby propose a novel additional chlorophyll degradation mechanism to mono- and dipyrrolic products. This is the first proof of the occurrence of a family of mono- and dipyrrols in leaves that are previously only known as heme degradation products. This product family is also found in spit and feces of herbivores with specific metabolomic patterns reflecting the origin of the samples. Based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric evidence as well as on mechanistic considerations we also suggest several tentative new degradation products. One of them, dihydro BOX A, was fully confirmed as a novel natural product by synthesis and comparison of its spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ritter
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | | | - Daniel Schulze
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Katrin Muetzlaff
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Anja K. Meents
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Raphael A. Seidel
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
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Naraoka Y, Hu A, Yamaguchi T, Saga N, Kobayashi H. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improves Water Content and Reduces Skin Wrinkling. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.127052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Zhou Z, Xiang S, Cui Y, Yu P, Tan B. Asymmetric Construction of Axially Chiral 2‐Arylpyrroles by Chirality Transfer of Atropisomeric Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13443-13447. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Hao Wu
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shao‐Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Zhou Z, Xiang S, Cui Y, Yu P, Tan B. Asymmetric Construction of Axially Chiral 2‐Arylpyrroles by Chirality Transfer of Atropisomeric Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Hao Wu
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shao‐Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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Cugliari G, Messina F, Canavero V, Biorci F, Ivaldi M. Relationship of chlorophyll supplement and platelet-related measures in endurance athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Williams ST, Lockyer AE, Dyal P, Nakano T, Churchill CKC, Speiser DI. Colorful seashells: Identification of haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin shell color in marine snails. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10379-10397. [PMID: 29238562 PMCID: PMC5723588 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the evolution of molluskan shell pigments, although Mollusca is a highly diverse, species rich, and ecologically important group of animals comprised of many brightly colored taxa. The marine snail genus Clanculus was chosen as an exceptional model for studying the evolution of shell color, first, because in Clanculus margaritarius and Clanculus pharaonius both shell and foot share similar colors and patterns; and second, because recent studies have identified the pigments, trochopuniceus (pink‐red), and trochoxouthos (yellow‐brown), both comprised of uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III, in both shell and colored foot tissue of these species. These unusual characteristics provide a rare opportunity to identify the genes involved in color production because, as the same pigments occur in the shell and colored foot tissue, the same color‐related genes may be simultaneously expressed in both mantle (which produces the shell) and foot tissue. In this study, the transcriptomes of these two Clanculus species along with a third species, Calliostoma zizyphinum, were sequenced to identify genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrins. Calliostoma zizyphinum was selected as a negative control as trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found to occur in this species. As expected, genes necessary for the production of uroporphyrin I and III were found in all three species, but gene expression levels were consistent with synthesis of uroporphyrins in mantle and colored foot tissue only in Clanculus. These results are relevant not only to understanding the evolution of shell pigmentation in Clanculus but also to understanding the evolution of color in other species with uroporphyrin pigmentation, including (mainly marine) mollusks soft tissues and shells, annelid and platyhelminth worms, and some bird feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne E Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies Brunel University London Uxbridge UK
| | - Patricia Dyal
- Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum London UK
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Kyoto University Nishimuro Wakayama Prefecture Japan
| | | | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC USA
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14
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Chromophores in operative surgery: Current practice and rationalized development. J Control Release 2017; 249:123-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Elvis-Offiah UB, Bafor EE, Eze GI, Igbinumwen O, Viegelmann C, Edrada-Ebel R. In vivo investigation of female reproductive functions and parameters in nonpregnant mice models and mass spectrometric analysis of the methanol leaf extract of Emilia Coccinea(Sims) G Dons. Physiol Rep 2016. [PMCID: PMC5260090 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southern Nigeria, the leaves of Emilia coccinea (Sims) G Dons are used traditionally for birth control. