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Starosta RT, Jensen N, Couteranis S, Slaugh R, Easterlin D, Tate V, Sams EI, Valle K, Akinwe T, Hou YCC, Turner TN, Cole FS, Milbrandt J, Dickson P. Using a new analytic approach for genotyping and phenotyping chromosome 9p deletion syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:1095-1105. [PMID: 38972963 PMCID: PMC11369271 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Using a new analytic method ("unique non-overlapping region" (UNOR) analysis), we characterized the genotypes and phenotypes of a large cohort of individuals diagnosed with chromosome 9p deletion syndrome (9PMS) and defined critical genomic regions. We extracted phenotypic information from 48 individuals with 9PMS from medical records and used a guided interview with caregivers to clarify ambiguities. Using high-resolution whole-genome sequencing for breakpoint definition, we aligned deletions and drew virtual breakpoints to obtain UNORs associated with phenotypic characteristics. We next extracted genotype and phenotype data for 57 individuals identified from a systematic review of the 9PMS literature and analyzed these as above. Common phenotypic features included developmental delay/intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, hypotonia, genital defects in XY individuals, psychiatric diagnoses, chronic constipation, atopic disease, vision problems, autism spectrum disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease, trigonocephaly, congenital heart disease, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Our approach confirmed previous literature reports of an association of FREM1 with trigonocephaly and suggested a possible modifier element for this phenotype. In conclusion, the UNOR approach delineated phenotypic characteristics for 9PMS and confirmed the critical role of FREM1 and a possible long-distance regulatory element in pathogenesis of trigonocephaly that will need to be replicated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tzovenos Starosta
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Nathaniel Jensen
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sophia Couteranis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rachel Slaugh
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dawn Easterlin
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Victoria Tate
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eleanor I Sams
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kostandin Valle
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Titilope Akinwe
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ying-Chen Claire Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tychele N Turner
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patricia Dickson
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Chen X, Yu B, Wang Z, Li Q, Dai C, Wei J. Two novel mutations within FREM1 gene in patients with bifid nose. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:631. [PMID: 38097983 PMCID: PMC10720098 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifid nose is a rare congenital deformity and the etiology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to report genetic variation in family of patients with bifid nose. METHODS Twenty-three consecutive patients who were diagnosed with mild bifid nose were operated with z-plasty from 2009 to 2021. Three underage patients (a pair of twins and a girl) from two family lines, who came to our hospital for surgical treatment, were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were conducted. Z-shaped flaps were created and the cartilago alaris major were re-stitched. Photographs and CT scan before and after surgery were obtained. Clinical outcomes, complications and patients' satisfaction were evaluated and analyzed. The follow-up time ranges from 2 to 3 years (2.4 ± 1.2 years). RESULTS Most patients were satisfied with the outcome (96.2%). The nasal deformities were corrected successfully with z-plasty technique in one-stage. FREM1 c.870_876del and c.2 T > C were detected with Whole exome sequencing, which have not been reported before. The results of Sanger sequencing were consistent with those of Whole exome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The newly detected mutations of FREM1 have a certain heritability, and are helpful to make an accurate diagnosis and provide a better understanding of bifid nose mechanism. Z-plasty technique can be an effective technical approach for correcting mild bifid nose deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofu Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanchang Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiao Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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Landau-Prat D, Kim DH, Bautista S, Strong A, Revere KE, Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA. Cryptophthalmos: associated syndromes and genetic disorders. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:547-552. [PMID: 37493047 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2237568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryptophthalmos is a rare congenital condition caused by anomalous eyelid development where the eyelid folds do not develop or fail to separate. Cryptophthalmos can be unilateral or bilateral and can occur in isolation or as part of an underlying syndrome. We aim to identify genetic syndromes associated with cryptophthalmos to facilitate genetic diagnosis. METHODS We performed a retrospective medical record review of all patients diagnosed with cryptophthalmos followed at a single center between 2000 and 2020. The analysis included medical history, clinical examination findings, and genetic testing results. RESULTS Thirteen patients were included, 10 (77%) males, mean age of 2.4 years. Eight (61%) had bilateral cryptophthalmos, and 4 (31%) had complete cryptophthalmos. Associated ocular abnormalities included corneal opacities (13/13, 100%), upper eyelid colobomas (12/13, 92%), and microphthalmia/clinical anophthalmia (3/13, 23%). All cases of complete cryptophthalmos had bilateral disease. An underlying clinical or molecular diagnosis was identified in 10/13 (77%) cases, including Fraser syndrome (n = 5), amniotic band syndrome (n = 1), FREM1-related disease (n = 1), Goldenhar versus Schimmelpenning syndrome (n = 1), MOTA syndrome (n = 1), and CELSR2-related disease (n = 1). CONCLUSION This is the first report of a possible association between cryptophthalmos and biallelic CELSR2 variants. Children with cryptophthalmos, especially those with extra-ocular involvement, should be referred for comprehensive genetic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Landau-Prat
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Sheba Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Diana H Kim
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sana Bautista
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alanna Strong
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen E Revere
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William R Katowitz
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James A Katowitz
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kolvenbach CM, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. The genetics and pathogenesis of CAKUT. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:709-720. [PMID: 37524861 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large variety of malformations that arise from defective kidney or urinary tract development and frequently lead to kidney failure. The clinical spectrum ranges from severe malformations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder manifestations, such as vesicoureteral reflux. Almost 50% of cases of chronic kidney disease that manifest within the first three decades of life are caused by CAKUT. Evidence suggests that a large number of CAKUT are genetic in origin. To date, mutations in ~54 genes have been identified as monogenic causes of CAKUT, contributing to 12-20% of the aetiology of the disease. Pathogenic copy number variants have also been shown to cause CAKUT and can be detected in 4-11% of patients. Furthermore, environmental and epigenetic factors can increase the risk of CAKUT. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes is challenging owing to variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance and variable genotype-phenotype correlation. However, such a discovery could ultimately lead to improvements in the accurate molecular genetic diagnosis, assessment of prognosis and multidisciplinary clinical management of patients with CAKUT, potentially including personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Siddiqi S, Ain NU, Kauser M, Mukhtar Z, Ansar M, Umair M. Variants in FREM1 and trisomy 18 identified in a neonatal progeria patient. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7935-7939. [PMID: 37470964 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal progeroid disorders are rare disorders with clinical features including low body mass index, proptosis, aged and dysmorphic facial features at the time of birth, prominent veins, sparse scalp hairs, and severe growth retardation. Very few cases have been identified with an unknown genetic cause. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings of a proband with hallmark features of neonatal progeria. METHODS Microarray comparative genomic hybridization, whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed using standard methods. RESULTS Array combined genome hybridization data revealed trisomy 18 in the proband (II-1), and WES data identified novel compound heterozygous variants (c.247 C > T; p.H83Y and c.14769868InsA) in the FREM1 gene. CONCLUSION We report a novel complex case of neonatal progeria with atrial septal defects, trisomy 18 without typical features of Edward syndrome. The phenotype of the patient was more consistent with neonatal progeria, thus we speculate it to be caused by the FREM1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Siddiqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Kauser
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences/MLT, Faculty of life sciences, Karakoram International University (KIU), Gilgit, GB, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Mukhtar
