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Genetic Predisposition to Schizophrenia and Depressive Disorder Comorbidity. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030457. [PMID: 35328011 PMCID: PMC8950769 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of depressive disorders compared to the general population. The comorbidity between schizophrenia and depression suggests a potential coincidence of the pathophysiology and/or genetic predictors of these mental disorders. The aim of this study was to review the potential genetic predictors of schizophrenia and depression comorbidity. Materials and Methods: We carried out research and analysis of publications in the databases PubMed, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, Science Direct, and eLIBRARY.RU using keywords and their combinations. The search depth was the last 10 years (2010–2020). Full-text original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical observations were analyzed. A total of 459 articles were found, of which 45 articles corresponding to the purpose of this study were analyzed in this topic review. Results: Overlap in the symptoms and genetic predictors between these disorders suggests that a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. The molecular mechanisms linking schizophrenia and depression are polygenic. The most studied candidate genes are GRIN1, GPM6A, SEPTIN4, TPH1, TPH2, CACNA1C, CACNB2, and BCL9.Conclusion: Planning and conducting genome-wide and associative genetic studies of the comorbid conditions under consideration in psychiatry is important for the development of biological and clinical predictors and a personalized therapy strategy for schizophrenia. However, it should be recognized that the problems of predictive and personalized psychiatry in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia and comorbid disorders are far from being resolved.
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Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25762938 PMCID: PMC4332163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of depression. Overlap in the symptoms and genetic risk factors between the two disorders suggests a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. Understanding these shared mechanisms will be important in informing the development of new treatments. Rodent models are powerful tools for understanding gene function as it relates to behavior. Examining rodent models relevant to both schizophrenia and depression reveals a number of common mechanisms. Current models which demonstrate endophenotypes of both schizophrenia and depression are reviewed here, including models of CUB and SUSHI multiple domains 1, PDZ and LIM domain 5, glutamate Delta 1 receptor, diabetic db/db mice, neuropeptide Y, disrupted in schizophrenia 1, and its interacting partners, reelin, maternal immune activation, and social isolation. Neurotransmission, brain connectivity, the immune system, the environment, and metabolism emerge as potential common mechanisms linking these models and potentially explaining comorbid depression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Analysis of OPCRIT results indicate the presence of a novel 'social functioning' domain and complex structure of other dimensions in the Wielkopolska (Poland) population. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:223-32. [PMID: 22521495 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of our study was to examine factor structure of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in the Wielkopolska population, using dimension reduction techniques. METHODS Schizophrenia (n=443) and bipolar affective disorder (n=499) patients were assessed using Operational Criteria Checklist (OPCRIT). Principal component analysis and Maximum Likelihood Factor analysis were carried out to obtain factor structure with significance level for the factor loadings exceeding 0.4. Varimax and promax rotations were used to identify the meaningful factors. RESULTS Rotated solution indicated multidimensional structure for depression and excitement as well as positive domains in the schizophrenia sample. Negative and disorganized dimensions existed as single factors, with item composition similar to that already described. Additionally, a new "social functioning" dimension was identified. In bipolar affective disorder sample, the interpretable dimensions included: depression, psychotic, atypical depression, negative, substance use, excitement and "social functioning". Factor structure of the combined sample consisted of depression, excitement, disorganization, delusions, substance use, negative and social functioning factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated multidimensional and hierarchical structures for some of the previously described dimensions. Additional use of items not exactly related to disease symptoms lead to discovery of "substance use" and "social functioning" dimensions.