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Emilia coccinea (EM) on parameters that affect reproduction as well as the acute toxic effects of the plant using nonpregnant female mice models. Leaves of EM were extracted by maceration with 99.8% methanol. Oral acute toxicity profiles were examined. The effects of EM on female reproductive cycle were determined after oral treatment with EM at 1000 and 100 mg/kg/day daily for 6 days using stilbesterol (1 mg/kg/day) and normal saline as controls. The activities of EM (1000 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day p.o) on reproductive hormones and organs were also studied using estradiol valerat (100 mg/kg/day p.o), progesterone (10 mg/kg/day s.c.), and normal saline as controls. The extract did not induce any observable toxic effect after 24 h. At 1000 mg/kg, the extract significantly shortened the estrus cycle (P < 0.05) while prolonging the estrus phase which were comparable to that observed with stilbesterol. The extract also increased uterine weight and altered the histology of uterine and ovarian tissues. The female reproductive hormones were additionally altered at 1000 mg/kg and the effects were comparable to that of estradiol valerat such as to indicate possible antifertility effects. LC‐HRFTMS analysis showed 9 putatively identified compounds with pyrrolizidine alkaloid occurring at the highest intensity among the identified compounds. In conclusion, the leaf extracts of EM has been shown in this study to exhibit antiovulatory and estrogenic activities which would support the traditional use of the plant in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma B. Elvis-Offiah
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Benin; Benin City Nigeria
| | - Enitome E. Bafor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Benin; Benin City Nigeria
| | - Gerald I. Eze
- Department of Anatomy; School of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Benin; Benin City Nigeria
| | - Osamwonyi Igbinumwen
- Haematology Department; University of Benin Teaching Hospital; Benin City Nigeria
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16
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Williams ST, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Goral T, Edwards NP, Wogelius RA, Henkel T, de Oliveira LFC, Maia LF, Strekopytov S, Jeffries T, Speiser DI, Marsden JT. Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156664. [PMID: 27367426 PMCID: PMC4930200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and attraction. Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of colour in nature, it is important to identify and, where possible, fully characterise pigments using biochemical methods. The phylum Mollusca includes some of the most beautiful exemplars of biological pigmentation, with the vivid colours of sea shells particularly prized by collectors and scientists alike. Biochemical studies of molluscan shell colour were fairly common in the last century, but few of these studies have been confirmed using modern methods and very few shell pigments have been fully characterised. Here, we use modern chemical and multi-modal spectroscopic techniques to identify two porphyrin pigments and eumelanin in the shell of marine snails Clanculus pharaonius and C margaritarius. The same porphyrins were also identified in coloured foot tissue of both species. We use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to show definitively that these porphyrins are uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III. Evidence from confocal microscopy analyses shows that the distribution of porphyrin pigments corresponds to the striking pink-red of C. pharaonius shells, as well as pink-red dots and lines on the early whorls of C. margaritarius and yellow-brown colour of later whorls. Additional HPLC results suggest that eumelanin is likely responsible for black spots. We refer to the two differently coloured porphyrin pigments as trochopuniceus (pink-red) and trochoxouthos (yellow-brown) in order to distinguish between them. Trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found in the shell of a third species of the same superfamily, Calliostoma zizyphinum, despite its superficially similar colouration, suggesting that this species has different shell pigments. These findings have important implications for the study of colour and pattern in molluscs specifically, but in other taxa more generally, since this study shows that homology of visible colour cannot be assumed without identification of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Williams
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - S. Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - K. Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - T. Goral
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. P. Edwards
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Wogelius
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T. Henkel
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - L. F. C. de Oliveira
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - L. F. Maia
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - S. Strekopytov
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Jeffries
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. I. Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. T. Marsden
- Viapath, Reference Biochemistry Laboratories, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Effects of Oxygen Limitation on the Biosynthesis of Photo Pigments in the Red Microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria Strain 074G. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148358. [PMID: 26859750 PMCID: PMC4747464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of the inhibition of one of the steps in the biosynthesis of the photopigments chlorophyll and phycobilin, the red microalga Galdieria partita excretes coproporphyrinogen III in the medium when growing on glucose. No coproporphyrinogen III was found when the closely related red microalgae G. sulphuraria strain 074G was grown on glucose and excessive amounts of oxygen. When under the same conditions oxygen was limiting, coproporphyrinogen III was present in the medium. We conclude that not glucose but the amount of oxygen in the medium results in the accumulation of coproporphyrinogen III. This is explained by the inactivition of the oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase that converts coproporhyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX, one of the intermediate steps in the biosynthesis of chlorophyl and phycobilin.
