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Amaral JG, Lara-Corrales I. Vascular anomalies: clinical perspectives. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:249-261. [PMID: 34984511 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies are classified as vascular tumors or vascular malformations according to their cellular features and biological behavior. Detailed history and clinical assessment allow for the proper clinical diagnosis of most vascular anomalies and guide the choice of imaging to evaluate them. This article discusses the general information needed from a clinical history and physical exam to formulate a diagnosis of vascular anomaly. Then, the authors review the clinical findings from the most common vascular tumors and vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Guilherme Amaral
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Irene Lara-Corrales
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Csolle MP, Ooms LM, Papa A, Mitchell CA. PTEN and Other PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 Lipid Phosphatases in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239189. [PMID: 33276499 PMCID: PMC7730566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling pathway is hyperactivated in ~70% of breast cancers. Class I PI3K generates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the plasma membrane in response to growth factor stimulation, leading to AKT activation to drive cell proliferation, survival and migration. PTEN negatively regulates PI3K/AKT signalling by dephosphorylating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 to form PtdIns(4,5)P2. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 can also be hydrolysed by the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5-phosphatases) to produce PtdIns(3,4)P2. Interestingly, while PTEN is a bona fide tumour suppressor and is frequently mutated/lost in breast cancer, 5-phosphatases such as PIPP, SHIP2 and SYNJ2, have demonstrated more diverse roles in regulating mammary tumourigenesis. Reduced PIPP expression is associated with triple negative breast cancers and reduced relapse-free and overall survival. Although PIPP depletion enhances AKT phosphorylation and supports tumour growth, this also inhibits cell migration and metastasis in vivo, in a breast cancer oncogene-driven murine model. Paradoxically, SHIP2 and SYNJ2 are increased in primary breast tumours, which correlates with invasive disease and reduced survival. SHIP2 or SYNJ2 overexpression promotes breast tumourigenesis via AKT-dependent and independent mechanisms. This review will discuss how PTEN, PIPP, SHIP2 and SYNJ2 distinctly regulate multiple functional targets, and the mechanisms by which dysregulation of these distinct phosphoinositide phosphatases differentially affect breast cancer progression.
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Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes represent a diverse group of disorders with overlapping features. Interdisciplinary management by a team of experts in vascular anomalies is crucial for establishing the correct diagnosis and optimizing outcomes for these patients. Unique management considerations include increased risk for thrombosis and in some cases, cancer. In recent years, research has demonstrated that these disorders are primarily caused by somatic mutations in growth pathways, particularly the PI3K-mTOR pathway. This improved understanding had led to promising new therapies for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Eng
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M Hammill
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Denise M Adams
- Cancer Center, Division of Oncology, Director Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Zahedi Abghari F, Moradi Y, Akouchekian M. PTEN gene mutations in patients with macrocephaly and classic autism: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:10. [PMID: 31086789 PMCID: PMC6504940 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder characterized by massive damage in various fields of development. Impaired social interaction and communication skills, unusual behavior or interests, and repetitive activities are considerably disabling in these patients. There are several challenges in diagnosis of ASD patients such as co-existing epilepsy, difference in clinician attitudes and possibly multifactorial etiology of autistic behavior among children and adults. Research in recent years has emphasized a possible connection between mutations in PTEN and macrocephaly (head circumference > 97th centile). Methods: Articles in English Language were searched from international databases including Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, Scopus, and CINHAL from January 1998 to January 2016. Results: The results showed that among 2940 patients with behavioral disorders, 2755 individuals had ASD, and 35 cases with macrocephaly had mutations in PTEN. About 77% of the articles (7/9) analyzed mutations in PTEN in patients with head circumference more than 2SD away from the mean, but did not check mutations in this gene in other ASD patients without macrocephaly. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review on human PTEN mutations and classical autistic behavior. Conclusion: We conclude that the presence of macrocephaly may not be sufficient to examine the PTEN mutation in this group; however, surveying this gene in all cases of macrocephaly seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Zahedi Abghari
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Akouchekian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Role for loss of nuclear PTEN in a harbinger of brain metastases. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 44:148-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Thomsen SK, Gloyn AL. Human genetics as a model for target validation: finding new therapies for diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:960-970. [PMID: 28447115 PMCID: PMC5423999 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic with major effects on healthcare expenditure and quality of life. Currently available treatments are inadequate for the prevention of comorbidities, yet progress towards new therapies remains slow. A major barrier is the insufficiency of traditional preclinical models for predicting drug efficacy and safety. Human genetics offers a complementary model to assess causal mechanisms for target validation. Genetic perturbations are 'experiments of nature' that provide a uniquely relevant window into the long-term effects of modulating specific targets. Here, we show that genetic discoveries over the past decades have accurately predicted (now known) therapeutic mechanisms for type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the potential for use of human genetic variation for prospective target validation, and establish a framework for future applications. Studies into rare, monogenic forms of diabetes have also provided proof-of-principle for precision medicine, and the applicability of this paradigm to complex disease is discussed. Finally, we highlight some of the limitations that are relevant to the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the search for new therapies for diabetes. A key outstanding challenge is the translation of GWAS signals into disease biology and we outline possible solutions for tackling this experimental bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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He X, Thacker S, Romigh T, Yu Q, Frazier TW, Eng C. Cytoplasm-predominant Pten associates with increased region-specific brain tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D2 receptors in mouse model with autistic traits. Mol Autism 2015; 6:63. [PMID: 26579216 PMCID: PMC4647625 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social communication/interaction and inflexible/repetitive behavior. Several lines of evidence support genetic factors as a predominant cause of ASD. Among those autism susceptibility genes that have been identified, the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, initially identified as predisposing to Cowden heritable cancer syndrome, was found to be mutated in a subset of ASD patients with extreme macrocephaly. However, the ASD-relevant molecular mechanism mediating the effect of PTEN mutations remains elusive. Methods We developed a Pten knock-in murine model to study the effects of Pten germline mutations, specifically altering subcellular localization, in ASD. Proteins were isolated from the hemispheres of the male littermates, and Western blots were performed to determine protein expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunohistochemical stains were carried out to validate the localization of TH and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). PC12 cells ectopically expressing either wild-type or missense mutant PTEN were then compared for the differences in TH expression. Results Mice carrying Pten mutations have high TH and D2R in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. They also have increased phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and TH. Mechanistically, PTEN downregulates TH production in PC12 cells via inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/CREB signaling pathway, while PTEN reduces TH phosphorylation via suppressing MAPK pathway. Unlike wild-type PTEN but similar to the mouse knock-in mutant Pten, three naturally occurring missense mutations of PTEN that we previously identified in ASD patients, H93R, F241S, and D252G, were not able to suppress TH when overexpressed in PC12 cells. In addition, two other PTEN missense mutations, C124S (pan phosphatase dead) and G129E (lipid phosphatase dead), failed to suppress TH when ectopically expressed in PC12 cells. Conclusions Our data reveal a non-canonical PTEN-TH pathway in the brain that may work as a core regulator of dopamine signaling, which when dysfunctional is pathogenic in ASD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0056-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Todd Romigh
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Thomas W Frazier
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; Center for Autism, Pediatrics Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Stanley Shalom Zielony Institute of Nursing Excellence, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
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8
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Jung I, Gurzu S, Turdean GS. Current status of familial gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:347-355. [PMID: 26600934 PMCID: PMC4644857 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i11.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the rarity of familial gastrointestinal cancer-predisposing syndromes, their exploration in literature is not extensive. In this review, an update of the clinicopathological and molecular criteria of gastrointestinal familial polyposis syndromes with potential malignant transformation is performed. In addition, a guide for screening and surveillance was synthesized and a distribution of gene mutations according to the specific syndromes and geographic distribution was included. The following inherited polyposes syndromes were analyzed: familial adenomatous polyposis, the hamartomatous familial polyposes (Juvenile polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome 2B), Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and MUTYH-associated adenomatous polyposis. For proper medical care, subspecialization of gastroenterologists, pathologists, and genticists in the field of familial diseases should be introduced in the medical curriculum.