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- PMAS arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Laboratory of Genetic medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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McLaughlin MT, Sun MR, Beames TG, Steward AC, Theisen JWM, Chung HM, Everson JL, Moskowitz IP, Sheets MD, Lipinski RJ. Frem1 activity is regulated by Sonic hedgehog signaling in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme during midfacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:483-494. [PMID: 36495293 PMCID: PMC10066825 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frem1 has been linked to human face shape variation, dysmorphology, and malformation, but little is known about its regulation and biological role in facial development. RESULTS During midfacial morphogenesis in mice, we observed Frem1 expression in the embryonic growth centers that form the median upper lip, nose, and palate. Expansive spatial gradients of Frem1 expression in the cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme of these tissues suggested transcriptional regulation by a secreted morphogen. Accordingly, Frem1 expression paralleled that of the conserved Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) target gene Gli1 in the cNCC mesenchyme. Suggesting direct transcriptional regulation by Shh signaling, we found that Frem1 expression is induced by SHH ligand stimulation or downstream pathway activation in cNCCs and observed GLI transcription factor binding at the Frem1 transcriptional start site during midfacial morphogenesis. Finally, we found that FREM1 is sufficient to induce cNCC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and that Shh pathway antagonism reduces Frem1 expression during pathogenesis of midfacial hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating that the Shh signaling pathway regulates Frem1 expression in cNCCs, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying variation in midfacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. McLaughlin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miranda R. Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler G. Beames
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Austin C. Steward
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua W. M. Theisen
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hannah M. Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua L. Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ivan P. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Cardozo MJ, Sánchez-Bustamante E, Bovolenta P. Optic cup morphogenesis across species and related inborn human eye defects. Development 2023; 150:286775. [PMID: 36714981 PMCID: PMC10110496 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate eye is shaped as a cup, a conformation that optimizes vision and is acquired early in development through a process known as optic cup morphogenesis. Imaging living, transparent teleost embryos and mammalian stem cell-derived organoids has provided insights into the rearrangements that eye progenitors undergo to adopt such a shape. Molecular and pharmacological interference with these rearrangements has further identified the underlying molecular machineries and the physical forces involved in this morphogenetic process. In this Review, we summarize the resulting scenarios and proposed models that include common and species-specific events. We further discuss how these studies and those in environmentally adapted blind species may shed light on human inborn eye malformations that result from failures in optic cup morphogenesis, including microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J Cardozo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-Bustamante
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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8
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Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Etiology of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Review and Novel Cases. J Pediatr 2022; 246:251-265.e2. [PMID: 35314152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Natural Immunity against HIV-1: Progression of Understanding after Association Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061243. [PMID: 35746714 PMCID: PMC9227919 DOI: 10.3390/v14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity against HIV has been observed in many individuals in the world. Among them, a group of female sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort remained HIV uninfected for more than 30 years despite high-risk sex work. Many studies have been carried out to understand this natural immunity to HIV in the hope to develop effective vaccines and preventions. This review focuses on two such examples. These studies started from identifying immunogenetic or genetic associations with resistance to HIV acquisition, and followed up with an in-depth investigation to understand the biological relevance of the correlations of protection, and to develop and test novel vaccines and preventions.
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Kiyozumi D, Yaguchi S, Yaguchi J, Yamazaki A, Sekiguchi K. Human disease-associated extracellular matrix orthologs ECM3 and QBRICK regulate primary mesenchymal cell migration in sea urchin embryos. Exp Anim 2021; 70:378-386. [PMID: 33828019 PMCID: PMC8390315 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchin embryos have been one of model organisms to investigate cellular behaviors because of their simple cell composition and transparent body. They also give us an opportunity to investigate molecular functions of human proteins of interest that are conserved in sea urchin. Here we report that human disease-associated extracellular matrix orthologues ECM3 and QBRICK are necessary for mesenchymal cell migration during sea urchin embryogenesis. Immunofluorescence has visualized the colocalization of QBRICK and ECM3 on both apical and basal surface of ectoderm. On the basal surface, QBRICK and ECM3 constitute together a mesh-like fibrillar structure along the blastocoel wall. When the expression of ECM3 was knocked down by antisense-morpholino oligonucleotides, the ECM3-QBRICK fibrillar structure completely disappeared. When QBRICK was knocked down, the ECM3 was still present, but the basally localized fibers became fragmented. The ingression and migration of primary mesenchymal cells were not critically affected, but their migration at later stages was severely affected in both knock-down embryos. As a consequence of impaired primary mesenchymal cell migration, improper spicule formation was observed. These results indicate that ECM3 and QBRICK are components of extracellular matrix, which play important role in primary mesenchymal cell migration, and that sea urchin is a useful experimental animal model to investigate human disease-associated extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kiyozumi
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yaguchi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Junko Yaguchi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamazaki
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Dawson AJ, Hovanes K, Liu J, Marles S, Greenberg C, Mhanni A, Chudley A, Frosk P, Sahoo T, Schanze D, Zenker M. Heterozygous intragenic deletions of FREM1 are not associated with trigonocephaly. Clin Dysmorphol 2021; 30:83-88. [PMID: 33038106 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) are associated with two rare genetic disorders, Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) and bifid nose with or without anorectal and renal anomalies (BNAR). Fraser syndrome is a more severe disorder that shows phenotypic overlap with both MOTA and anorectal and renal anomalies and results from mutations in FRAS1, FREM2 and GRIP1. Heterozygous missense mutations in FREM1 were reported in association with isolated trigonocephaly with dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance. Moreover, large deletions encompassing FREM1 have been reported in association with a syndromic form of trigonocephaly and were designated as trigonocephaly type 2. Trigonocephaly results from premature closure of the metopic suture and typically manifests as a form of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. We report on 20 patients evaluated for developmental delay and without abnormal metopic suture. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed heterozygous FREM1 deletions in 18 patients and in 4 phenotypically normal parents. Two patients were diagnosed with MOTA and had homozygous FREM1 deletions. Therefore, although our results are consistent with the previous reports of homozygous deletions causing MOTA, we report no association between heterozygous FREM1 deletions and trigonocephaly in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika J Dawson
- Genomics, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Genomics, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sandra Marles
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cheryl Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aziz Mhanni
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Albert Chudley
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patrick Frosk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