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18
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Miura M, Ito K, Hayashi M, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Ogura SI. The Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Prodrug Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131793. [PMID: 26181717 PMCID: PMC4504516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of late, numerous prodrugs are widely used for therapy. The hemeprotein cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the activation of prodrugs to form active metabolites. Therefore, the activation of CYP function might allow the use of lower doses of prodrugs and decrease toxicity. We hypothesized that the addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor in the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, enhances the synthesis of heme, leading to the up-regulation of CYP activity. To test this hypothesis, we treated a human gastric cancer cell line with ALA and determined the effect on CYP-dependent prodrug activation. For this purpose, we focused on the anticancer prodrug tegafur, which is converted to its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) mainly by CYP2A6. We show here that ALA increased CYP2A6-dependent tegafur activation, suggesting that ALA elevated CYP activity and potentiated the activation of the prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Miura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ito
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI pharmaceuticals CO., LTD., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106–6020, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI pharmaceuticals CO., LTD., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106–6020, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Ogura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Mukherjee A, Sun Y, Morelius E, Tamez C, Bandyopadhyay S, Niu G, White JC, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Differential Toxicity of Bare and Hybrid ZnO Nanoparticles in Green Pea (Pisum sativum L.): A Life Cycle Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1242. [PMID: 26793219 PMCID: PMC4710101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of surface or lattice modification of nanoparticles (NPs) on terrestrial plants is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of different zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs on green pea (Pisum sativum L.), one of the highest consumed legumes globally. Pea plants were grown for 65 d in soil amended with commercially available bare ZnO NPs (10 nm), 2 wt% alumina doped (Al2O3@ZnO NPs, 15 nm), or 1 wt% aminopropyltriethoxysilane coated NPs (KH550@ZnO NP, 20 nm) at 250 and 1000 mg NP/kg soil inside a greenhouse. Bulk (ZnO) and ionic Zn (zinc chloride) were included as controls. Plant fresh and dry biomass, changes in leaf pigment concentrations, elements (Zn, Al, Si), and protein and carbohydrate profile of green pees were quantified upon harvest at 65 days. With the exception of the coated 1000 mg/kg NP treatment, fresh and dry weight were unaffected by Zn exposure. Although, all treated plants showed higher tissue Zn than controls, those exposed to Al2O3@ZnO NPs at 1000 mg/kg had greater Zn concentration in roots and seeds, compared to bulk Zn and the other NP treatments, keeping Al and Si uptake largely unaffected. Higher Zn accumulation in green pea seeds were resulted in coated ZnO at 250 mg/kg treatments. In leaves, Al2O3@ZnO NP at 250 mg/kg significantly increased Chl-a and carotenoid concentrations relative to the bulk, ionic, and the other NP treatments. The protein and carbohydrate profiles remained largely unaltered across all treatments with the exception of Al2O3@ZnO NPs at 1000 mg/kg where sucrose concentration of green peas increased significantly, which is likely a biomarker of stress. Importantly, these findings demonstrate that lattice and surface modification can significantly alter the fate and phytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs in food crops and seed nutritional quality. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a life cycle study on comparative toxicity of bare, coated, and doped ZnO NPs on a soil-grown food crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Youping Sun
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Erving Morelius
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Tamez
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Susmita Bandyopadhyay
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Genhua Niu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jose R. Peralta-Videa
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
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Nestler J, Schütz W, Hochholdinger F. Conserved and unique features of the maize (Zea mays L.) root hair proteome. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2525-37. [PMID: 21417484 DOI: 10.1021/pr200003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs are unicellular extensions of specialized epidermis cells. Under limiting conditions, they significantly increase the water and nutrient uptake capacity of plants by enlarging their root surface. Thus far, little is known about the initiation and growth of root hairs in the monocot model species maize. To gain a first insight into the protein composition of these specialized cells, the 2573 most abundant proteins of maize root hairs attached to four-day-old primary roots of the inbred line B73 were identified by combining 1DE with nanoLC-MS/MS in a shotgun proteomic experiment. Among the identified proteins, homologues of 252 proteins have been previously associated with root hair formation and development in other species. Comparison of the root hair reference proteome of the monocot species maize with the previously published root hair proteome of the dicot species soybean revealed conserved, but also unique, protein functions in root hairs of these two major groups of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Nestler