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Nizialek EA, Mester JL, Dhiman VK, Smiraglia DJ, Eng C. KLLN epigenotype-phenotype associations in Cowden syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1538-43. [PMID: 25669429 PMCID: PMC4613489 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline KLLN promoter hypermethylation was recently identified as a potential genetic etiology of the cancer predisposition syndrome, Cowden syndrome (CS), when no causal PTEN gene mutation was found. We screened for KLLN promoter methylation in a large prospective series of CS patients and determined the risk of benign and malignant CS features in patients with increased methylation both with and without a PTEN mutation/variant of unknown significance. In all, 1012 CS patients meeting relaxed International Cowden Consortium criteria including 261 PTEN mutation-positive CS patients, 187 PTEN variant-positive CS patients and 564 PTEN mutation-negative CS patients, as well as 111 population controls were assessed for germline KLLN promoter methylation by MassARRAY EpiTYPER analysis. KLLN promoter methylation was analyzed both as a continuous and a dichotomous variable in the calculation of phenotypic risks by stepwise logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier/standardized incidence ratio methods, respectively. Significantly increased KLLN promoter methylation was seen in CS individuals with and without a PTEN mutation/VUS compared with controls (P<0.001). Patients with high KLLN promoter methylation have increased risks of all CS-associated malignancies compared with the general population. Interestingly, KLLN-associated risk of thyroid cancer appears to be gender and PTEN status dependent. KLLN promoter methylation associated with different benign phenotypes dependent on PTEN status. Furthermore, increasing KLLN promoter methylation is associated with a greater phenotype burden in mutation-negative CS patients. Germline promoter hypermethylation of KLLN is associated with particular malignant and benign CS features, which is dependent on the PTEN mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Nizialek
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Mester
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vineet K Dhiman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Screening for germline phosphatase and tensin homolog-mutations in suspected Cowden syndrome and Cowden syndrome-like families among uterine cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1782-1786. [PMID: 25789042 PMCID: PMC4356431 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas in the breast, thyroid and endometrium, with a prevalence of 1 per 250,000. Females with CS have a 21-28% lifetime risk of developing uterine cancer. Germline mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, are responsible for 30-80% of CS cases. PTEN is a nine-exon gene, located on chromosome 10q23.3, which encodes the 403 amino acid PTEN protein. It negatively regulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, affecting various cellular processes and signaling pathways. The present study examined whether PTEN mutations are present in CS-like families with uterine cancer (UC). UC patients underwent surgery at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (2008-2012). Pedigrees were analyzed and 54 unrelated CS-like families were identified. CS-like families were defined as having at least one occurrence of uterine cancer and one of breast cancer, as well as at least one additional Cowden-associated tumor (uterine, breast, thyroid, colon or kidney cancer) in the same individual or in first-degree relatives. Genomic DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing analysis of all nine exons of the PTEN gene was conducted. No germline PTEN mutations or polymorphisms were identified. Germline PTEN mutations are rare in CS-like families with uterine cancer, therefore, genetic screening must be restricted to patients that meet the strict National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. Gynecologists must be aware of the CS criteria and identify potential cases of CS in females where uterine cancer is the sentinel cancer.
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11
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Rich TA, Woodson AH, Litton J, Arun B. Hereditary breast cancer syndromes and genetic testing. J Surg Oncol 2014; 111:66-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thereasa A. Rich
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program; Department of Surgical Oncology; M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Ashley H. Woodson
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program; Department of Breast Medical Oncology; M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Jennifer Litton
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program; Department of Breast Medical Oncology; M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Banu Arun
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program; Department of Breast Medical Oncology; M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
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Sun Z, Huang C, He J, Lamb KL, Kang X, Gu T, Shen WH, Yin Y. PTEN C-terminal deletion causes genomic instability and tumor development. Cell Rep 2014; 6:844-54. [PMID: 24561254 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PTEN controls genomic stability and inhibits tumorigenesis. The N-terminal phosphatase domain of PTEN antagonizes the PI3K/AKT pathway, but its C-terminal function is less defined. Here, we describe a knockin mouse model of a nonsense mutation that results in the deletion of the entire Pten C-terminal region, referred to as Pten(ΔC). Mice heterozygous for Pten(ΔC) develop multiple spontaneous tumors, including cancers and B cell lymphoma. Heterozygous deletion of the Pten C-terminal domain also causes genomic instability and common fragile site rearrangement. We found that Pten C-terminal disruption induces p53 and its downstream targets. Simultaneous depletion of p53 promotes metastasis without influencing the initiation of tumors, suggesting that p53 mainly suppresses tumor progression. Our data highlight the essential role of the PTEN C terminus in the maintenance of genomic stability and suppression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jinxue He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kristy L Lamb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xi Kang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tingting Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen Hong Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Efstathiadou ZA, Sapranidis M, Anagnostis P, Kita MD. Unusual case of Cowden-like syndrome, neck paraganglioma, and pituitary adenoma. Head Neck 2013; 36:E12-6. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A. Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology; “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Michail Sapranidis
- Department of Endocrinology; “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Department of Endocrinology; “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Marina D. Kita
- Department of Endocrinology; “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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14
