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De Carvalho M, Swash M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation to monitor disease progression in ALS: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2022.2160649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamede De Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal, and
| | - Michael Swash
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Govaarts R, Beeldman E, Fraschini M, Griffa A, Engels MMA, van Es MA, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, van der Kooi AJ, Pijnenburg YAL, de Visser M, Stam CJ, Raaphorst J, Hillebrand A. Cortical and subcortical changes in resting-state neuronal activity and connectivity in early symptomatic ALS and advanced frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102965. [PMID: 35217500 PMCID: PMC8867127 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine if patterns of resting-state brain activity and functional connectivity in cortical and subcortical regions in patients with early symptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) resemble those of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). In a cross-sectional design, eyes-closed resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data of 34 ALS patients, 18 bvFTD patients and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were projected to source-space using an atlas-based beamformer. Group differences in peak frequency, band-specific oscillatory activity and functional connectivity (corrected amplitude envelope correlation) in 78 cortical regions and 12 subcortical regions were determined. False discovery rate was used to correct for multiple comparisons. BvFTD patients, as compared to ALS and HCs, showed lower relative beta power in parietal, occipital, temporal and nearly all subcortical regions. Compared to HCs, patients with ALS and patients with bvFTD had a higher delta (0.5-4 Hz) and gamma (30-48 Hz) band resting-state functional connectivity in a high number of overlapping regions in the frontal lobe and in limbic and subcortical regions. Higher delta band connectivity was widespread in the bvFTD patients compared to HCs. ALS showed a more widespread higher gamma band functional connectivity compared to bvFTD. In conclusion, MEG in early symptomatic ALS patients shows resting-state functional connectivity changes in frontal, limbic and subcortical regions that overlap considerably with bvFTD. The findings show the potential of MEG to detect brain changes in early symptomatic phases of ALS and contribute to our understanding of the disease spectrum, with ALS and bvFTD at the two extreme ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Govaarts
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Emma Beeldman
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Fraschini
- University of Cagliari, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Griffa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Center of Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marjolein M A Engels
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Magnetoencephalography Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A van Es
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke J van der Kooi
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne de Visser
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Magnetoencephalography Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Raaphorst
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hillebrand
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Magnetoencephalography Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Perivolidi VI, Violitzi F, Ioannidou E, Rinotas V, Stamatakis G, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Douni E. Proteomic Identification of the SLC25A46 Interactome in Transgenic Mice Expressing SLC25A46-FLAG. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:375-394. [PMID: 34983179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane protein SLC25A46 has been recently identified as a novel genetic cause of a wide spectrum of neurological diseases. The aim of the present work was to elucidate the physiological role of SLC25A46 through the identification of its interactome with immunoprecipitation and proteomic analysis in whole cell extracts from the cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, and thymus of transgenic mice expressing ubiquitously SLC25A46-FLAG. Our analysis identified 371 novel putative interactors of SLC25A46 and confirmed 17 known ones. A total of 79 co-immunoprecipitated proteins were common in two or more tissues, mainly participating in mitochondrial activities such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and ATP production, active transport of ions or molecules, and the metabolism. Tissue-specific co-immunoprecipitated proteins were enriched for synapse annotated proteins in the cerebellum and cerebrum for metabolic processes in the heart and for nuclear processes and proteasome in the thymus. Our proteomic approach confirmed known mitochondrial interactors of SLC25A46 including MICOS complex subunits and also OPA1 and VDACs, while we identified novel interactors including the ADP/ATP translocases SLC25A4 and SLC25A5, subunits of the OXPHOS complexes and F1Fo-ATP synthase, and components of the mitochondria-ER contact sites. Our results show that SLC25A46 interacts with a large number of proteins and protein complexes involved in the mitochondria architecture, energy production, and flux and also in inter-organellar contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki-Iris Perivolidi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.,Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Foteini Violitzi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.,Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Elisavet Ioannidou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Vagelis Rinotas
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - George Stamatakis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Eleni Douni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.,Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