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Gu S, Khoong Y, Huang X, Zan T. Facial cleft? The first case of manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal syndrome with novel mutations in China: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:46. [PMID: 33478401 PMCID: PMC7818766 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) syndrome is a rare syndrome with only 27 cases reported worldwide so far, but none was reported in the population of Eastern Asia. Such extremely low prevalence might be contributed by misdiagnosis due to its similarities in ocular manifestations with facial cleft. In our study, we discovered the first case of MOTA syndrome in the population of China, with 2 novel FRAS1 related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) gene stop-gain mutations confirmed by whole exome sequencing. Case presentation A 12-year-old Chinese girl presented with facial cleft-like deformities including aberrant hairline, blepharon-coloboma and broad bifid nose since birth. Whole exome sequencing resulted in the identification of 2 novel stop-gain mutations in the FREM1 gene. Diagnosis of MOTA syndrome was then established. Conclusions We discovered the first sporadic case of MOTA syndrome according to clinical manifestations and genetic etiology in the Chinese population. We have identified 2 novel stop-gain mutations in FREM1 gene which further expands the spectrum of mutational seen in the MOTA syndrome. Further research should be conducted for better understanding of its mechanism, establishment of an accurate diagnosis, and eventually the exploitation of a more effective and comprehensive therapeutic intervention for MOTA syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Khoong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Schraw JM, Benjamin RH, Scott DA, Brooks BP, Hufnagel RB, McLean SD, Northrup H, Langlois PH, Canfield MA, Scheuerle AE, Schaaf CP, Ray JW, Chen H, Swartz MD, Mitchell LE, Agopian AJ, Lupo PJ. A Comprehensive Assessment of Co-occurring Birth Defects among Infants with Non-Syndromic Anophthalmia or Microphthalmia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2020; 28:428-435. [PMID: 33345678 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1862244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infants with anophthalmia or microphthalmia frequently have co-occurring birth defects. Nonetheless, there have been few investigations of birth defect patterns among these children. Such studies may identify novel multiple malformation syndromes, which could inform future research into the developmental processes that lead to anophthalmia/microphthalmia and assist physicians in determining whether further testing is appropriate. METHODS This study includes cases with anophthalmia/microphthalmia identified by the Texas Birth Defects Registry from 1999 to 2014 without clinical or chromosomal diagnoses of recognized syndromes. We calculated adjusted observed-to-expected ratios for two - through five-way birth defect combinations involving anophthalmia/microphthalmia to estimate whether these combinations co-occur more often than would be expected if they were independent. We report combinations observed in ≥5 cases. RESULTS We identified 653 eligible cases with anophthalmia/microphthalmia (514 [79%] with co-occurring birth defects), and 111 birth defect combinations, of which 44 were two-way combinations, 61 were three-way combinations, six were four-way combinations and none were five-way combinations. Combinations with the largest observed-to-expected ratios were those involving central nervous system (CNS) defects, head/neck defects, and orofacial clefts. We also observed multiple combinations involving cardiovascular and musculoskeletal defects. CONCLUSION Consistent with previous reports, we observed that a large proportion of children diagnosed with anophthalmia/microphthalmia have co-occurring birth defects. While some of these defects may be part of a sequence involving anophthalmia/microphthalmia (e.g., CNS defects), other combinations could point to as yet undescribed susceptibility patterns (e.g., musculoskeletal defects). Data from population-based birth defect registries may be useful for accelerating the discovery of previously uncharacterized malformation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Schraw
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renata H Benjamin
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott D McLean
- Clinical Genetics Section, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter H Langlois
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Austin, TX.,Texas Department of State Health Services, Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Austin, Texas
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Austin, Texas
| | - Angela E Scheuerle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph W Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas.,Center for Precision Health, UTHealth School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - A J Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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14
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Kunz F, Kayserili H, Midro A, Silva D, Basnayake S, Güven Y, Borys J, Schanze D, Stellzig‐Eisenhauer A, Bloch‐Zupan A, Zenker M. Characteristic dental pattern with hypodontia and short roots in Fraser syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1681-1689. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kunz
- Department of Orthodontics University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- KOÇ University School of Medicine (KUSoM) Medical Genetics Department Topkapi Zeytinburnu Istanbul Turkey
| | - Alina Midro
- Department of Clinical Genetics Medical University Białystok Poland
| | - Deepthi Silva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Kelaniya Ragama Sri Lanka
| | | | - Yeliz Güven
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jan Borys
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery Medical University of Bialystok Poland
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Germany
| | | | - Agnes Bloch‐Zupan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS‐UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch‐Graffenstaden France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco‐Dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, O‐Rares, Filière Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO Strasbourg France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg Germany
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15
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Abstract
QBRICK, FRAS1, and FREM2 compose a family of extracellular matrix proteins characterized by twelve consecutive CSPG repeats and single or multiple Calx-β motifs. Dysfunction of these proteins have been associated with Fraser syndrome, which is characterized by malformation of skin, eyes, digits, and kidneys. FREM3 is another member of the 12-CSPG protein family. However, it remains unknown whether genetic dysfunction of FREM3 also causes Fraser syndrome or another developmental disorder. Here we investigated a Frem3 mutant mouse line generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The FREM3 mutant homozygotes were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and did not possess any defects characteristic of Fraser syndrome. These results indicate that the dysfunction of FREM3 is not associated with Fraser syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kiyozumi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mayo Kodani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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16
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Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030016. [PMID: 31416264 PMCID: PMC6787759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eye development is coordinated through an extensive network of genetic signalling pathways. Disruption of key regulatory genes in the early stages of eye development can result in aborted eye formation, resulting in an absent eye (anophthalmia) or a small underdeveloped eye (microphthalmia) phenotype. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity, with >90 identified associated genes. By understanding the roles of these genes in development, including their temporal expression, the phenotypic variation associated with AM can be better understood, improving diagnosis and management. This review describes the genetic and structural basis of eye development, focusing on the function of key genes known to be associated with AM. In addition, we highlight some promising avenues of research involving multiomic approaches and disease modelling with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which will aid in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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17
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Kashem MA, Li H, Toledo NP, Omange RW, Liang B, Liu LR, Li L, Yang X, Yuan XY, Kindrachuk J, Plummer FA, Luo M. Toll-like Interleukin 1 Receptor Regulator Is an Important Modulator of Inflammation Responsive Genes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:272. [PMID: 30873160 PMCID: PMC6403165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator), a transcript variant of FREM1, is a novel regulatory component, which stimulates innate immune responses through binding to IL-1R1 (Interleukin-1 receptor, type 1) and TLR (Toll-like receptor) complex. However, it is not known whether TILRR expression influences other genes in the NFκB signal transduction and pro-inflammatory responses. Our previous study identified FREM1 as a novel candidate gene in HIV-1 resistance/susceptibility in the Pumwani Sex worker cohort. In this study, we investigated the effect of TILRR overexpression on expression of genes in the NFκB signaling pathway in vitro. The effect of TILRR on mRNA expression of 84 genes related to NFκB signal transduction pathway was investigated by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of TILRR on pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine(s) secretion in cell culture supernatants was analyzed using Bioplex multiplex bead assay. We found that TILRR overexpression significantly influenced expression of many genes in HeLa and VK2/E6E7 cells. Several cytokine/chemokine(s), including IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and RANTES (CCL5) were significantly increased in the cell culture supernatants following TILRR overexpression. Although how TILRR influences the expression of these genes needs to be further studied, we are the first to show the influence of TILRR on many genes in the NFκB inflammatory pathways. The NFκB inflammatory response pathways are extremely important in microbial infection and pathogenesis, including HIV-1 transmission. Further study of the role of TILRR may identify the novel intervention targets and strategies against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nikki Pauline Toledo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robert Were Omange