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Ngeow J, Heald B, Rybicki LA, Orloff MS, Chen JL, Liu X, Yerian L, Willis J, Lehtonen H, Lehtonen R, Mester JL, Moline J, Burke CA, Church J, Aaltonen LA, Eng C. Prevalence of germline PTEN, BMPR1A, SMAD4, STK11, and ENG mutations in patients with moderate-load colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1402-9, 1409.e1-5. [PMID: 23399955 PMCID: PMC3969031 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastrointestinal polyposis is a common clinical problem, yet there is no consensus on how to best manage patients with moderate-load polyposis. Identifying genetic features of this disorder could improve management and especially surveillance of these patients. We sought to determine the prevalence of hamartomatous polyposis-associated mutations in the susceptibility genes PTEN, BMPR1A, SMAD4, ENG, and STK11 in individuals with ≥5 gastrointestinal polyps, including at least 1 hamartomatous or hyperplastic/serrated polyp. METHODS We performed a prospective, referral-based study of 603 patients (median age: 51 years; range, 2-89 years) enrolled from June 2006 through January 2012. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and analyzed for specific mutations and large rearrangements in PTEN, BMPR1A, SMAD4, and STK11, as well as mutations in ENG. Recursive partitioning analysis was used to determine cutoffs for continuous variables. The prevalence of mutations was compared using Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine univariate and multivariate risk factors. RESULTS Of 603 patients, 119 (20%) had a personal history of colorectal cancer and most (n = 461 [76%]) had <30 polyps. Seventy-seven patients (13%) were found to have polyposis-associated mutations, including 11 in ENG (1.8%), 13 in PTEN (2.2%), 13 in STK11 (2.2%), 20 in BMPR1A (3.3%), and 21 in SMAD4 (3.5%). Univariate clinical predictors for risk of having these mutations included age at presentation younger than 40 years (19% vs 10%; P = .008), a polyp burden of ≥30 (19% vs 11%; P = .014), and male sex (16% vs 10%; P = .03). Patients who had ≥1 ganglioneuroma (29% vs 2%; P < .001) or presented with polyps of ≥3 histologic types (20% vs 2%; P = .003) were more likely to have germline mutations in PTEN. CONCLUSIONS Age younger than 40 years, male sex, and specific polyp histologies are significantly associated with risk of germline mutations in hamartomatous-polyposis associated genes. These associations could guide clinical decision making and further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Brandie Heald
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Sanford R. Weiss, MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Lisa A. Rybicki
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Mohammed S. Orloff
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jin Lian Chen
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Lisa Yerian
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Joseph Willis
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Heli Lehtonen
- Metapopulation Research Group; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland FI-00014
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Metapopulation Research Group; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland FI-00014,Genome Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland FI-00014
| | - Jessica L. Mester
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Moline
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Carol A. Burke
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Sanford R. Weiss, MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - James Church
- Sanford R. Weiss, MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Lauri A. Aaltonen
- Genome Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland FI-00014
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Sanford R. Weiss, MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA,Stanley Shalom Zielony Institute of Nursing Excellence, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA,CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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15
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A New Insight into Structural and Functional Impact of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in PTEN Gene. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 66:249-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Ou Y, Ma L, Ma L, Huang Z, Zhou W, Zhao C, Zhang B, Song Y, Yu C, Zhan Q. Overexpression of cyclin B1 antagonizes chemotherapeutic-induced apoptosis through PTEN/Akt pathway in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 14:45-55. [PMID: 23114644 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cyclin B1 in the clinical therapeutic sensitivity of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains to be defined. In this study, we found that elevated cyclin B1 expression attenuated the apoptosis induced by cisplatin or paclitaxel, while knockdown of cyclin B1 enhanced cisplatin or paclitaxel sensitivity in ESCC cells. Cyclin B1-mediated apoptosis may rely on the Bcl-2-dependent mitochondria-regulated intrinsic death pathway, and the antagonizing effect of cyclin B1 on chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis was through PTEN/Akt pathway. Therefore, cyclin B1 might be a therapeutic target for the development of specific and efficient approaches in the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ni Y, Eng C. Vitamin E protects against lipid peroxidation and rescues tumorigenic phenotypes in cowden/cowden-like patient-derived lymphoblast cells with germline SDHx variants. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4954-61. [PMID: 22829200 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cowden syndrome (CS), a Mendelian autosomal-dominant disorder, predisposes to breast, thyroid, and other cancers. Germline variations in succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx) occur in approximately 10% PTEN mutation-negative CS and CS-like (CSL) individuals (SDH(var+)). We previously showed that SDHx variants result in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) equilibrium, and destabilization of p53 hence apoptosis resistance in CS/CSL patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells. In the present study, we sought to address the tumorigenic impacts of increased ROS and the potential of protecting SDH(var+) cells with antioxidants. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We measured the lipid peroxidation levels in patient-derived SDH(var+) lymphoblastoid cells and sequenced 74 controls or SDH(var+) germline DNA samples for mitochondrial hypervariable region II (HVRII) polymorphisms. SDH(var+) lymphoblastoid cells were treated with various antioxidants to check p53 expression and sub-G(1) cell population with cell-cycle analysis. RESULTS We showed that elevated ROS results in higher lipid peroxidation in SDH(var+) cells. Accumulation of polymorphisms in mitochondrial HVRII was observed in SDH(var+) samples. Interestingly, α-tocopherol (vitamin E) treatment, but not other antioxidants, rescued SDH(var+) cells from apoptosis resistance and protected SDH(var+) cells from oxidative damage such as decreased lipid peroxidation as well as partially recovered p53 expression and NAD/NADH levels. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that disruption of complex II because of SDHx variants leads to increased ROS generation, specifically accompanied by lipid peroxidation. The lipid soluble antioxidant α-tocopherol can selectively protect SDH(var+) cells from oxidative damage, apoptosis resistance, and rebalance redox metabolites NAD/NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ni
- Cleveland Clinic Genomic Medicine Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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18
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Ngeow J, Mester J, Rybicki LA, Ni Y, Milas M, Eng C. Incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid cancer in prospective series of individuals with Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome characterized by germline PTEN, SDH, or KLLN alterations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E2063-71. [PMID: 21956414 PMCID: PMC3232626 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is believed to be an important component of Cowden syndrome (CS). Germline PTEN and SDHx mutations and KLLN epimutation cause CS and CS-like phenotypes. Despite the established association, little is known about the incidence and clinical features of thyroid cancer found in CS/CS-like patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare incidence, clinical, and histological characteristics of epithelial thyroid cancers in CS/CS-like individuals, in the context of PTEN, SDHx, and KLLN status. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS The study encompassed a 5-yr, multicenter, prospective accrual of 2723 CS and CS-like patients, all of whom had comprehensive PTEN analysis. SDHx mutation analysis occurred in those without PTEN mutations/variations and elevated manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels. KLLN epimutation analysis was performed in the subset without any PTEN or SDHx mutation/deletion/ variant/polymorphism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gene-specific thyroid cancer histologies, demographic and clinical information, and adjusted standardized incidence rates were studied. RESULTS Of 2723 CS/CS-like patients, 664 had thyroid cancer. Standardized incidence rates for thyroid cancer were 72 [95% confidence interval (CI), 51-99; P < 0.001] for pathogenic PTEN mutations, 63 (95% CI, 42-92; P < 0.001) for SDHx variants, and 45 (95% CI, 26-73; P < 0.001) for KLLN epimutations. All six (16.7%) diagnosed under age 18 yr carried pathogenic PTEN mutations. Follicular thyroid cancer was overrepresented in PTEN mutation-positive cases compared to those with SDHx and KLLN alterations. PTEN frameshift mutations were found in 31% of patients with thyroid cancer compared to 17% in those without thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS CS/CS-like patients have elevated risks of follicular thyroid cancer due to PTEN pathogenic mutations and of papillary thyroid cancer from SDHx and KLLN alterations. Children presenting with thyroid cancer should be tested for PTEN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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19