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Lin Z, Kim E, Ahmed M, Han G, Simmons C, Redhead Y, Bartlett J, Pena Altamira LE, Callaghan I, White MA, Singh N, Sawiak S, Spires-Jones T, Vernon AC, Coleman MP, Green J, Henstridge C, Davies JS, Cash D, Sreedharan J. MRI-guided histology of TDP-43 knock-in mice implicates parvalbumin interneuron loss, impaired neurogenesis and aberrant neurodevelopment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab114. [PMID: 34136812 PMCID: PMC8204366 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are overlapping diseases in which MRI reveals brain structural changes in advance of symptom onset. Recapitulating these changes in preclinical models would help to improve our understanding of the molecular causes underlying regionally selective brain atrophy in early disease. We therefore investigated the translational potential of the TDP-43Q331K knock-in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia using MRI. We performed in vivo MRI of TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. Regions of significant volume change were chosen for post-mortem brain tissue analyses. Ex vivo computed tomography was performed to investigate skull shape. Parvalbumin neuron density was quantified in post-mortem amyotrophic lateral sclerosis frontal cortex. Adult mutants demonstrated parenchymal volume reductions affecting the frontal lobe and entorhinal cortex in a manner reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Subcortical, cerebellar and brain stem regions were also affected in line with observations in pre-symptomatic carriers of mutations in C9orf72, the commonest genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Volume loss was also observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, along with ventricular enlargement. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced parvalbumin interneurons as a potential cellular correlate of MRI changes in mutant mice. By contrast, microglia was in a disease activated state even in the absence of brain volume loss. A reduction in immature neurons was found in the dentate gyrus, indicative of impaired adult neurogenesis, while a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in P14 mutant mice suggests that TDP-43Q331K disrupts neurodevelopment. Computerized tomography imaging showed altered skull morphology in mutants, further suggesting a role for TDP-43Q331K in development. Finally, analysis of human post-mortem brains confirmed a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to C9orf72 mutations. Regional brain MRI changes seen in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia are recapitulated in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. By marrying in vivo imaging with targeted histology, we can unravel cellular and molecular processes underlying selective brain vulnerability in human disease. As well as helping to understand the earliest causes of disease, our MRI and histological markers will be valuable in assessing the efficacy of putative therapeutics in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Eugene Kim
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Mohi Ahmed
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gang Han
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jack Bartlett
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Luis Emiliano Pena Altamira
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Isobel Callaghan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Matthew A White
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tara Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christopher Henstridge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jemeen Sreedharan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
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5
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Unsupervised excitation: GABAergic dysfunctions in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2019; 1707:216-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sirabella R, Valsecchi V, Anzilotti S, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Cepparulo P, Brancaccio P, Guida N, Blondeau N, Canzoniero LMT, Franco C, Amoroso S, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Ionic Homeostasis Maintenance in ALS: Focus on New Therapeutic Targets. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:510. [PMID: 30131665 PMCID: PMC6090999 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most threatening neurodegenerative disease since it causes muscular paralysis for the loss of Motor Neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Up until now, no effective pharmacological treatment is available. Two forms of ALS have been described so far: 90% of the cases presents the sporadic form (sALS) whereas the remaining 10% of the cases displays the familiar form (fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS is associated with inherited mutations in the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. In the last decade, ionic homeostasis dysregulation has been proposed as the main trigger of the pathological cascade that brings to motor-neurons loss. In the light of these premises, the present review will analyze the involvement in ALS pathophysiology of the most well studied metal ions, i.e., calcium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc, with particular focus to the role of ionic channels and transporters able to contribute in the regulation of ionic homeostasis, in order to propose new putative molecular targets for future therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the progression of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Cristina Franco
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Preconditioning, induced by sub-toxic dose of the neurotoxin L-BMAA, delays ALS progression in mice and prevents Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger 3 downregulation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29434186 PMCID: PMC5833681 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) is a phenomenon wherein a mild insult induces resistance to a later, severe injury. Although PC has been extensively studied in several neurological disorders, no studies have been performed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we hypothesize that a sub-toxic acute exposure to the cycad neurotoxin beta-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) is able to delay ALS progression in SOD1 G93A mice and that NCX3, a membrane transporter able to handle the deregulation of ionic homeostasis occurring during ALS, takes part to this neuroprotective effect. Preconditioning effect was examined on disease onset and duration, motor functions, and motor neurons in terms of functional declines and severity of histological damage in male and female mice. Our findings demonstrate that a sub-toxic dose of L-BMAA works as preconditioning stimulus and is able to delay ALS onset and to prolong ALS mice survival. Interestingly, preconditioning prevented NCX3 downregulation in SOD1 G93A mice spinal cord, leading to an increased number of motor neurons associated to a reduced astrogliosis, and reduced the denervation of neuromuscular junctions observed in SOD1 G93A mice. These protective effects were mitigated in ncx3+/− mice. This study established for the first time an animal model of preconditioning in ALS and candidates NCX3 as a new therapeutic target.