- INRES, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair for Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Chemical synthesis of porphobilinogen and studies of its biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1521-4478(06)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Hendry GAF, Houghton JD, Brown SB. THE DEGRADATION OF CHLOROPHYLL - A BIOLOGICAL ENIGMA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1987; 107:255-302. [PMID: 33873847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some 109 tonnes of chlorophyll are destroyed each year on land and in the oceans. The fate of these chlorophylls is, however, largely unknown. This review describes the developmental stages at which chlorophyll breakdown occurs in aquatic and terrestrial biological systems, and the destruction arising from herbivory, disease, pollution and other physical hazards. At the cellular level, an attempt is made to separate the breakdown of chlorophyll during senescence from the many other events associated with cell destruction and death. A consideration of the more important chemical and biophysical properties of chlorophylls and their derivatives is provided, together with data on their spectral properties. The biosynthetic and biodegradative pathways of chlorophyll metabolism are, so far as is possible, described with some predictions as to the likely fate of the missing tonnes. Two types of degradation are recognized; the first involves up to five defined enzymes concerned with the early stages, the second covers the less well defined enzymic and non-enzymic destruction of the macrocyclic structure. These degradative reactions are compared with the reactions implicated in the breakdown of other porphyrins including haems in plants and animals. A brief description is given of the occurrence of breakdown products of chlorophyll in past biomass, including those of geological significance and those in a more recent archaeological context. Finally, the economic significance of chlorophyll breakdown is considered in the context of agriculture and horticulture, veterinary and medical sciences, food colouring and cosmetic industries, and the multi-million-dollar attraction of autumn leaf fall to tourism. Contents Summary 256 I. Introduction 256 II. Chlorophylls: global production and destruction 259 III. Chlorophylls: nomenclature and chemical characteristics 260 IV. Chlorophyll metabolism 268 V. Chlorophyll degradation during senescence 274 VI. Other degradative conditions 278 VII. Breakdown products in past biomass 287 VIII. Pathways of degradation 289 IX. Economic importance 291 Acknowledgements 294 References 294.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A F Hendry
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology (NERC), Department of Botany, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Stanley B Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Nicholson-Guthrie CS, Guthrie GD. Accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX by the chlorophyll-less y-y mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 252:570-3. [PMID: 3813551 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A pigment accumulating in a Mendelian mutant (y-y) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which has essentially no chlorophyll and lacks inner chloroplast membranes in the light and dark, was isolated and characterized. It was identified as protoporphyrin-IX (PROTO) by spectral analysis using two different methods of extraction and fractionation. The amount of PROTO was estimated to be 10(7) molecules per cell. Since PROTO was the only intermediate of chlorophyll biosynthesis that accumulated, we conclude the y-y lesion in the pathway is after PROTO.
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24
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Maunders MJ, Brown SB. The effect of light on chlorophyll loss in senescing leaves of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). PLANTA 1983; 158:309-311. [PMID: 24264750 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1982] [Accepted: 03/28/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of chlorophylls in attached senescing sycamore leaves held in darkness was significantly less over a 14-d period than that occurring in leaves exposed to natural light. Chlorophyll a declined more rapidly than chlorophyll b in both situations, the stability of the latter being particularly increased in darkness. The differences between dark-maintained leaves and those exposed to light with respect to soluble protein, cytoplasmic RNA, and free amino-nitrogen were much less marked. The data indicate that chlorophyll loss during senescence is, at least in part, the result of a direct photochemical degradation of the pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Maunders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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25
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Meisler M, Wanner L, Eddy RE, Shows TB. The UPS locus encoding uroporphyrinogen I synthase is located on human chromosome 11. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 95:170-6. [PMID: 7417246 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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