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lewis Ruxi Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xuefen Yang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Yu Q, Lin B, Xie S, Gao S, Li W, Liu Y, Wang H, Huang D, Xie Z. A homozygous mutation p.Arg2167Trp in FREM2 causes isolated cryptophthalmos. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2357-2366. [PMID: 29688405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptophthalmos (CO, MIM: 123570) is rare congenital anomalies of eyelid formation, which can occur alone or in combination with multiple congenital anomalies as part of Fraser syndrome (FS) or Manitoba Oculotrichoanal syndrome. Causal mutations have been identified for these syndromes but not in the isolated cases. Here, we described two patients from two unrelated Chinese families: one with unilateral isolated CO, while the other with unilateral CO and renal agenesis. A novel homozygous mutation (c.6499C>T: p.Arg2167Trp) and compound heterozygote mutations (c.15delG; c.6499C>T: p.Arg2167Trp) in FREM2 (NM_172862) were identified for the two patients, respectively. The deletion mutation c.15delG resulted in a frameshift and triggered the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. For the shared missense mutation, p.Arg2167Trp altered a conserved residue and was predicted to affect protein structure by in silico analysis. Functional analysis revealed that Arg2167Trp mutant decreased its interaction with FRAS1 related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) and impaired the function of the FRAS1-FRAS1 related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM2)-FREM1 ternary complex required for normal embryogenesis. Furthermore, considering that mutation (c.5914C>T: p.Glu1972Lys) in FREM2 causes FS, a severe systemic disorder, we also compared these two different missense mutations. Our results showed that p.Arg2167Trp had a weaker effect in interrupting interactions between FREM2 and FREM1 than FS-associated missense mutation p.Glu1972Lys. Overall, our data demonstrate that the homozygous mutation p.Arg2167Trp in FREM2 causes isolated CO, which will facilitate our better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bingying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Shangqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Song Gao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.,Retinal Neurobiology Section, National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Danping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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19
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Tham MS, Smyth IM. Cellular and molecular determinants of normal and abnormal kidney development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e338. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming S. Tham
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ian M. Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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20
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Kuntoji V, Kudligi C, Bhagwat PV, Asati DP, Bansal A. The tricky "trichs" in dermatology! Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:109-113. [PMID: 29243672 DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_1019_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Kuntoji
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandramohan Kudligi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Vittal Bhagwat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Prasad Asati
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arika Bansal
- Consultant Dermatologist and Trichologist, Eugenix Skin and Hair Sciences, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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21
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van der Ven AT, Vivante A, Hildebrandt F. Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:36-50. [PMID: 29079659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from severe manifestations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder conditions, such as vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT causes approximately 40% of ESRD that manifests within the first three decades of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that CAKUT is often caused by recessive or dominant mutations in single (monogenic) genes. To date, approximately 40 monogenic genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, explaining 5%-20% of patients. However, hundreds of different monogenic CAKUT genes probably exist. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes remains challenging because of this pronounced heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We here give an overview of known genetic causes for human CAKUT and shed light on distinct renal morphogenetic pathways that were identified as relevant for CAKUT in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Yang YD, Huang LY, Yan JM, Han J, Zhang Y, Li DZ. Novel FREM1 mutations are associated with severe hydrocephalus and shortened limbs in a prenatal case. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017. [PMID: 28622873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Yang
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lv-Yin Huang
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Mei Yan
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Han
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Fetal Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Euler Genomics, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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23
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Genome-wide association study of facial morphology reveals novel associations with FREM1 and PARK2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176566. [PMID: 28441456 PMCID: PMC5404842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have now shown evidence of association between common genetic variants and quantitative facial traits in humans. The reported associations generally involve simple univariate measures and likely represent only a small fraction of the genetic loci influencing facial morphology. In this study, we applied factor analysis to a set of 276 facial linear distances derived from 3D facial surface images of 2187 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We retained 23 facial factors, which we then tested for genetic associations using a genome-wide panel of 10,677,593 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, we identified genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10−8) associations in three regions, including two that are novel: one involving measures of midface height at 6q26 within an intron of PARK2 (lead SNP rs9456748; p = 4.99 × 10−8) and another involving measures of central upper lip height at 9p22 within FREM1 (lead SNP rs72713618; p = 2.02 × 10−8). In both cases, the genetic association was stronger with the composite facial factor phenotype than with any of the individual linear distances that comprise those factors. While the biological role of PARK2 in the craniofacial complex is currently unclear, there is evidence from both mouse models and Mendelian syndromes that FREM1 may influence facial variation. These results highlight the potential value of data-driven multivariate phenotyping for genetic studies of human facial morphology.
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24
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Chacon-Camacho OF, Zenker M, Schanze D, Ledesma-Gil J, Zenteno JC. Novel FREM1 mutations in a patient with MOTA syndrome: Clinical findings, mutation update and review of FREM1-related disorders literature. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:190-194. [PMID: 28111185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) syndrome is an uncommon condition arising from biallelic mutations of FREM1 gene and clinically characterized by a variable spectrum of eyelid malformations, aberrant hairline, bifid or broad nasal tip, and gastrointestinal anomalies. In this report, we describe a patient with a phenotype compatible with MOTA syndrome (aberrant anterior hair line, hypertelorism, unilateral anophthalmia, and bifid and broad nasal tip) in whom two novel FREM1 mutations (c.305 A > G, p.Asp102Gly; and c.2626delG, p.Val876Tyrfs*16) were identified in the compound heterozygous state, thus broadening the mutational spectrum of the disease. We performed a literature review of the clinical and genetic features of individuals carrying FREM1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Chacon-Camacho
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasbeth Ledesma-Gil
- Department of Glaucoma, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Tessier A, Sarreau M, Pelluard F, André G, Blesson S, Bucourt M, Dechelotte P, Faivre L, Frébourg T, Goldenberg A, Goua V, Jeanne-Pasquier C, Guimiot F, Laquerriere A, Laurent N, Lefebvre M, Loget P, Maréchaud M, Mechler C, Perez MJ, Sabourin JC, Verloes A, Patrier S, Guerrot AM. Fraser syndrome: features suggestive of prenatal diagnosis in a review of 38 cases. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:1270-1275. [PMID: 27859469 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fraser syndrome (FS) is a rare malformation recessive disorder. Major criteria are cryptophtalmos, syndactyly, respiratory, genital and urinary tract anomalies. Few prenatal presentations have been reported. METHOD We analyzed the prenatal and postnatal fetal phenotype in 38 cases of FS, including 25 pregnancy termination cases, 8 intra-uterine death cases and 4 cases that died after birth. RESULTS Including both prenatal and postnatal fetal phenotypic evaluation, all cases presented dysmorphic features with nose and ear dysplasia. Renal anomalies and syndactyly were present in 37/38 cases, cryptophtalmos in 36/38, airways anomalies in 30/37 and genital anomalies in 30/35 cases. Anomalies of the abdominal wall such as low set umbilicus and omphalocele were found in 31 cases. Among the 26 cases for which ultrasound data were available, detectable anomalies included oligohydramnios (22), ascites/hydrops (9), renal anomalies (20), evidence for high airways obstruction (11), ophthalmologic anomalies (4), ear dysplasia (2) and syndactyly (2). CONCLUSION This study shows that the postnatal phenotype of FS is very specific, whereas oligohydramnios hampers the prenatal recognition of the cardinal FS diagnosis criteria. Association of oligohydramnios, kidney agenesis and CHAOS should lead to consider this diagnosis. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Tessier
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital and Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mélie Sarreau
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Angoulême Hospital, Angoulême, France.,Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Fanny Pelluard
- Department of Pathology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenaelle André
- Department of Pathology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Blesson
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Martine Bucourt
- Department of Pathology, Jean Verdier Hospital, APHP, Bondy, France
| | - Pierre Dechelotte
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Department of Genetics, FHU-TRANSLAD, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Frébourg
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital and Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital and Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Valérie Goua