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Shibuya K, Simon NG, Geevasinga N, Menon P, Howells J, Park SB, Huynh W, Noto YI, Vucic S, Kiernan MC. The evolution of motor cortical dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1075-1082. [PMID: 28400096 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate alterations in cortical function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) related to disease progression. METHODS In total, clinical assessments were evaluated in 189 ALS patients, combined with assessment of cortical function utilising threshold tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results were compared with disease stage. Disease stage was defined in three ways: (1) as a proportion of disease duration in deceased patients; (2) from the time of ALS onset; and (3) using the ALS rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R). RESULTS Prospective studies in ALS patients demonstrated decreased neurophysiological index (p<0.0001) and decreased compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (p<0.0001), combined with abnormalities of central function including prolonged central motor conduction time (CMCT) (p<0.05), increased motor evoked potential/CMAP amplitude ratio (p<0.0001) and decreased short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) (p<0.001). SICI at 3ms (p<0.05, β=-0.21) and averaged SICI (p<0.05, β=-0.21) decreased with disease progression, measured using proportion of disease duration. Alternatively, using time from disease onset, CMCT prolonged with disease progression (p<0.01, β=0.25), while ALSFRS-R decline correlated with decreased SICI at 3ms (p<0.01, β=0.20). CONCLUSIONS Clinical measures combined with assessment of cortical function established that SICI decreased with disease progression. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may suggest dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil G Simon
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Parvathi Menon
- Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - James Howells
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - William Huynh
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu-Ichi Noto
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Australia
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Noto YI, Shibuya K, Vucic S, Kiernan MC. Novel therapies in development that inhibit motor neuron hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1147-54. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1197774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Kaus A, Sareen D. ALS Patient Stem Cells for Unveiling Disease Signatures of Motoneuron Susceptibility: Perspectives on the Deadly Mitochondria, ER Stress and Calcium Triad. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:448. [PMID: 26635528 PMCID: PMC4652136 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a largely sporadic progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motoneurons (MNs) whose specific etiology is incompletely understood. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP/TDP-43) and C9orf72, have been identified in subsets of familial and sporadic patients. Key associated molecular and neuropathological features include ubiquitinated TDP-43 inclusions, stress granules, aggregated dipeptide proteins from mutant C9orf72 transcripts, altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and an unfolded protein response (UPR). Such impairments have been documented in ALS animal models; however, whether these mechanisms are initiating factors or later consequential events leading to MN vulnerability in ALS patients is debatable. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a valuable tool that could resolve this “chicken or egg” causality dilemma. Relevant systems for probing pathophysiologically affected cells from large numbers of ALS patients and discovering phenotypic disease signatures of early MN susceptibility are described. Performing unbiased ‘OMICS and high-throughput screening in relevant neural cells from a cohort of ALS patient iPSCs, and rescuing mitochondrial and ER stress impairments, can identify targeted therapeutics for increasing MN longevity in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjoscha Kaus
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Board of Governors-Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; iPSC Core, The David and Janet Polak Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pepe D, Grassi M. Investigating perturbed pathway modules from gene expression data via structural equation models. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:132. [PMID: 24885496 PMCID: PMC4052286 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is currently accepted that the perturbation of complex intracellular networks, rather than the dysregulation of a single gene, is the basis for phenotypical diversity. High-throughput gene expression data allow to investigate changes in gene expression profiles among different conditions. Recently, many efforts have been made to individuate which biological pathways are perturbed, given a list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In order to understand these mechanisms, it is necessary to unveil the variation of genes in relation to each other, considering the different phenotypes. In this paper, we illustrate a pipeline, based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) that allowed to investigate pathway modules, considering not only deregulated genes but also the connections between the perturbed