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Bigdeli TB, Maher BS, Zhao Z, van den Oord EJCG, Thiselton DL, Sun J, Webb BT, Amdur RL, Wormley B, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Comprehensive gene-based association study of a chromosome 20 linked region implicates novel risk loci for depressive symptoms in psychotic illness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21440. [PMID: 22220189 PMCID: PMC3248394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior genomewide scans of schizophrenia support evidence of linkage to regions of chromosome 20. However, association analyses have yet to provide support for any etiologically relevant variants. METHODS We analyzed 2988 LD-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 327 genes on chromosome 20, to test for association with schizophrenia in 270 Irish high-density families (ISHDSF, N = 270 families, 1408 subjects). These SNPs were genotyped using an Illumina iSelect genotyping array which employs the Infinium assay. Given a previous report of novel linkage with chromosome 20p using latent classes of psychotic illness in this sample, association analysis was also conducted for each of five factor-derived scores based on the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (delusions, hallucinations, mania, depression, and negative symptoms). Tests of association were conducted using the PDTPHASE and QPDTPHASE packages of UNPHASED. Empirical estimates of gene-wise significance were obtained by adaptive permutation of a) the smallest observed P-value and b) the threshold-truncated product of P-values for each locus. RESULTS While no single variant was significant after LD-corrected Bonferroni-correction, our gene-dropping analyses identified loci which exceeded empirical significance criteria for both gene-based tests. Namely, R3HDML and C20orf39 are significantly associated with depressive symptoms of schizophrenia (P(emp)<2×10⁻⁵) based on the minimum P-value and truncated-product methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a gene-based approach to family-based association, R3HDML and C20orf39 were found to be significantly associated with clinical dimensions of schizophrenia. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of gene-based analysis and support previous evidence that chromosome 20 may harbor schizophrenia susceptibility or modifier loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Thiselton
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Amdur
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Brandon Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Brien P. Riley
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hamshere ML, Holmans PA, McCarthy GM, Jones LA, Murphy KC, Sanders RD, Gray MY, Zammit S, Williams NM, Norton N, Williams HJ, McGuffin P, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N, Owen MJ, Cardno AG. Phenotype evaluation and genomewide linkage study of clinical variables in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:929-40. [PMID: 21960518 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are likely to influence clinical variation in schizophrenia, but it is unclear which variables are most suitable as phenotypes and which molecular genetic loci are involved. We evaluated clinical variable phenotypes and applied suitable phenotypes in genome-wide covariate linkage analysis. We ascertained 170 affected relative pairs (168 sibling-pairs and two avuncular pairs) with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from the United Kingdom. We defined psychotic symptom dimensions, age at onset (AAO), and illness course using the OPCRIT checklist. We evaluated phenotypes using within sibling-pair correlations and applied suitable phenotypes in multipoint covariate linkage analysis based on 372 microsatellite markers at ∼10 cM intervals. The statistical significance of linkage results was assessed by simulation. The positive and disorganized symptom dimensions, AAO, and illness course qualified as suitable phenotypes. There were no genome-wide significant linkage results. There was suggestive evidence of linkage for the positive dimension on chromosomes 2q32, 10q26, and 20q12; the disorganized dimension on 8p21 and 17q21; and illness course on 2q33 and 22q11. The linkage peak for disorganization on 17q21 remained suggestive after correction for multiple testing. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate phenotype evaluation and genome-wide covariate linkage analysis for symptom dimensions and illness history variables in sibling-pairs with schizophrenia. The significant within-pair correlations strengthen the evidence that some clinical variables within schizophrenia are suitable phenotypes for molecular genetic investigations. At present there are no genome-wide significant linkage results for these phenotypes, but a number of suggestive findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Hamshere
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Zhang C, Fang Y, Xie B, Cheng W, Du Y, Wang D, Yu S. DNA methyltransferase 3B gene increases risk of early onset schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:308-11. [PMID: 19576953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consistent evidence indicated that aberrant DNA methylation may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) is the key methyltransferase in DNA methylation regulations. In this study, we investigated the association between DNMT3B polymorphisms and the susceptibility of early onset schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. METHODS Case-control (patients=381 and controls=472) and family based (trios=103) study was performed through genotyping two tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2424908 and rs6119954) covering the whole DNMT3B gene. Single nucleotide polymorphism association and haplotype analysis were performed. RESULTS The frequency of G allele of rs6119954 was significantly higher in patients than that in controls (P=0.017). Genotype distribution of rs6119954 was significantly different between patients and controls (P=0.046). A haplotype-wise analysis revealed a higher frequency of the T-G (rs2424908-rs6119954) haplotype in patients than that in controls (P=0.033). In the transmission disequilibrium test analysis, G allele of rs6119954 was preferentially transmitted in the trios (P=0.030). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that DNMT3B may be a candidate gene for susceptibility to early onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Hamshere ML, Schulze TG, Schumacher J, Corvin A, Owen MJ, Jamra RA, Propping P, Maier W, Orozco y Diaz G, Mayoral F, Rivas F, Jones I, Jones L, Kirov G, Gill M, Holmans PA, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Craddock N. Mood-incongruent psychosis in bipolar disorder: conditional linkage analysis shows genome-wide suggestive linkage at 1q32.3, 7p13 and 20q13.31. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:610-20. [PMID: 19689503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of research into functional psychosis has proceeded under the assumption that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are distinct entities with separate underlying disease processes and treatments. This view has been increasingly challenged in both clinical and genetic studies. Findings in recent association studies at two specific genes suggest that the occurrence of mood-incongruent psychotic features may indicate a relatively homogeneous subset of the bipolar phenotype. We examined this hypothesis. METHODS Caucasian affected individuals were ascertained from Europe (the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Germany, Italy and Andalusia). Consensus best-estimate diagnoses were assigned by two independent raters according to all available information. There was no cross-site evaluation of inter-rater reliability. Families multiply affected by bipolar spectrum mood disorder were selected, comprising 383 affected relative pairs. Individuals were considered to be affected if they were diagnosed with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Multipoint, affected relative pair covariate linkage analysis was performed. RESULTS Significant familiality of incongruent psychosis was observed [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.309; p = 0.001, one-tail]. Covariate linkage analysis provided three regions with genome-wide suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosomes 1q32.3 (LOD = 4.15, expected 0.12 times per genome scan), 7p13 (LOD = 3.32) and 20q13.31 (LOD = 2.98). No region in our analysis met criteria for genome-wide significance. CONCLUSION Our results provide molecular support for the hypothesis that genes may exist for specific forms of bipolar illness, dependent on the presence or absence of incongruent psychosis. Our findings suggest that researchers should take account of mood-congruence/incongruence of psychotic features in studies of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Hamshere
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Biomedical Research in Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Treutlein J, Mühleisen TW, Frank J, Mattheisen M, Herms S, Ludwig KU, Treutlein T, Schmael C, Strohmaier J, Bösshenz KV, Breuer R, Paul T, Witt SH, Schulze TG, Schlösser RGM, Nenadic I, Sauer H, Becker T, Maier W, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M. Dissection of phenotype reveals possible association between schizophrenia and Glutamate Receptor Delta 1 (GRID1) gene promoter. Schizophr Res 2009; 111:123-30. [PMID: 19346103 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent linkage and association data have implicated the Glutamate Receptor Delta 1 (GRID1) locus in the etiology of schizophrenia. In this study, we sought to test whether variants in the promoter region are associated with this disorder. The distribution of CpG islands, which are known to be relevant for transcriptional regulation, was computationally determined at the GRID1 locus, and the putative transcriptional regulatory region at the 5'-terminus was systematically tagged using HapMap data. Genotype analyses were performed with 22 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) in a German sample of 919 schizophrenia patients and 773 controls. The study also included two SNPs in intron 2 and one in intron 3 which have been found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia in previous studies. For the transcriptional regulatory region, association was obtained with rs3814614 (p=0.0193), rs10749535 (p=0.0245), and rs11201985 (p=0.0222). For all further analyses, the patient samples were divided into more homogeneous subgroups according to sex, age at onset, positive family history of schizophrenia and lifetime history of major depression. The p-value of the schizophrenia association finding for the three markers decreased by approximately one order of magnitude, despite the reduction in the total sample size. Marker rs3814614 (unadjusted p=0.0005), located approximately 2.0 kb from the transcriptional start point, also withstood a two-step correction for multiple testing (p=0.030). No support was obtained for previously reported associations with the intronic markers. Our results suggest that genetic variants in the GRID1 transcriptional regulatory region may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, and that future association studies of schizophrenia may require stratification to ensure more homogeneous patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Bora E, Yucel M, Fornito A, Berk M, Pantelis C. Major psychoses with mixed psychotic and mood symptoms: are mixed psychoses associated with different neurobiological markers? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 118:172-87. [PMID: 18699952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence related to overlapping clinical and genetic risk factors in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) have raised concerns about the validity of 'Kraepelinian dichotomy'. As controversies mainly arise in mixed psychoses that occupy the intermediate zone between schizophrenia and BD, investigating neurobiological markers of mixed psychoses may be relevant to understanding the nature of psychotic disorders. METHOD In this article, we review studies comparing magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological and electrophysiological findings in mixed psychoses with each other, as well as with more prototypical cases of schizophrenia and BD. RESULTS The evidence reviewed suggests that mixed psychoses may be associated with different genetic and neurobiological markers compared with prototypical forms of schizophrenia and BD. CONCLUSION These findings may be compatible with more sophisticated versions of dimensional and continuum models or, alternatively, they may suggest that there is an intermediate third category between prototypical schizophrenia and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bora