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Fabien Guimiot
- Department of Developmental Biology, UMR1141, Robert Debré University Hospital and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicole Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- Department of Genetics, FHU-TRANSLAD, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France.,Department of Pathology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Loget
- Department of Pathology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Maréchaud
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Charlotte Mechler
- Department of Pathology, Louis Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Marie-Josée Perez
- Department of Genetics, Montpellier Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Patrier
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Marie Guerrot
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital and Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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26
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Fantauzzo KA, Soriano P. PDGFRβ regulates craniofacial development through homodimers and functional heterodimers with PDGFRα. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2443-2458. [PMID: 27856617 PMCID: PMC5131783 DOI: 10.1101/gad.288746.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex morphogenetic process, disruptions in which result in highly prevalent human birth defects. While platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α (PDGFRα) has well-documented functions in this process, the role of PDGFRβ in murine craniofacial development is not well established. We demonstrate that PDGFRα and PDGFRβ are coexpressed in the craniofacial mesenchyme of mid-gestation mouse embryos and that ablation of Pdgfrb in the neural crest lineage results in increased nasal septum width, delayed palatal shelf development, and subepidermal blebbing. Furthermore, we show that the two receptors genetically interact in this lineage, as double-homozygous mutant embryos exhibit an overt facial clefting phenotype more severe than that observed in either single-mutant embryo. We reveal a physical interaction between PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in the craniofacial mesenchyme and demonstrate that the receptors form functional heterodimers with distinct signaling properties. Our studies thus uncover a novel mode of signaling for the PDGF family during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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27
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Talbot JC, Nichols JT, Yan YL, Leonard IF, BreMiller RA, Amacher SL, Postlethwait JH, Kimmel CB. Pharyngeal morphogenesis requires fras1-itga8-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Dev Biol 2016; 416:136-148. [PMID: 27265864 PMCID: PMC4967372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both Fras1 and Itga8 connect mesenchymal cells to epithelia by way of an extracellular 'Fraser protein complex' that functions in signaling and adhesion; these proteins are vital to the development of several vertebrate organs. We previously found that zebrafish fras1 mutants have craniofacial defects, specifically, shortened symplectic cartilages and cartilage fusions that spare joint elements. During a forward mutagenesis screen, we identified a new zebrafish mutation, b1161, that we show here disrupts itga8, as confirmed using CRISPR-generated itga8 alleles. fras1 and itga8 single mutants and double mutants have similar craniofacial phenotypes, a result expected if loss of either gene disrupts function of the Fraser protein complex. Unlike fras1 mutants or other Fraser-related mutants, itga8 mutants do not show blistered tail fins. Thus, the function of the Fraser complex differs in the craniofacial skeleton and the tail fin. Focusing on the face, we find that itga8 mutants consistently show defective outpocketing of a late-forming portion of the first pharyngeal pouch, and variably express skeletal defects, matching previously characterized fras1 mutant phenotypes. In itga8 and fras1 mutants, skeletal severity varies markedly between sides, indicating that both mutants have increased developmental instability. Whereas fras1 is expressed in epithelia, we show that itga8 is expressed complementarily in facial mesenchyme. Paired with the observed phenotypic similarity, this expression indicates that the genes function in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Similar interactions between Fras1 and Itga8 have previously been found in mouse kidney, where these genes both regulate Nephronectin (Npnt) protein abundance. We find that zebrafish facial tissues express both npnt and the Fraser gene fibrillin2b (fbn2b), but their transcript levels do not depend on fras1 or itga8 function. Using a revertible fras1 allele, we find that the critical window for fras1 function in the craniofacial skeleton is between 1.5 and 3 days post fertilization, which coincides with the onset of fras1-dependent and itga8-dependent morphogenesis. We propose a model wherein Fras1 and Itga8 interact during late pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis to sculpt pharyngeal arches through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, thereby stabilizing the developing craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Coffin Talbot
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - James T Nichols
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Isaac F Leonard
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ruth A BreMiller
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Charles B Kimmel
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a congenital anomaly commonly encountered in pediatric surgery practice. Although surgical procedures correct the anatomical anomalies, the post-operative bowel function is not universally satisfactory. The etiology of ARM remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ARM, based on published animal models, human genetics and epidemiological researches. Appreciation of these factors may be helpful in the management of ARM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2 Ya Bao Road, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
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29
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Congenital upper eyelid coloboma: embryologic, nomenclatorial, nosologic, etiologic, pathogenetic, epidemiologic, clinical, and management perspectives. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 31:1-12. [PMID: 25419956 PMCID: PMC4334304 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To review the recent literature and describe the authors’ experience with congenital upper eyelid coloboma. Methods: In this review, we will summarize the embryologic and etiopathogenetic bases of congenital upper eyelid coloboma, and study the published clinical reports. We will also attempt to briefly shed some light on the rarer syndromic curiosities associated with upper eyelid coloboma. Results: Congenital upper eyelid colobomas are one of the few nontraumatic oculoplastic emergencies that may occasionally present in the first few days of life with a corneal ulcer and may even present with impending perforation. They can present with or without corneopalpebral adhesions, may be isolated findings or a part of a larger spectrum of congenital anomalies as in the case of Fraser syndrome or Goldenhar syndrome, or could be associated with other rare curiosities that could challenge the clinician with a huge diagnostic dilemma. Conclusions: Existing literature dealing with congenital colobomas of the upper eyelid is fraught with nosologic problems, confusing etiologies, and overlapping clinical features. We attempted to clarify the salient clinical features, outline the management principles, and until a time in the not-so-distant future where advances in molecular genetic testing would help redefine the etiology and the diverse clinical spectrum of genetic diseases associated with upper eyelid colobomas, we propose a simplified classification scheme based on the relation of the coloboma to the cornea, the presence or absence of systemic features, and all the syndromic and nonsyndromic associations of congenital coloboma of the upper eyelid known today. In this review, the authors will describe the pathogenesis of upper eyelid coloboma, suggest a new simplified classification system, describe the clinical picture in detail, clarify the various syndromic associations of upper eyelid coloboma, and lay out the basic surgical principles of management.
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30
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Caminsky NG, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations in genetic disease: review of the literature and guidelines for information-theoretical analysis. F1000Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5654.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of genomic variants has become one of the paramount challenges in the post-genome sequencing era. In this review we summarize nearly 20 years of research on the applications of information theory (IT) to interpret coding and non-coding mutations that alter mRNA splicing in rare and common diseases. We compile and summarize the spectrum of published variants analyzed by IT, to provide a broad perspective of the distribution of deleterious natural and cryptic splice site variants detected, as well as those affecting splicing regulatory sequences. Results for natural splice site mutations can be interrogated dynamically with Splicing Mutation Calculator, a companion software program that computes changes in information content for any splice site substitution, linked to corresponding publications containing these mutations. The accuracy of IT-based analysis was assessed in the context of experimentally validated mutations. Because splice site information quantifies binding affinity, IT-based analyses can discern the differences between variants that account for the observed reduced (leaky) versus abolished mRNA splicing. We extend this principle by comparing predicted mutations in natural, cryptic, and regulatory splice sites with observed deleterious phenotypic and benign effects. Our analysis of 1727 variants revealed a number of general principles useful for ensuring portability of these analyses and accurate input and interpretation of mutations. We offer guidelines for optimal use of IT software for interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations.