ones. Results The procedure was tested on microarray experiments relative to two neurological diseases: frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Starting from DEGs and dysregulated biological pathways, a model for each pathway was generated using databases information biological databases, in order to design how DEGs were connected in a causal structure. Successively, SEM analysis proved if pathways differ globally, between groups, and for specific path relationships. The results confirmed the importance of certain genes in the analyzed diseases, and unveiled which connections are modified among them. Conclusions We propose a framework to perform differential gene expression analysis on microarray data based on SEM, which is able to: 1) find relevant genes and perturbed biological pathways, investigating putative sub-pathway models based on the concept of disease module; 2) test and improve the generated models; 3) detect a differential expression level of one gene, and differential connection between two genes. This could shed light, not only on the mechanisms affecting variations in gene expression, but also on the causes of gene-gene relationship modifications in diseased phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pepe
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Cozzolino M, Carrì MT. Mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 97:54-66. [PMID: 21827820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present article, we review the many facets of mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease due to loss of upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord. Accumulating evidence from recent studies suggests that the many, interconnected facets of mitochondrial dysfunction may play a more significant role in the etiopathogenesis of this disorder than previously thought. This notion stems from our expanding knowledge of the complex physiology of mitochondria and of alteration of their properties that might confer an intrinsic susceptibility to long-lived, post-mitotic motor neurons to energy deficit, calcium mishandling and oxidative stress. The wealth of evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction as a major event in the pathology of ALS has prompted new studies aimed to the development of new mitochondria-targeted therapies. However, it is now clear that drugs targeting more than one aspect of mitochondrial dysfunction are needed to fight this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cozzolino
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Takahashi H, Brasnjevic I, Rutten BPF, Van Der Kolk N, Perl DP, Bouras C, Steinbusch HWM, Schmitz C, Hof PR, Dickstein DL. Hippocampal interneuron loss in an APP/PS1 double mutant mouse and in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:145-60. [PMID: 20213270 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy and neuron loss are commonly found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the fate in the AD hippocampus of subpopulations of interneurons that express the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) has not yet been properly assessed. Using quantitative stereologic methods, we analyzed the regional pattern of age-related loss of PV- and CR-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the hippocampus of mice that carry M233T/L235P knocked-in mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) and overexpress a mutated human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), namely, the APP(SL)/PS1 KI mice, as well as in APP(SL) mice and PS1 KI mice. We found a loss of PV-ir neurons (40-50%) in the CA1-2, and a loss of CR-ir neurons (37-52%) in the dentate gyrus and hilus of APP(SL)/PS1 KI mice. Interestingly, comparable PV- and CR-ir neuron losses were observed in the dentate gyrus of postmortem brain specimens obtained from patients with AD. The loss of these interneurons in AD may have substantial functional repercussions on local inhibitory processes in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Raghanti MA, Spocter MA, Butti C, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. A comparative perspective on minicolumns and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the neocortex. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:3. [PMID: 20161991 PMCID: PMC2820381 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.003.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical columns are functional and morphological units whose architecture may have been under selective evolutionary pressure in different mammalian lineages in response to encephalization and specializations of cognitive abilities. Inhibitory interneurons make a substantial contribution to the morphology and distribution of minicolumns within the cortex. In this context, we review differences in minicolumns and GABAergic interneurons among species and discuss possible implications for signaling among and within minicolumns. Furthermore, we discuss how abnormalities of both minicolumn disposition and inhibitory interneurons might be associated with neuropathological processes, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism, and schizophrenia. Specifically, we explore the possibility that phylogenetic variability in calcium-binding protein-expressing interneuron subtypes is directly related to differences in minicolumn morphology among species and might contribute to neuropathological susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University Kent, OH, USA