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Levi Z, Baris HN, Kedar I, Niv Y, Geller A, Gal E, Gingold R, Morgenstern S, Baruch Y, Leach BH, Bronner MP, Eng C. Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Findings in PTEN Mutation-Positive Cowden Syndrome Patients Participating in an Active Surveillance Program. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2011; 2:e5. [PMID: 23238744 PMCID: PMC3365666 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Cowden syndrome (CS), associated with germline PTEN mutations, is an autosomal-dominant disorder with increased frequencies of thyroid and breast cancers. Recent reports document the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) polyps and increased risk of colon cancer in PTEN mutation carriers. Studies to date, however, have not been based on mutation carriers undergoing active, systematic, routine-interval GI surveillance. Our objective is to document the upper and lower GI findings in CS patients undergoing such an active GI surveillance program. METHODS: In a 5-year period, 3,000 consecutive patients were referred to our high-risk GI cancer clinic for various reasons. Of these 3,000, 10 met full-blown clinical criteria for the diagnosis of CS. Individuals with identified PTEN mutations underwent annual upper and lower endoscopy surveillance programs using dual white light and narrow-band imaging. All biopsies including archived materials were reviewed by a single dedicated GI pathologist. RESULTS: Ten PTEN mutation carriers from different ethnic backgrounds were invited and all participated in the active GI surveillance program. Eight patients had colonic polyps, mostly hyperplastic (eight patients) and hamartomatous (five patients), but also adenomatous (three patients), ganglioneuromatous (three patients), and juvenile polyps (two patients). One patient (10%) had an early-onset rectal cancer (aged 44 years), which was null for PTEN expression on immunohistochemistry. All patients had gastric polyps and nine (90%) had duodenal polyps, mostly hyperplastic and hamartomatous. Additional three patients (30%) had adenomatous duodenal polyps. CONCLUSIONS: PTEN mutation–positive CS patients have a higher frequency of upper GI polyps than previously believed. They appear prone to develop adenomatous upper and lower tract dysplastic polyps and cancer. Thus, the polyps encountered during upper or lower endoscopy in these patients should not be automatically considered innocent hamartomas without malignant potential. Active surveillance programs in specialized centers should be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Levi
- Gastroenterology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
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20
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Ni Y, He X, Chen J, Moline J, Mester J, Orloff MS, Ringel MD, Eng C. Germline SDHx variants modify breast and thyroid cancer risks in Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome via FAD/NAD-dependant destabilization of p53. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:300-10. [PMID: 21979946 PMCID: PMC3276278 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS), a Mendelian autosomal-dominant disorder, predisposes to breast, thyroid and other cancers. Germline mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) have been recently reported in 23% of a large series of classic CS. Here, we validated our small (n = 10) pilot study in a large patient series that germline variations in succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx) occur in 8% (49/608) of PTEN mutation-negative CS and CS-like (CSL) individuals (SDHvar+). None of these SDHx variants was found in 700 population controls (P < 0.0001). We then found that SDHx variants also occur in 6% (26/444) of PTEN mutation-positive (PTENmut+) CS/CSL individuals (PTENmut+/SDHvar+). Of 22 PTENmut+/SDHvar+ females, 17 had breast cancers compared with 34/105 PTENmut+ (P < 0.001) or 27/47 SDHvar+ patients (P = 0.06). Notably, individuals with SDHvar+ alone had the highest thyroid cancer prevalence (24/47) compared with PTENmut+ patients (27/105, P = 0.002) or PTENmut+/SDHvar+ carriers (6/22, P = 0.038). Patient-derived SDHvar+ lymphoblastoid cells had elevated cellular reactive oxygen species, highest in PTENmut+/SDHvar+ cells, correlating with apoptosis resistance. SDHvar+ cells showed stabilized and hyperactivated hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α signaling. Most interestingly, we also observed the loss of steady-state p53 in the majority of SDHvar+ cells. This loss of p53 was regulated by MDM2-independent NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1-mediated protein degradation, likely due to the imbalance of flavin adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in SDHvar+ cells. Our data suggest the potential regulation of HIF1α, p53 and PTEN signaling by mitochondrial metabolism in CS/CSL tumorigenesis. Together, our findings suggest the importance of considering SDHx as candidate predisposing and modifier genes for CS/CSL-related malignancy risks, and a mechanism which suggests ways of therapeutic reversal or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ni
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Doctoral Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Nagy R, Ganapathi S, Comeras I, Peterson C, Orloff M, Porter K, Eng C, Ringel MD, Kloos RT. Frequency of germline PTEN mutations in differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2011; 21:505-10. [PMID: 21417916 PMCID: PMC3092722 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is seen in 3%-10% of individuals carrying a germline PTEN mutation. Patients with PTEN mutations are at risk for additional neoplasms as are their affected offspring. However, the frequency of PTEN mutations among DTC cases has not been systematically analyzed. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of PTEN mutations in an unselected group of patients with DTC and to identify whether additional clinical features might indicate the need for referral for genetic counseling and possible testing. METHODS We collected personal medical and family history information, head circumference data, and blood from 259 consecutively identified clinic-based patients with DTC, unselected for personal or family history. Individuals were categorized for diagnostic criteria for Cowden syndrome (CS) using the 2009 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines and underwent germline PTEN mutation analysis. RESULTS Two of the 259 patients (0.8%), with both follicular thyroid carcinoma and macrocephaly, were found to carry a germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The PTEN mutation frequency in unselected cases of follicular thyroid carcinoma was 4.8%. CONCLUSION The frequency of germline pathogenic PTEN mutations in an unselected series of patients with DTC is relatively low, but it is enriched by considering follicular histology and macrocephaly. These results suggest that by adding head circumference to the clinical assessment, thyroid cancer specialists can more effectively identify patients needing referral for cancer genetic services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nagy
- Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43240, USA.
