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Beraldi R, Chan CH, Rogers CS, Kovács AD, Meyerholz DK, Trantzas C, Lambertz AM, Darbro BW, Weber KL, White KAM, Rheeden RV, Kruer MC, Dacken BA, Wang XJ, Davis BT, Rohret JA, Struzynski JT, Rohret FA, Weimer JM, Pearce DA. A novel porcine model of ataxia telangiectasia reproduces neurological features and motor deficits of human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6473-84. [PMID: 26374845 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a progressive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the AT-mutated (ATM) gene. AT is a neurodegenerative disease primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration in children leading to motor impairment. The disease progresses with other clinical manifestations including oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immune disorders, increased susceptibly to cancer and respiratory infections. Although genetic investigations and physiological models have established the linkage of ATM with AT onset, the mechanisms linking ATM to neurodegeneration remain undetermined, hindering therapeutic development. Several murine models of AT have been successfully generated showing some of the clinical manifestations of the disease, however they do not fully recapitulate the hallmark neurological phenotype, thus highlighting the need for a more suitable animal model. We engineered a novel porcine model of AT to better phenocopy the disease and bridge the gap between human and current animal models. The initial characterization of AT pigs revealed early cerebellar lesions including loss of Purkinje cells (PCs) and altered cytoarchitecture suggesting a developmental etiology for AT and could advocate for early therapies for AT patients. In addition, similar to patients, AT pigs show growth retardation and develop motor deficit phenotypes. By using the porcine system to model human AT, we established the first animal model showing PC loss and motor features of the human disease. The novel AT pig provides new opportunities to unmask functions and roles of ATM in AT disease and in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Beraldi
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Chun-Hung Chan
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Attila D Kovács
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Allyn M Lambertz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Department of Cytogenetics/Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA and
| | - Krystal L Weber
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Katherine A M White
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Richard V Rheeden
- Department of Cytogenetics/Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA and
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jill M Weimer
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - David A Pearce
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60 Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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Chessa L, Piane M, Prudente S, Carducci C, Mazzilli MC, Pachti A, Negrini M, Narducci MG, Russo G, Frati L. Molecular prenatal diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia heterozygosity by direct mutational assays. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19:542-5. [PMID: 10416970 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199906)19:6<542::aid-pd586>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a severe autosomal recessive disease, rare but not infrequent in Italy. Owing to the seriousness of the disease, prenatal diagnosis has been attempted in the past by means of cytogenetic, biochemical, radio-biological and indirect molecular analyses. We performed the first direct molecular prenatal diagnosis of AT on a chorionic villi sample from a 37-year-old woman at the 10th week of pregnancy. She had two previous children suffering AT and two induced abortions. At molecular analysis her affected children were compound heterozygotes for mutations 7792C-->T in exon 55 (from the mother) and 8283delTC in exon 59 (from the father). The prenatal diagnosis was performed by two different operators in double-blind form. Mutation 7792C-->T was studied by restriction enzyme analysis using TaqI. Mutation 8283delTC was screened by heteroduplex analysis. The fetus was heterozygous for the mutation 7792C-->T (confirmed by sequencing). In order to verify the possible contamination by maternal DNA, polymorphic loci HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1, together with microsatellite markers D6S259, D11S2000, D11S29, D11S1778 and D11S2179, were examined. All these loci were informative, showing that the fetus received only one allele from each parent. The heterozygosity for ATM mutation 7792C-->T was confirmed by molecular studies after the birth of a healthy male baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine Pathology, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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Chung EO, Bodensteiner JB, Noorani PA, Schochet SS. Cerebral white-matter changes suggesting leukodystrophy in ataxia telangiectasia. J Child Neurol 1994; 9:31-5. [PMID: 7512106 DOI: 10.1177/088307389400900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, selective immunoglobulin deficiency, and defective cellular immunity. We report a 4-year-old girl with ataxia telangiectasia whose initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at 17 months of age showed leukoencephalopathy compatible with a leukodystrophy, a neuroimaging feature of ataxia telangiectasia that has not been described. Ataxia telangiectasia was not suspected until the child developed more typical clinical features. Diffuse white-matter high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI scans may occur in the early stages of ataxia telangiectasia. This disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any child with a history and MRI findings suggestive of one of the leukodystrophies. The nonneurologic manifestations of ataxia telangiectasia may be of help diagnostically in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Chung
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown 26506
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Jaspers NG, van der Kraan M, Linssen PC, Maçek M, Seemanová E, Kleijer WJ. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia using an assay of radioresistant DNA synthesis. Prenat Diagn 1990; 10:667-74. [PMID: 2274491 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis was performed in two pregnancies at risk of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome. In one pregnancy, an affected fetus was diagnosed by demonstration of radioresistant DNA synthesis, using autoradiographic detection of incorporated tritiated thymidine in cultured chorionic villus cells. The diagnosis was confirmed in fetal skin fibroblasts. In the other case, the fetus appeared unaffected. Using the same procedure, unaffected fetuses were predicted from chorionic villus cells in two pregnancies at risk of ataxia telangiectasia, which is another genetic disorder showing the feature of radioresistant DNA synthesis. The present biochemical method for prenatal detection of Nijmegen breakage syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia can be used as a simplified alternative to the cytogenetic procedures reported earlier for ataxia telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Jaspers
- Medical Genetic Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
We have studied the cell cycle of cells obtained from chorionic villi in direct and culture preparations by incorporation of the thymidine analogue BrdU to produce late-labelling or sister chromatid differentiation patterns. We have, therefore, been able to estimate the duration of the cell cycle and, more specifically, the length of some of its phases. While results for chorionic villus sample cells in culture resembled those obtained for fibroblasts, data for the spontaneously dividing trophoblastic cells in direct preparations were different. Villi exposed to BrdU immediately after sampling showed a slight delay in the incorporation of the analogue and a lower percentage of labelled cells compared to villi treated after an overnight incubation, probably due to a temporary effect of the sampling technique. Results from semi-direct protocols suggest that cells have a G2 of no more than 4 h, and a mid-S phase of 10-16 h. The G1 period is very variable. After 48 h incubation with BrdU, only 4% of cells reach their second generation, whereas this percentage increases up to 70% after 72 h, indicating that under these experimental conditions most cells have a cell cycle of approximately 36 h. The average number of sister chromatid exchanges was similar in both direct preparations and cultures: 5.2 +/- 2.1 SCE per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zahed
- Paediatric Research Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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