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31
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Yuan XY, Liu LR, Krawchenko A, Sainsbury J, Zhao L, Plummer F, Yang X, Luo M. Development of monoclonal antibodies to interrogate functional domains and isoforms of FREM1 protein. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:129-40. [PMID: 24746155 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FREM1 was first identified as an extracellular matrix protein that is essential for the formation of the epithelial basement membrane during embryonic development. Recent studies have shown that FREM1 also modulates innate immunity through its isoform 2 splice variant protein, known as Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor regulator (TILRR). TILRR is a co-receptor that enhances pro-inflammatory IL-1R1 signal transduction. Our previous study identified the minor allele of a SNP, rs1552896, in the intronic region of FREM1 gene to be associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in a subgroup of Kenyan sex workers in the Pumwani cohort. To study the role of FREM1 and its variants in differential susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, we generated a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies against two recombinant proteins of FREM1, rspD and rspF. Epitope mapping using overlapping pin peptides showed that the monoclonal antibody (MAb) panel interrogated seven unique regions across five different domains, including the C-type lectin domain disulfide bond and the TILRR GAG serine attachment site. Utility of three selected FREM1 MAbs were demonstrated by FACS and immunohistochemical detection of FREM1 in 293F kidney embryonic cells, HeLa 229 cervical cells, and Sup-T1 cells. Thus, these monoclonal antibodies could be used to study the functional domains of FREM1 and its isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yong Yuan
- 1 National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada
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32
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Caminsky N, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations in genetic disease: review of the literature and guidelines for information-theoretical analysis. F1000Res 2014; 3:282. [PMID: 25717368 PMCID: PMC4329672 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5654.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of genomic variants has become one of the paramount challenges in the post-genome sequencing era. In this review we summarize nearly 20 years of research on the applications of information theory (IT) to interpret coding and non-coding mutations that alter mRNA splicing in rare and common diseases. We compile and summarize the spectrum of published variants analyzed by IT, to provide a broad perspective of the distribution of deleterious natural and cryptic splice site variants detected, as well as those affecting splicing regulatory sequences. Results for natural splice site mutations can be interrogated dynamically with Splicing Mutation Calculator, a companion software program that computes changes in information content for any splice site substitution, linked to corresponding publications containing these mutations. The accuracy of IT-based analysis was assessed in the context of experimentally validated mutations. Because splice site information quantifies binding affinity, IT-based analyses can discern the differences between variants that account for the observed reduced (leaky) versus abolished mRNA splicing. We extend this principle by comparing predicted mutations in natural, cryptic, and regulatory splice sites with observed deleterious phenotypic and benign effects. Our analysis of 1727 variants revealed a number of general principles useful for ensuring portability of these analyses and accurate input and interpretation of mutations. We offer guidelines for optimal use of IT software for interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Caminsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
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33
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Kohl S, Hwang DY, Dworschak GC, Hilger AC, Saisawat P, Vivante A, Stajic N, Bogdanovic R, Reutter HM, Kehinde EO, Tasic V, Hildebrandt F. Mild recessive mutations in six Fraser syndrome-related genes cause isolated congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1917-22. [PMID: 24700879 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) account for approximately 40% of children with ESRD in the United States. Hitherto, mutations in 23 genes have been described as causing autosomal dominant isolated CAKUT in humans. However, >90% of cases of isolated CAKUT still remain without a molecular diagnosis. Here, we hypothesized that genes mutated in recessive mouse models with the specific CAKUT phenotype of unilateral renal agenesis may also be mutated in humans with isolated CAKUT. We applied next-generation sequencing technology for targeted exon sequencing of 12 recessive murine candidate genes in 574 individuals with isolated CAKUT from 590 families. In 15 of 590 families, we identified recessive mutations in the genes FRAS1, FREM2, GRIP1, FREM1, ITGA8, and GREM1, all of which function in the interaction of the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. We show that isolated CAKUT may be caused partially by mutations in recessive genes. Our results also indicate that biallelic missense mutations in the Fraser/MOTA/BNAR spectrum genes cause isolated CAKUT, whereas truncating mutations are found in the multiorgan form of Fraser syndrome. The newly identified recessive biallelic mutations in these six genes represent the molecular cause of isolated CAKUT in 2.5% of the 590 affected families in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohl
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gabriel C Dworschak
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Human Genetics, and
| | - Alina C Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pawaree Saisawat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natasa Stajic
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Mother and Child Healthcare of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radovan Bogdanovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Mother and Child Healthcare of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, and Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Velibor Tasic
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia; and
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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34
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Richardson RJ, Gebauer JM, Zhang JL, Kobbe B, Keene DR, Karlsen KR, Richetti S, Wohl AP, Sengle G, Neiss WF, Paulsson M, Hammerschmidt M, Wagener R. AMACO is a component of the basement membrane-associated Fraser complex. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1313-1322. [PMID: 24232570 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fraser syndrome (FS) is a phenotypically variable, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cryptophthalmus, cutaneous syndactyly, and other malformations resulting from mutations in FRAS1, FREM2, and GRIP1. Transient embryonic epidermal blistering causes the characteristic defects of the disorder. Fras1, Frem1, and Frem2 form the extracellular Fraser complex, which is believed to stabilize the basement membrane. However, several cases of FS could not be attributed to mutations in FRAS1, FREM2, or GRIP1, and FS displays high clinical variability, suggesting that there is an additional genetic, possibly modifying contribution to this disorder. An extracellular matrix protein containing VWA-like domains related to those in matrilins and collagens (AMACO), encoded by the VWA2 gene, has a very similar tissue distribution to the Fraser complex proteins in both mouse and zebrafish. Here, we show that AMACO deposition is lost in Fras1-deficient zebrafish and mice and that Fras1 and AMACO interact directly via their chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and P2 domains. Knockdown of vwa2, which alone causes no phenotype, enhances the phenotype of hypomorphic Fras1 mutant zebrafish. Together, our data suggest that AMACO represents a member of the Fraser complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Richardson
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan M Gebauer
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jin-Li Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Kobbe
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Microimaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Stefânia Richetti
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander P Wohl
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sengle
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram F Neiss
- Department of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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35
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Schanze D, Harakalova M, Stevens CA, Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Farndon P, Ferraz VEF, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Wright M, van Lieshout S, Vogel MJ, van Haelst MM, Zenker M. Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome: A distinct genetic entity clinically related to the group of FRAS-FREM complex disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3012-7. [PMID: 24115501 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome (AMS; OMIM 200110) is an extremely rare congenital malformation syndrome. It overlaps clinically with Fraser syndrome (FS; OMIM 219000), which is known to be caused by mutations in either FRAS1, FREM2, or GRIP1, encoding components of a protein complex that plays a role in epidermal-dermal interactions during morphogenetic processes. We explored the hypothesis that AMS might be either allelic to FS or caused by mutations in other genes encoding known FRAS1 interacting partners. No mutation in either of these genes was found in a cohort of 11 patients with AMS from 10 unrelated families. These findings demonstrate that AMS is genetically distinct from FS. It is proposed that it constitutes a separate entity within the group of FRAS-FREM complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany
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Evans KN, Gruss JS, Khanna PC, Cunningham ML, Cox TC, Hing AV. Oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome: case series revealing new bony nasal anomalies in an old syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1345-53. [PMID: 23637006 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Frontonasal Dysplasia (FND) and Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) are two well-recognized clinical entities. With features of both FND and OAVS, the term oculoauriculofrontonasal syndrome (OAFNS) was coined in 1981. The OAFNS phenotype combines elements of abnormal morphogenesis of the frontonasal and maxillary process (derived from forebrain neural crest) with abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches (derived from hindbrain neural crest). We present a case series of 33 children with OAFNS ascertained from a comprehensive review of the literature and report an additional retrospective series of eight patients displaying features consistent with OAFNS. Notably, in a subset of our cases, we have observed abnormalities in nasal ossification and bony structures of the maxilla that have not previously described in OAFNS and are not seen in either FND or OAVS. We present the phenotype and novel naso-maxillary findings and explore potential etiologic and developmental pathways for OAFNS. We highlight the differences in phenotypic characteristics of OAFNS compared to OAVS and FND. These observations support the classification of OAFNS as a discrete syndrome. Further phenotypic refinements of OAFNS are needed to understand pathogenesis of this syndrome and the newly described nasal malformation may help identify the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Beck TF, Shchelochkov OA, Yu Z, Kim BJ, Hernández-García A, Zaveri HP, Bishop C, Overbeek PA, Stockton DW, Justice MJ, Scott DA. Novel frem1-related mouse phenotypes and evidence of genetic interactions with gata4 and slit3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58830. [PMID: 23536828 PMCID: PMC3594180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) gene encodes an extracellular matrix protein that plays a critical role in the development of multiple organ systems. In humans, recessive mutations in FREM1 cause eye defects, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, renal anomalies and anorectal malformations including anteriorly placed anus. A similar constellation of findings-microphthalmia, cryptophthalmos, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, renal agenesis and rectal prolapse-have been described in FREM1-deficient mice. In this paper, we identify a homozygous Frem1 missense mutation (c.1687A>T, p.Ile563Phe) in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-derived mouse strain, crf11, with microphthalmia, cryptophthalmos, renal agenesis and rectal prolapse. This mutation affects a highly conserved residue in FREM1's third CSPG domain. The p.Ile563Phe change is predicted to be deleterious and to cause decreased FREM1 protein stability. The crf11 allele also fails to complement the previously described eyes2 allele of Frem1 (p.Lys826*) providing further evidence that the crf11 phenotype is due to changes affecting Frem1 function. We then use mice bearing the crf11 and eyes2 alleles to identify lung lobulation defects and decreased anogenital distance in males as novel phenotypes associated with FREM1 deficiency in mice. Due to phenotypic overlaps between FREM1-deficient mice and mice that are deficient for the retinoic acid-responsive transcription factor GATA4 and the extracellular matrix protein SLIT3, we also perform experiments to look for in vivo genetic interactions between the genes that encode these proteins. These experiments reveal that Frem1 interacts genetically with Gata4 in the development of lung lobulation defects and with Slit3 in the development of renal agenesis. These results demonstrate that FREM1-deficient mice faithfully recapitulate many of the phenotypes seen in individuals with FREM1 deficiency and that variations in GATA4 and SLIT3 expression modulate some FREM1-related phenotypes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F. Beck
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oleg A. Shchelochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bum Jun Kim
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrés Hernández-García
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hitisha P. Zaveri
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Colin Bishop
- The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Overbeek
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David W. Stockton
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daryl A. Scott
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Nathanson J, Swarr DT, Singer A, Liu M, Chinn A, Jones W, Hurst J, Khalek N, Zackai E, Slavotinek A. Novel FREM1 mutations expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) syndrome and bifid nose renal agenesis anorectal malformations (BNAR) syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:473-8. [PMID: 23401257 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in FREM1 have been demonstrated in Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) syndrome and Bifid Nose Renal Agenesis and Anorectal malformations (BNAR) syndrome, but the wider phenotypic spectrum that is associated with FREM1 mutations remains to be defined. We screened three probands with phenotypic features of MOTA syndrome. In one severely affected infant who was diagnosed with MOTA syndrome because of bilateral eyelid colobomas, a bifid nasal tip, hydrometrocolpos and vaginal atresia, we found two nonsense mutations that likely result in complete loss of FREM1 function. This infant also had renal dysplasia, a finding more consistent with BNAR syndrome. Another male who was homozygous for a novel stop mutation had an extensive eyelid colobomas, corneopalpebral synechiae, and unilateral renal agenesis. A third male child diagnosed with MOTA syndrome because of corneopalpebral synechiae and eyelid colobomas had a homozygous splice site mutation in FREM1. These cases illustrate that disruption of the FREM1 gene can produce a spectrum of clinical manifestations encompassing the previously described MOTA and BNAR syndromes, and that features of both syndromes may be seen in the same individual. The phenotype of FREM1-related disorders is thus more pleiotropic than for MOTA and BNAR syndrome alone and more closely resembles the widespread clinical involvement seen with Fraser syndrome. Moreover, our first case demonstrates that vaginal atresia may be a feature of FREM1-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Nathanson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0748, USA
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Fraser GR. Fraser Syndrome: Two millennia of cryptophthalmos from Pliny the Elder to FRAS, FREM and GRIP: A historical perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2013.32a3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beck TF, Veenma D, Shchelochkov OA, Yu Z, Kim BJ, Zaveri HP, van Bever Y, Choi S, Douben H, Bertin TK, Patel PI, Lee B, Tibboel D, de Klein A, Stockton DW, Justice MJ, Scott DA. Deficiency of FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1026-38. [PMID: 23221805 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common life-threatening birth defect. Recessive mutations in the FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) gene have been shown to cause bifid nose with or without anorectal and renal anomalies (BNAR) syndrome and Manitoba oculotrichoanal (MOTA) syndrome, but have not been previously implicated in the development of CDH. We have identified a female child with an isolated left-sided posterolateral CDH covered by a membranous sac who had no features suggestive of BNAR or MOTA syndromes. This child carries a maternally-inherited ~86 kb FREM1 deletion that affects the expression of FREM1's full-length transcripts and a paternally-inherited splice site mutation that causes activation of a cryptic splice site, leading to a shift in the reading frame and premature termination of all forms of the FREM1 protein. This suggests that recessive FREM1 mutations can cause isolated CDH in humans. Further evidence for the role of FREM1 in the development of CDH comes from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea -derived mouse strain, eyes2, which has a homozygous truncating mutation in Frem1. Frem1(eyes2) mice have eye defects, renal agenesis and develop retrosternal diaphragmatic hernias which are covered by a membranous sac. We confirmed that Frem1 is expressed in the anterior portion of the developing diaphragm and found that Frem1(eyes2) embryos had decreased levels of cell proliferation in their developing diaphragms when compared to wild-type embryos. We conclude that FREM1 plays a critical role in the development of the diaphragm and that FREM1 deficiency can cause CDH in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F Beck
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee HM, Noh TK, Yoo HW, Kim SB, Won CH, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC. A wedge-shaped anterior hairline extension associated with a tessier number 10 cleft. Ann Dermatol 2012. [PMID: 23197915 PMCID: PMC3505780 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.4.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wedge-shaped anterior hairline extension is a very rare skin manifestation usually associated with congenital anomalies including a Tessier number 10 cleft. Other associated conditions are the Tessier number 9 cleft, the Fraser syndrome, and the Manitoba oculotrichoanal syndrome (MOTA syndrome). The Tessier number 10 cleft features include a coloboma of the middle third of the upper eyelid, and an eyebrow divided into two portions. The medial eyebrow portion may be absent and the lateral portion is angulated vertically, joining the hairline of the scalp. This creates a wedge-shaped anterior hairline extension. Herein we report on a case of a wedge-shaped anterior hairline extension associated with the Tessier number 10 cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Talbot JC, Walker MB, Carney TJ, Huycke TR, Yan YL, BreMiller RA, Gai L, Delaurier A, Postlethwait JH, Hammerschmidt M, Kimmel CB. fras1 shapes endodermal pouch 1 and stabilizes zebrafish pharyngeal skeletal development. Development 2012; 139:2804-13. [PMID: 22782724 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lesions in the epithelially expressed human gene FRAS1 cause Fraser syndrome, a complex disease with variable symptoms, including facial deformities and conductive hearing loss. The developmental basis of facial defects in Fraser syndrome has not been elucidated. Here we show that zebrafish fras1 mutants exhibit defects in facial epithelia and facial skeleton. Specifically, fras1 mutants fail to generate a late-forming portion of pharyngeal pouch 1 (termed late-p1) and skeletal elements adjacent to late-p1 are disrupted. Transplantation studies indicate that fras1 acts in endoderm to ensure normal morphology of both skeleton and endoderm, consistent with well-established epithelial expression of fras1. Late-p1 formation is concurrent with facial skeletal morphogenesis, and some skeletal defects in fras1 mutants arise during late-p1 morphogenesis, indicating a temporal connection between late-p1 and skeletal morphogenesis. Furthermore, fras1 mutants often show prominent second arch skeletal fusions through space occupied by late-p1 in wild type. Whereas every fras1 mutant shows defects in late-p1 formation, skeletal defects are less penetrant and often vary in severity, even between the left and right sides of the same individual. We interpret the fluctuating asymmetry in fras1 mutant skeleton and the changes in fras1 mutant skeletal defects through time as indicators that skeletal formation is destabilized. We propose a model wherein fras1 prompts late-p1 formation and thereby stabilizes skeletal formation during zebrafish facial development. Similar mechanisms of stochastic developmental instability might also account for the high phenotypic variation observed in human FRAS1 patients.