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22
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Lacey JV, Yang H, Gaudet MM, Dunning A, Lissowska J, Sherman ME, Peplonska B, Brinton LA, Healey CS, Ahmed S, Pharoah P, Easton D, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M. Endometrial cancer and genetic variation in PTEN, PIK3CA, AKT1, MLH1, and MSH2 within a population-based case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 120:167-73. [PMID: 21093899 PMCID: PMC3073848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed whether common genetic variation in PTEN, PIK3CA, AKT1, MLH1, and MSH2-genes that reportedly are frequently altered in endometrial cancer-was associated with risk of endometrial cancer. METHODS Using data from a population-based case-control study in Poland (PECS) of 417 cases and 407 matched controls, we genotyped 76 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs; located in or within 10 kb upstream or 5 kb downstream of the gene of interest, minor allele frequency >=5% among various ethnic groups, and not already represented by another tagSNP at a LD of r(2) >=0.80) on an Illumina Custom Infinium iSelect assay that included over 29,000 SNPs in 1316 genes. For individual SNPs, we used unconditional logistic regression models, adjusted for age and site, to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To replicate the one statistically significant association in PECS, we independently genotyped that tagSNP among 1141 endometrial cancer cases and 2275 controls from the SEARCH study in the UK. We assessed haplotypes via extended haplotype blocks and the sequential haplotype scan method. RESULTS The rs2677764 tagSNP in PIK3CA was statistically significantly associated with endometrial cancer in PECS (OR=1.42, 95% CI, 1.03-1.95; P=0.03) but not SEARCH (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.82-1.17). Of the 25 haplotypes observed in at least 5% of cases and controls in PECS, only 1, in PIK3CA, was statistically significantly associated with endometrial cancer (OR=1.39, 95% CI, 1.00-1.93). All haplotype global p-values were null. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation in PTEN, PIK3CA, AKT1, MLH1, or MSH2 was not statistically significantly associated with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Lacey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Germline loss-of-function phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) mutations cause 80% of Cowden syndrome, a rare autosomal-dominant disorder (1 in 200,000 live births), characterized by high risks of breast, thyroid, and other cancers. A large heterogeneous group of individuals with Cowden-like syndrome, who have various combinations of Cowden syndrome features but who do not meet Cowden syndrome diagnostic criteria, have PTEN mutations less than 10% of the time, making molecular diagnosis, prediction, genetic counseling, and risk management challenging. Other mechanisms of loss of function such as hypermethylation, which should result in underexpression of PTEN or of KILLIN, a novel tumor suppressor transcribed in the opposite direction, may account for the remainder of Cowden syndrome and Cowden-like syndrome. OBJECTIVE To determine whether germline methylation is found in Cowden syndrome or Cowden-like syndrome in individuals lacking germline PTEN mutations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nucleic acids from prospective nested series of 123 patients with Cowden syndrome or Cowden-like syndrome and 50 unaffected individuals without PTEN variants were analyzed for germline methylation and expression of PTEN and KILLIN at the Cleveland Clinic, August 2008-June 2010. Prevalence of component cancers between groups was compared using the Fisher exact test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of germline methylation in PTEN mutation-negative Cowden syndrome and Cowden syndrome-like individuals. Prevalence of component cancers in methylation-positive and PTEN mutation-positive individuals. RESULTS Of 123 patients with Cowden syndrome or Cowden-like syndrome, 45 (37%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29%-45%) showed hypermethylation upstream of PTEN but no transcriptional repression. The germline methylation was found to transcriptionally down-regulate KILLIN by 250-fold (95% CI, 45-14 286; P = .007) and exclusively disrupted TP53 activation of KILLIN by 30% (95% CI, 7%-45%; P = .008). Demethylation treatment increased only KILLIN expression 4.88-fold (95% CI, 1.4-18.1; P = .05). Individuals with KILLIN -promoter methylation had a 3-fold increased prevalence of breast cancer (35/42 vs 24/64; P < .0001) and a greater than 2-fold increase of kidney cancer (4/45 vs 6/155; P = .004) over individuals with germline PTEN mutations. CONCLUSIONS Germline KILLIN methylation is common among patients with Cowden syndrome or Cowden-like syndrome and is associated with increased risks of breast and renal cancer over PTEN mutation-positive individuals. These observations need to be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Bennett
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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24
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Abstract
Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome 10) cause Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba (BRR) syndromes, two dominantly inherited disorders characterized by mental retardation, multiple hamartomas, and variable cancer risk. Here, we modeled three sentinel mutant alleles of PTEN identified in patients with Cowden syndrome and show that the nonsense Pten(4-5) and missense Pten(C124R) and Pten(G129E) alleles lacking lipid phosphatase activity cause similar developmental abnormalities but distinct tumor spectra with varying severity and age of onset. Allele-specific differences may be accounted for by loss of function for Pten(4-5), hypomorphic function for Pten(C124R), and gain of function for Pten(G129E). These data demonstrate that the variable tumor phenotypes observed in patients with Cowden and BRR syndromes can be attributed to specific mutations in PTEN that alter protein function through distinct mechanisms.
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Bergman A, Sahlin P, Emanuelsson M, Carén H, Tarnow P, Martinsson T, Grönberg H, Stenman G. Germline mutation screening of the Saethre-Chotzen-associated genesTWIST1andFGFR3in families withBRCA1/2-negative breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 43:251-5. [DOI: 10.3109/02844310903247228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kirches E, Steiner J, Schneider T, Vorwerk CK, Scherlach C, Holtkamp N, Keilhoff G, Eng C, Mawrin C. Lhermitte-Duclos disease caused by a novel germline PTEN mutation R173P in a patient presenting with psychosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 36:86-9. [PMID: 19719509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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No germline mutations in supposed tumour suppressor genes SAFB1 and SAFB2 in familial breast cancer with linkage to 19p. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:108. [PMID: 19077293 PMCID: PMC2635354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The scaffold attachment factor B1 and B2 genes, SAFB1/SAFB2 (both located on chromosome 19p13.3) have recently been suggested as tumour suppressor genes involved in breast cancer development. The assumption was based on functional properties of the two genes and loss of heterozygosity of intragenic markers in breast tumours further strengthened the postulated hypothesis. In addition, linkage studies in Swedish breast cancer families also indicate the presence of a susceptibility gene for breast cancer at the 19p locus. Somatic mutations in SAFB1/SAFB2 have been detected in breast tumours, but to our knowledge no studies on germline mutations have been reported. In this study we investigated the possible involvement of SAFB1/SAFB2 on familiar breast cancer by inherited mutations in either of the two genes. Results Mutation analysis in families showing linkage to the SAFB1/2 locus was performed by DNA sequencing. The complete coding sequence of the two genes SAFB1 and SAFB2 was analyzed in germline DNA from 31 affected women. No missense or frameshift mutations were detected. One polymorphism was found in SAFB1 and eight polymorphisms were detected in SAFB2. MLPA-anlysis showed that both alleles of the two genes were preserved which excludes gene inactivation by large deletions. Conclusion SAFB1 and SAFB2 are not likely to be causative of the hereditary breast cancer syndrome in west Swedish breast cancer families.