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, and Melbourne Health, ORYGEN research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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Brief Report: No Association Between Premorbid Adjustment in Adult-Onset Schizophrenia and Genetic Variation in Dysbindin. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 38:1977-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang JY, Hou CD, Tai JJ. A Robust Linkage Analysis Method Using Combined Allele Sharing and Transmission Disequilibrium Information from Case-Parent Tetrad Families. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:575-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hollingworth P, Hamshere ML, Holmans PA, O'Donovan MC, Sims R, Powell J, Lovestone S, Myers A, DeVrieze FW, Hardy J, Goate A, Owen M, Williams J. Increased familial risk and genomewide significant linkage for Alzheimer's disease with psychosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:841-8. [PMID: 17492769 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are associated with increased cognitive impairment and earlier institutionalization. One study has suggested that they are genetically modified and two genome screens have been performed to search for susceptibility loci for AD with psychosis (AD + P). The aim of this study was to further investigate the familial aggregation of AD + P and perform a genome screen for AD, conditioning on the presence or absence of psychotic symptoms. Samples from the UK and US were combined, providing data from 374 families in which at least two members met criteria for AD and had complete data regarding psychotic symptoms. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the relationship of psychotic symptoms between siblings. A total of 321 affected relative pairs (ARPs) were genotyped for linkage. There was a significant association between proband psychosis status and the occurrence of AD + P in siblings in the UK (OR = 4.17, P = 0.002) and US (OR = 3.2, P < 0.001) samples. Chromosomewide and genomewide significant linkage peaks were observed on chromosomes 7 (LOD = 2.84) and 15 (LOD = 3.16), respectively, with the strongest evidence coming from pairs concordant for AD without psychosis. A LOD score of 2.98 was observed close to a previously reported AD + P linkage region on chromosome 6, however the increase in LOD attributable to psychosis was not significant. These findings support the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms in AD are genetically modified and that a gene/s implicated in their aetiology may be located on chromosome 7 and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hollingworth
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Georgi A, Jamra RA, Klein K, Villela AW, Schumacher J, Becker T, Paul T, Schmael C, Höfels S, Klopp N, Illig T, Propping P, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Schulze TG, Rietschel M. Possible association between genetic variants at the GRIN1 gene and schizophrenia with lifetime history of depressive symptoms in a German sample. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:308-10. [PMID: 17728671 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3280c1e5fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in glutamatergic signalling pathways is believed to play a substantial role in the aetiology of schizophrenia. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit gene GRIN1 has been proposed as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. We tested for a potential association between schizophrenia and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4880213, rs11146020, rs6293, and rs10747050) and one microsatellite marker at GRIN1 in a German sample of 354 patients and 323 controls. We found significant associations in single-marker and haplotype-based analyses (P<0.05). Significance was more pronounced (P<0.01) in the subset of patients with a lifetime history of major depression, a subgroup of schizophrenia described previously as a promising phenotypic subtype in genetic studies of schizophrenia. Although significances did not withstand correction for multiple testing, the results of our exploratory analysis warrant further studies on GRIN1 and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Georgi
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Strohmaier J, Georgi A, Schirmbeck F, Schmael C, Jamra RA, Schumacher J, Becker T, Höfels S, Klopp N, Illig T, Propping P, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Schulze TG. No association between the serine racemase gene (SRR) and schizophrenia in a German case–control sample. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:125. [PMID: 17413455 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3280143e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strohmaier
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Thapar A, Langley K, O'donovan M, Owen M. Refining the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype for molecular genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:714-20. [PMID: 16702977 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial and highly heritable disorder. Consequently, much effort is being directed towards searching for specific susceptibility genes. There is a growing trend, across the field of complex disease genetics, towards undertaking secondary analyses based on refined phenotypic definitions and in testing whether specific susceptibility genes modify the phenotypic presentation of the disorder in question. It is crucial that good, empirically derived arguments are made before undertaking multiple analyses on different phenotype refinements. In this review article, we consider the evidence from genetic epidemiological studies as well as key clinical studies that provide guidance on examining the ADHD phenotype for the purpose of molecular genetic studies. Specifically, findings on categorical versus dimensional conceptualisations of ADHD, reporter effects, comorbidity, ADHD subtypes and persistence are reviewed. Current evidence suggests that for the purpose of identifying susceptibility genes for ADHD, parent and teachers should be used as informants and that focusing on the clinical diagnosis of ADHD is useful. There is also good empirical support in favour of examining antisocial behaviour in ADHD. Genetic studies of dimensional ADHD are useful for other complementary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thapar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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