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Mitter D, Schanze D, Sterker I, Müller D, Till H, Zenker M. MOTA Syndrome: Molecular Genetic Confirmation of the Diagnosis in a Newborn with Previously Unreported Clinical Features. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:136-139. [PMID: 23112756 DOI: 10.1159/000341501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTA syndrome, the acronym for Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal syndrome (OMIM 248450), is a distinct autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome caused by mutations in the FREM1 gene (OMIM 608944). Eight patients with MOTA syndrome and a pathogenic FREM1 mutation have previously been documented. We report on a new male patient, 3.5 months old, with MOTA syndrome, who presented with the following features: bilateral incomplete cryptophthalmos with a completely fused, ill-defined upper eyelid and a keratinized cornea, hypertelorism, a broad tip of the nose, a circle-shaped whirl of hair on the forehead, and a low anorectal malformation, which could be corrected on day 2 of life without a colostomy. In expansion to the previously reported phenotype of MOTA syndrome, the patient showed characteristic features reported in patients with Fraser syndrome, including dysplastic ears, cutaneous syndactyly 3/4 of the hands and syndactyly 2/3 of the right foot. Molecular analysis of FREM1 identified compound heterozygosity for a new frameshift deletion in exon 24 (c.4629delC, p.F1544SfsX62) and a previously reported missense mutation in exon 21 (c.3971T>G, p.L1324R). This report further extends the phenotype of MOTA syndrome and underscores the overlapping clinical spectrum of FRAS-FREM complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mitter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Germany
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Mateo RK, Johnson R, Lehmann OJ. Evidence for additional FREM1 heterogeneity in Manitoba oculotrichoanal syndrome. Mol Vis 2012; 18:1301-11. [PMID: 22690109 PMCID: PMC3369896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Manitoba Oculotrichoanal (MOTA) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder present in First Nations families that is characterized by ocular (cryptophthalmos), facial, and genital anomalies. At the commencement of this study, its genetic basis was undefined. METHODS Homozygosity analysis was employed to map the causative locus using DNA samples from four probands of Cree ancestry. After single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, data were analyzed and exported to PLINK to identify regions identical by descent (IBD) and common to the probands. Candidate genes within and adjacent to the IBD interval were sequenced to identify pathogenic variants, with analyses of potential deletions or duplications undertaken using the B-allele frequency and log(2) ratio of SNP signal intensity. RESULTS Although no shared IBD region >1 Mb was evident on preliminary analysis, adjusting the criteria to permit the detection of smaller homozygous IBD regions revealed one 330 Kb segment on chromosome 9p22.3 present in all 4 probands. This interval comprising 152 SNPs, lies 16 Kb downstream of FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 1 (FREM1), and no copy number variations were detected either in the IBD region or FREM1. Subsequent sequencing of both genes in the IBD region, followed by FREM1, did not reveal any mutations. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the utility of studying geographically isolated populations to identify genomic regions responsible for disease through analysis of small numbers of affected individuals. The location of the IBD region 16 kb from FREM1 suggests the phenotype in these patients is attributable to a variant outside of FREM1, potentially in a regulatory element, whose identification may prove tractable to next generation sequencing. In the context of recent identification of FREM1 coding mutations in a proportion of MOTA cases, characterization of such additional variants offers scope both to enhance understanding of FREM1's role in cranio-facial biology and may facilitate genetic counselling in populations with high prevalences of MOTA to reduce the incidence of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Royce Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ordan J. Lehmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Ng WY, Pasutto F, Bardakjian TM, Wilson MJ, Watson G, Schneider A, Mackey DA, Grigg JR, Zenker M, Jamieson RV. A puzzle over several decades: eye anomalies with FRAS1 and STRA6 mutations in the same family. Clin Genet 2012; 83:162-8. [PMID: 22283518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fraser syndrome (FS) and microphthalmia syndromic 9 (MCOPS9) are autosomal recessive conditions with distinct, and some overlapping features affecting the ocular, respiratory and cardiac systems. Mutations in FRAS1 and FREM2 occur in FS, and mutations in STRA6 occur in MCOPS9. We report two sibships, in the same family, where four deceased offspring had ocular, respiratory and cardiac abnormalities. Two sibs with microphthalmia had syndactyly and laryngeal stenosis, suggesting a clinical diagnosis of FS. Our results indicate that they were compound heterozygotes for novel FRAS1 mutations, p.Cys729Phe and p.Leu3813Pro. The other two sibs, first cousins to the first sib pair, had anophthalmia, lung hypoplasia and cardiac anomalies, suggesting a retrospective diagnosis of MCOPS9. Our results indicate compound heterozygous STRA6 mutations, a novel frameshift leading to p.Tyr18* and a p.Thr644Met mutation. The one surviving individual from these sibships is heterozygous for the p.Tyr18*STRA6 mutation and has bilateral ocular colobomata and microphthalmia. This work emphasises the need for careful phenotypic characterisation to determine genes for assessment in ocular syndromic conditions. It also indicates that heterozygous STRA6 mutations may rarely contribute to microphthalmia and coloboma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Ng
- Eye Genetics Research Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Heterozygous mutations of FREM1 are associated with an increased risk of isolated metopic craniosynostosis in humans and mice. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002278. [PMID: 21931569 PMCID: PMC3169541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The premature fusion of the paired frontal bones results in metopic craniosynostosis (MC) and gives rise to the clinical phenotype of trigonocephaly. Deletions of chromosome 9p22.3 are well described as a cause of MC with variably penetrant midface hypoplasia. In order to identify the gene responsible for the trigonocephaly component of the 9p22.3 syndrome, a cohort of 109 patients were assessed by high-resolution arrays and MLPA for copy number variations (CNVs) involving 9p22. Five CNVs involving FREM1, all of which were de novo variants, were identified by array-based analyses. The remaining 104 patients with MC were then subjected to targeted FREM1 gene re-sequencing, which identified 3 further mutant alleles, one of which was de novo. Consistent with a pathogenic role, mouse Frem1 mRNA and protein expression was demonstrated in the metopic suture as well as in the pericranium and dura mater. Micro-computed tomography based analyses of the mouse posterior frontal (PF) suture, the human metopic suture equivalent, revealed advanced fusion in all mice homozygous for either of two different Frem1 mutant alleles, while heterozygotes exhibited variably penetrant PF suture anomalies. Gene dosage-related penetrance of midfacial hypoplasia was also evident in the Frem1 mutants. These data suggest that CNVs and mutations involving FREM1 can be identified in a significant percentage of people with MC with or without midface hypoplasia. Furthermore, we present Frem1 mutant mice as the first bona fide mouse model of human metopic craniosynostosis and a new model for midfacial hypoplasia. Although twin and family studies have shown that genes play a critical role in the timing of fusion of skull bones, the identification of specific genes that may be involved has remained somewhat elusive except in the case of the dominantly inherited craniosynostosis syndromes. Metopic craniosynostosis (MC), the early fusion of the forehead (frontal) bones, accounts for 5%–15% of all craniosynostosis cases. This premature fusion of the frontal bones results in a characteristically altered skull shape, termed trigonocephaly, that usually requires surgical correction. Remarkably, the cause of the majority of cases of MC remains unknown (idiopathic). Here, we report genetic variants involving chromosome 9 which involve and interrupt the structure of the FREM1 gene in a large cohort of patients presenting with unisutural metopic craniosynostosis. Micro-computed tomographic (microCT) imaging and quantitative analysis of skull shape reveal both premature fusion of the PF suture (metopic equivalent) and also changes in frontal bone shape supportive of a role for Frem1 in regulation of the metopic suture. Taken together with Frem1 gene and protein expression findings, these data indicate that mutations in FREM1 can give rise to metopic craniosynostosis.
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