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Pilarski R. Cowden syndrome: a critical review of the clinical literature. J Genet Couns 2008; 18:13-27. [PMID: 18972196 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-008-9187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi-system disease involving hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins and increased risks for thyroid, breast and possibly other cancers. Benign breast, thyroid, uterine and skin lesions are also common. Approximately 80% of patients with CS have an identifiable germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The majority of the existing data on the frequencies of component clinical features have been obtained from compilations of case reports in the literature, many of which predate the establishment in 1996 of consensus diagnostic criteria. Many of these reports also suffer from ascertainment bias which emphasized the dermatologic features of the disease. This paper presents an overview of Cowden syndrome focusing on a critical evaluation of the major literature on the component cancers, benign features, and molecular findings in CS, noting the limitations of the published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pilarski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi-system disease involving hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins and increased risks for thyroid, breast and possibly other cancers. Benign breast, thyroid, uterine and skin lesions are also common. Approximately 80% of patients with CS have an identifiable germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The majority of the existing data on the frequencies of component clinical features have been obtained from compilations of case reports in the literature, many of which predate the establishment in 1996 of consensus diagnostic criteria. Many of these reports also suffer from ascertainment bias which emphasized the dermatologic features of the disease. This paper presents an overview of Cowden syndrome focusing on a critical evaluation of the major literature on the component cancers, benign features, and molecular findings in CS, noting the limitations of the published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pilarski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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30
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Orloff MS, Eng C. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. Oncogene 2008; 27:5387-97. [PMID: 18794875 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germline PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homologue deleted on chromosome TEN) mutations predispose to phenotypically diverse disorders that share several overlapping clinical features: Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus syndrome and Proteus-like syndrome, collectively classified as PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS). The meticulous acquisition and documentation of PHTS phenotypic data at different levels and the profiling of the plethora of genetic changes in PTEN and other genes within the same or related pathways are important in resolving the challenge of discriminating heritable cancers from sporadic PHTS-mimicking clinical features. The characterization of PTEN and PTEN-related pathways from a multidisciplinary perspective underscores the importance of incorporating data from different -omics, which is crucial for the advancement of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Orloff
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Lacey JV, Mutter GL, Ronnett BM, Ioffe OB, Duggan MA, Rush BB, Glass AG, Richesson DA, Chatterjee N, Langholz B, Sherman ME. PTEN expression in endometrial biopsies as a marker of progression to endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6014-20. [PMID: 18632658 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of PTEN tumor suppressor gene is common in endometrial carcinoma and its precursor, atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH). We compared PTEN expression via immunohistochemistry in endometrial biopsies diagnosed as EH in 138 cases, who were diagnosed with EH and then endometrial carcinoma at least 1 year later (median, 6 years), and 241 individually matched controls, who were diagnosed with EH but did not progress to carcinoma during equivalent follow-up. We assessed PTEN status (normal versus null) in index biopsies containing EH to estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing endometrial carcinoma up to 25 years later. Analysis of 115 cases and 193 controls with satisfactory assays revealed PTEN-null glands in index biopsies of 44% of cases and 49% of controls [P = 0.85; RR, 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73-3.13]. For predicting progression to carcinoma, PTEN-null status had low sensitivity (44%; 95% CI, 45-54%) and specificity (51%; 95% CI, 44-58%). Among 105 cases with PTEN results for both index biopsy and carcinoma, 16% had a PTEN-null index biopsy, 23% had PTEN-null carcinoma, and 26% had both a PTEN-null index biopsy and carcinoma. Loss of PTEN expression in endometrial biopsies was neither associated with nor a sensitive and specific marker of subsequent progression to endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Lacey
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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Strumane K, Song JY, Baas I, Collard JG. Increased Rac activity is required for the progression of T-lymphomas induced by Pten-deficiency. Leuk Res 2008; 32:113-20. [PMID: 17521720 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the tumor suppressor PTEN results in loss of its PI3-kinase counteracting function. PI3-kinase stimulates tumor formation by PKB/Akt-mediated cell proliferation and prevention of apoptosis. PI3-kinase may also activate Rho-GTPases and their regulatory GEFs to promote invasion. Here we have analyzed the function of the Rac-specific activator, Tiam1, in PI3-kinase-induced T-lymphomagenesis. Mice with a T cell-specific Pten deletion developed T-lymphomas with enhanced PKB/Akt phosphorylation. However, these T-lymphomas infiltrated more frequently into various organs in Tiam1-deficient mice compared to wild type mice. Surprisingly, Tiam1-deficient lymphomas showed increased Rac activity, suggesting that the lack of Tiam1 is compensated by alternative Rac-activating mechanisms that lead to increased progression of PI3-kinase-induced T-lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Strumane
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS), due to germline mutations of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene, is an often overlooked cancer predisposition syndrome associated with an increased risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancers, as well as benign manifestations. Germline PTEN mutations also are associated with syndromes that have not been historically connected to an increase in risk for malignancy. These disorders include Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome (PS), and Proteus-like syndrome (PSL). These syndromes can be described under the umbrella of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). As one would expect in allelic disorders, there is broad phenotypic overlap in the PHTS; however, the syndromes are clinically distinct. As additional information is discovered about new syndromes of cancer predisposition and their concordant genes, oncologists and allied healthcare providers must maintain vigilance to appropriately identify, and screen, individuals at an increased risk. Although CS is the only PHTS with a clearly documented predisposition to malignancies, pending further data, for precautionary reasons all individuals with a germline PTEN mutation are recommended to follow the cancer surveillance recommendations for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Gustafson
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Lopiccolo J, Ballas MS, Dennis PA. PTEN hamartomatous tumor syndromes (PHTS): rare syndromes with great relevance to common cancers and targeted drug development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 63:203-14. [PMID: 17643312 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 10q22-23 that negatively regulates the pro-survival PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by functioning as a lipid phosphatase. Signaling through this pathway promotes cellular transformation and survival as well as resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Loss of PTEN function is commonly observed in human cancers through somatic mutation, hypermethylation, and/or enhanced degradation. PTEN hamartomatous tumor syndromes (PHTS) are a collection of rare clinical syndromes marked by germline PTEN loss. Compared to the general population, PHTS patients have an increased risk of developing certain cancers and can develop benign tumors in virtually any organ. These patients provide a unique opportunity to examine the role of PTEN in human tumorigenesis, as well as study genotype-phenotype relationships. Because these patients are at higher risk of developing malignancies and have no established medical therapies, early screening, surveillance, and preventive care are important issues. Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway that are being developed as cancer therapeutics could provide new therapeutic options for these rare patients, and could be credentialed as pathway inhibitors prior to testing in the general oncology population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Lopiccolo
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889, United States
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Nayeem N, Kerr F, Naumann H, Linehan J, Lovestone S, Brandner S. Hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments and activation of CDK5 and ERK1/2 in PTEN-deficient cerebella. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:400-8. [PMID: 17208451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited mutations to the tumor suppressor PTEN sporadically lead to cerebellar gangliocytoma characterized by migration defects. This has been modeled by CNS-specific PTEN ablation in mice, but the underlying mechanism cannot be explained by the known role of PTEN in Akt/PKB inactivation. Here we show that the loss of PTEN in mouse cerebellar neurons causes neurodegeneration by hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments, and activation of Cdk5 and pERK1/2, suggesting that dysregulation of the PTEN/pAkt pathway can mediate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushaba Nayeem
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and MRC Prion Unit, Institute of Neurology, University College, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Abstract
Cancer phenomics, the systematic acquisition and objective documentation of host and/or somatic cancer phenotypic data at many levels, is a young field compared with other molecular-based 'omics'. Two relatively advanced phenomic paradigms are associated with phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and rearranged during transfection (RET), genes that are associated with cancer predisposition syndromes in addition to developmental disorders. The phenomic characterization of PTEN and RET underscores the importance of incorporating robust phenomics into the host 'omic' profile, and shows that the evolution of phenomics will be crucial to the advancement of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Zbuk
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Rustad CF, Bjørnslett M, Heimdal KR, Mæhle L, Apold J, Møller P. Germline PTEN mutations are rare and highly penetrant. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2006; 4:177-85. [PMID: 20223021 PMCID: PMC2837306 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-4-4-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (multiple hamartoma syndrome, MIM 158350) is an early onset syndrome characterized by multiple hamartomas in the skin, mucous membranes, breast, thyroid and endometrium. Patients with Cowden syndrome have increased risk of breast cancer, thyroid cancer and endometrial cancer. In 1997 germline mutations in PTEN were demonstrated to cause Cowden syndrome. We report the results of diagnostic and predictive testing in all families with Cowden syndrome or suspected Cowden syndrome registered at the Norwegian cancer family clinics. PTEN mutations were found in all six families meeting the clinical criteria for Cowden syndrome, in none of the two families assumed to have Cowden syndrome but not fulfilling the criteria, and in none of the eight families selected in our computerized medical files to have a combination of breast and thyroid cancers. Age-related penetrances for the various neoplasms are given. All families but one were small and de novo mutations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie F Rustad
- Section for Inherited Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Thyroid disorders commonly have dermatologic manifestations. The purpose of the present chapter is to review and emphasize potential clinical dermatologic findings that can occur with Graves' disease, hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer. In autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis the skin manifestations may be related to either thyroid hormone levels themselves or to the associated T and/or B cell abnormalities. Thyroid cancer may be associated with various syndromes that could have significant skin manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Burman
- Endocrine Section and Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Tekin M, Hişmi BO, Fitoz S, Yalçinkaya F, Ekim M, Kansu A, Ertem M, Deda G, Tutar E, Arsan S, Zhou XP, Pilarski R, Eng C, Akar N. A germline PTEN mutation with manifestations of prenatal onset and verrucous epidermal nevus. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1472-5. [PMID: 16752378 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The presence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in multiple generations of one kindred is a statistical impossibility as an occurrence of chance. However, traditional and molecular genetic analyses to date have failed to support the notion of a single gene mutation or identify one, in distinct contrast to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Findings to date, outside of distinct multicancer syndromes, suggest the interplay of inherited susceptibility and other factors, such as environmental exposures. It is possible that the main identifiable genetic risk factors at this time are the presence of multinodular goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D Moore
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Campos FG, Habr-Gama A, Kiss DR, Atuí FC, Rawet V, Goldstein PJ, Gama-Rodrigues J. Cowden syndrome: report of two cases and review of clinical presentation and management of a rare colorectal polyposis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:15-9. [PMID: 16373153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cursur.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare and complex disease inherited through an autosomal dominant trait associated with germline mutations of the PTEN gene. OBJECTIVE This article reports 2 female patients with classic features of the syndrome and reviews the current guidelines regarding diagnosis and surveillance. REVIEW Although it exhibits variable clinical expressivity, the diagnosis is based on characteristic mucocutaneous alterations such as multiple facial trichilemmomas, oral mucosal papillomatosis, and acral and palmoplantar keratoses. These manifestations often precede systemic involvement. Extracutaneous lesions include fibrocystic disease of the breast, thyroid goiters or adenomas, multiple polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract, and ovarian cysts. Gastrointestinal polyps are usually asymptomatic, and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer is not greatly increased. Otherwise, an important feature of Cowden's disease is the greater risk of breast and thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS Because of the potentially serious associations with internal malignancy, early and accurate diagnosis of CS is essential. For this reason, all patients must be screened for occult malignancies and undergo close surveillance throughout lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Guilherme Campos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rickle A, Bogdanovic N, Volkmann I, Zhou X, Pei JJ, Winblad B, Cowburn RF. PTEN levels in Alzheimer's disease medial temporal cortex. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:114-23. [PMID: 16239049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a dual (protein tyrosine and lipid) phosphatase one of the functions of which is to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-biphosphate thereby inhibiting phosphoinositide-dependent kinase activation of the cell survival kinase Akt. Akt activity is up regulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain in parallel to the progression of neurofibrillary pathology. The present study determined whether altered expression of PTEN occurs in Alzheimer's disease brain. Western immunoblotting revealed no significant changes of PTEN protein levels in nuclear and membrane fractions of medial temporal cortex from a series of Alzheimer's disease and control cases. Similarly, no changes in PTEN protein levels, as determined by dot-blotting, were seen in temporal cortex homogenates from a separate series of Alzheimer's disease and control brains. A small but significant decrease in the levels of Ser(380) p-PTEN was seen in homogenates of Alzheimer's disease temporal cortex. Immunohistochemistry revealed PTEN immunoreactivity in a number of brain structures including neurons, capillaries and structures resembling oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The majority of temporal cortex pyramidal neurons (93-100%) were PTEN immunopositive. The Alzheimer's disease cases had significantly lower numbers of total ( approximately 12% loss, P<0.02) and PTEN immunopositive ( approximately 15% loss, P<0.01) pyramidal neurons as compared to the control cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rickle
- Karolinska Institutet Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Alzheimer Center (KASPAC), Department of Neurotec, Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Neurotec, Novum Plan 5, S141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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Pallares J, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Dolcet X, Llobet D, Rue M, Palacios J, Prat J, Matias-Guiu X. Survivin Expression in Endometrial Carcinoma:. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2005; 24:247-53. [PMID: 15968200 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000163849.37129.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptotic cell death plays a key role in cancer development. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, which also has a role in the control of cell division. Survivin may be overexpressed in some tumors and has been suggested to be related to PTEN, beta-catenin, p53 [all of them frequently abnormal in endometrial carcinomas (ECs)], and STAT-3. A tissue microarray was constructed from paraffin-embedded blocks of 95 ECs, previously studied for microsatellite instability and for alterations in PTEN, k-RAS, and CTNNB-1. Immunohistochemical evaluation included 1) survivin, 2) markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis (Ki67-MIB1 and M 30-neoepitope cytokeratin 18), and 3) proteins involved in cell signaling pathways (PTEN, phospho-AKT, beta-catenin, p53, and STAT-3). Survivin expression was frequent in ECs (75.95%) but did not show any statistical significant correlation with histological type and grade, stage, overall survival, or mitotic and apoptotic indexes. Survivin expression had a statistical significant correlation with decreased PTEN expression (r = -0.383, p = 0.001), increased phospho-AKT (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), and positive STAT-3 immunostaining (r = 0.6, p < 0.001). Survivin expression did not show statistical correlation with either beta-catenin or p53 alterations. The results suggest that increased survivin expression is frequent in ECs and may be dependent on STAT-3 and PI3 K/AKT activation. Because PTEN abnormalities are very frequent in ECs, the results from this study indicate that PTEN may interfere with the process of apoptosis and cell proliferation by promoting survivin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Pallares
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Doxey BW, Kuwada SK, Burt RW. Inherited polyposis syndromes: molecular mechanisms, clinicopathology, and genetic testing. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:633-41. [PMID: 16206494 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inherited polyposis syndromes are a group of conditions in which multiple gastrointestinal polyps occur in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, most exhibit an increased risk of colon cancer. Benign and malignant extraintestinal tumors might also be observed. Recent elucidation of the underlying gene mutations has contributed to our understanding of the cell biology and molecular mechanisms associated with gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. Developments have also allowed genetic testing to become an integral component in accurate diagnosis, categorization, and management of inherited polyposis syndromes. In this review, we will focus on familial adenomatous polyposis, mutY human homologue-associated polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis, and Cowden syndrome. It is essential that both physician and patient understand the benefits and limitations of genetic testing before submission of samples to the laboratory. There are many issues accompanying molecular diagnosis of cancer syndromes, and genetic counseling is an essential prelude to genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett W Doxey
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, USA
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Ge XJ, Liu ZH, Li YY, Gao RP. Expression and significance of PTEN in endometrial carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-005-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Cully M, Elia A, Ong SH, Stambolic V, Pawson T, Tsao MS, Mak TW. grb2 heterozygosity rescues embryonic lethality but not tumorigenesis in pten+/- mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15358-63. [PMID: 15492213 PMCID: PMC524460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406613101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene implicated in both sporadic cancers and inherited tumor-prone syndromes. Here we show that pten+/- mice display a partially penetrant embryonic lethality. This lethality is associated with defects in both neural and placental development. Notably, this lethality is completely rescued by grb2 haploinsufficiency. In contrast, grb2 heterozygosity did not alter tumorigenesis in either pten+/- or T cell-specific pten-/- mice. grb2-/hypomorph murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) show decreased activation of both PKB and Erk upon stimulation with epidermal growth factor, whereas grb2-/hypomorph; pten+/- MEFs activate PKB but not Erk normally. Similarly, grb2-/hypomorph fibroblasts die in low serum, and this phenotype is rescued by pten haploinsufficiency. Activation of both PKB and Erk as well as survival in low serum-containing media are all rescued by reexpression of Grb2 containing mutations within the N-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, but not by C-terminal SH3 domain mutants. The N-terminal SH3 domain mutants fail to bind to Sos, whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain mutants fail to bind to Gab1, suggesting that Erk and PKB activation in fibroblasts in response to epidermal growth factor depends on Gab1 or other C-terminal SH3 domain-interacting proteins, but not on Sos. Thus, PTEN/phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase signaling requires Grb2 during both embryonic development and fibroblast survival, but Grb2 heterozygosity does not effect tumorigenesis in pten-deficient mice. In fibroblasts, survival signals emanating from the epidermal growth factor receptor appear to be PKB-dependent, and this activation depends on the C-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2, likely through the interaction of Grb2 with Gab1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cully
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Room 7-411, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
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Gagnon V, Mathieu I, Sexton E, Leblanc K, Asselin E. AKT involvement in cisplatin chemoresistance of human uterine cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:785-95. [PMID: 15350374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of Akt activity and specific isoforms (Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3) in the resistance of human uterine cancer cells to cisplatin. METHODS Two different endometrial (HEC-1-A and KLE) and one cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines all known as wild-type PTEN (tumor suppressor phosphatase tensin homologue, a lipid phosphatase involved in the negative regulation of Akt activity) were used for these studies. RESULTS Basal levels of Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 mRNAs were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR studies and Western blot analyses were carried out to determine protein abundance of each isoforms. Akt1 mRNA and protein were present in all cell lines studied. Akt2 and Akt3 mRNAs and proteins were strongly expressed in KLE cells. Surprisingly, Akt phosphorylation was found in KLE expressing high levels of wild-type PTEN protein. KLE cells remained resistant to PI 3-K inhibitor, indicating that Akt phosphorylation might be, in part, independent of PI 3-K in this cell line. Cisplatin induced apoptosis in HeLa and HEC-1-A cells, but KLE cells expressing Akt2 and Akt3 remained more resistant to cisplatin. Knockout of Akt isoforms using specific siRNA technology increased the sensitivity of KLE cells toward cisplatin and caused a significant induction of cell death. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that specific Akt isoforms such as Akt2 and Akt3 might be involved in chemoresistance to cisplatin and that these isoforms could be putative targets for gene therapy in uterine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gagnon
- Research Group in Cellular and Molecular Biopathology, Medical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Stiles B, Groszer M, Wang S, Jiao J, Wu H. PTENless means more. Dev Biol 2004; 273:175-84. [PMID: 15328005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that certain key molecules that are vital for various developmental processes, such as Wnt, Shh, and Notch, cause cancer when dysregulated. PTEN, a tumor suppressor that antagonizes the PI3 kinase pathway, is the newest one on the list. The biological function of PTEN is evolutionarily conserved from C. elegans to humans, and the PTEN-controlled signaling pathway regulates cellular processes crucial for normal development, including cell proliferation, soma growth, cell death, and cell migration. In this review, we will focus on the function of PTEN in murine development and its role in regulating stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. We will summarize the organomegaly phenotypes associated with Pten tissue-specific deletion and discuss how PTEN controls organ size, a fundamental aspect of development. Last, we will review the role of PTEN in hormone-dependent, adult-onset mammary and prostate gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyan Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS23-234, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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St-Germain ME, Gagnon V, Parent S, Asselin E. Regulation of COX-2 protein expression by Akt in endometrial cancer cells is mediated through NF-kappaB/IkappaB pathway. Mol Cancer 2004; 3:7. [PMID: 15016316 PMCID: PMC394342 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been shown to be highly expressed in a broad series of primary endometrial tumors and its expression may be closely associated with parameters of tumor aggressiveness. In human endometrial cancer, tumor suppressor phosphatase tensin homologue (PTEN) is frequently mutated. In the presence of a mutated PTEN protein, Akt phosphorylation levels increase leading to the activation of this survival pathway. The nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) is a well establish regulator of genes encoding cytokines, cytokine receptors, and cell adhesion molecules that drive immune and inflammatory responses. More recently, NF-κB activation has been connected with multiple aspects of oncogenesis, including the control of apoptosis, cell cycle, differentiation, and cell migration. It is known that Akt may act through NF-κB pathway and that COX-2 gene has been shown to be regulated at the promoter level by NF-κB. Recently, we showed that Akt regulates COX-2 gene and protein expressions in phospho-Akt expressing endometrial cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the involvement of NF-κB pathway and IκB (an inhibitor of NF-κB) in the regulation of COX-2 expression and to determine more precisely the downstream targets of Akt involved in this process. Results Three different human endometrial cancer cell lines known to have wild type PTEN (HEC 1-A) or a mutated inactive PTEN protein (RL 95-2 and Ishikawa) were used for these studies. Expression IκB and Phospho-IκB were evaluated by Western analysis. The presence of IκB phosphorylation was found in all cell lines studied. There was no difference between cell lines in term of NF-κB abundance. Inhibition of PI 3-K with Wortmannin and LY294002 blocked IκB phosphorylation, reduced NF-κB nuclear activity, reduced COX-2 expression and induced apoptosis. Transfection studies with a dominant negative Akt vector blocked IκB phosphorylation and reduced COX-2 expression. On the opposite, constitutively active Akt transfections resulted in the induction of IκB phosphorylation and up-regulation of COX-2. Conclusion These results demonstrate that Akt signals through NF-κB/IκB pathway to induce COX-2 expression in mutated PTEN endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve St-Germain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Research Group in Molecular and Cellular Biopathology, Medical Biology Section, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Veronique Gagnon
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Research Group in Molecular and Cellular Biopathology, Medical Biology Section, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Sophie Parent
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Research Group in Molecular and Cellular Biopathology, Medical Biology Section, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Eric Asselin
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Research Group in Molecular and Cellular Biopathology, Medical Biology Section, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Oktenli C, Gul D, Deveci MS, Saglam M, Upadhyaya M, Thompson P, Consoli C, Kocar IH, Pilarski R, Zhou XP, Eng C. Unusual features in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: Multiple subcutaneous lipomas, a juvenile polyp in ascending colon, congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt, and horseshoe kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127A:298-301. [PMID: 15150783 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a case that draws attention to a hitherto undescribed association of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) with juvenile polyp, congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt, multiple subcutaneous lipomas, and horseshoe kidney. Our patient has fulfilled the National Institutes of Health consensus conference criteria for NF1 by having neurofibromas, axillary freckling, Lisch nodules, and café-au-lait spots. There is no family history of NF1 and his 7-year-old son has no stigmata of NF1. On the other hand, the patient's family had a presumably dominant inheritance of horseshoe kidney: the father, proband, sister, and son of the other sister had a horseshoe kidney. The patient was investigated for mutations in the NF1 gene and PTEN, but no germline mutations were detected. The differential diagnosis for such a collection of hamartomatous, cutaneous, and vascular disorders includes the Proteus, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba, and Cowden syndromes. None of these diagnoses was convincingly confirmed in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Oktenli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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