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Turner MR, Leigh PN. Positron emission tomography (PET) – its potential to provide surrogate markers in ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/54-14660820050515665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Type-Dependent Oxidative Damage in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Cortical Astrocytes Are Targets of Oxidative Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:1122-36. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31818e06f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Huey ED, Putnam KT, Grafman J. A systematic review of neurotransmitter deficits and treatments in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2006; 66:17-22. [PMID: 16401839 PMCID: PMC4499854 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurotransmitter deficiencies and neurotransmitter-based treatments for frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on the mechanism and treatment of FTD and a meta-analysis of treatment studies of antidepressants for the behavioral symptoms of FTD. RESULTS Patients with FTD show deficiencies in the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems, while the acetylcholine system appears relatively intact. Antidepressant treatment significantly improves behavioral symptoms in FTD, but most studies are small and uncontrolled. Serotonergic treatments appear to improve the behavioral but not cognitive symptoms of FTD. CONCLUSIONS Studies of neurotransmitter deficiencies in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) can be helpful in developing treatments. Treatment studies on FTD are scarce, given the prevalence and severity of this illness. Larger, well-controlled treatment studies are required to reach more definitive conclusions about treatment efficacy. Multicenter studies are likely the best way to complete treatment studies in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Huey
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NINDS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Maekawa S, Al-Sarraj S, Kibble M, Landau S, Parnavelas J, Cotter D, Everall I, Leigh PN. Cortical selective vulnerability in motor neuron disease: a morphometric study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:1237-51. [PMID: 15130949 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have revealed that the primary motor cortex (PMC) and the extramotor cortical areas are functionally abnormal in motor neuron disease (MND, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), but the nature of the cortical lesions that underlie these changes is poorly understood. In particular, there have been few attempts to quantify neuronal loss in the PMC and in other cortical areas in MND. We used SMI-32, an antibody against an epitope on non-phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, to analyse the size and density of SMI-32-positive cortical pyramidal neurons in layer V of the PMC, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in 13 MND and eight control subjects. There was a statistically significant reduction in the density of SMI-32-immunoreactive (IR) pyramidal neurons within cortical layer V in the PMC, the DLPFC and the ACC in MND subjects compared with controls [t (19) = 2.91, P = 0.009; estimated reduction 25%; 95% CI = 8%, 40%]. In addition, we studied the density and size of interneurons immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D(28K) (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) in the same areas (PMC, DLPFC and ACC). Statistically significant differences in the densities of CB-IR neurons were observed within cortical layers V (P = 0.003) and VI (P = 0.001) in MND cases compared with controls. The densities of CR- and PV-IR neurons were not significantly different between MND and control cases, although there were trends towards reductions of CR-IR neuronal density within the same layers and of PV-IR neuronal density within cortical layer VI. Loss of pyramidal neurons and of GABAergic interneurons is more widespread than has been appreciated and is present in areas associated with neuroimaging and cognitive abnormalities in MND. These findings support the notion that MND should be considered a multisystem disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maekawa
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Leigh PN, Simmons A, Williams S, Williams V, Turner M, Brooks D. Imaging: MRS/MRI/PET/SPECT: summary. AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS AND OTHER MOTOR NEURON DISORDERS : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD FEDERATION OF NEUROLOGY, RESEARCH GROUP ON MOTOR NEURON DISEASES 2003; 3 Suppl 1:S75-80. [PMID: 12396816 DOI: 10.1080/146608202320374372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Nigel Leigh
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Guy's King's and St Thomas's School of Medicine, London
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Lloyd CM, Richardson MP, Brooks DJ, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN. Extramotor involvement in ALS: PET studies with the GABA(A) ligand [(11)C]flumazenil. Brain 2000; 123 ( Pt 11):2289-96. [PMID: 11050028 DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.11.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the benzodiazepine GABA(A) marker [(11)C] flumazenil to study cerebral dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with PET. Seventeen non-demented patients with clinically definite or probable ALS were scanned and statistical parametric maps were derived to localize changes in regional flumazenil volumes of distribution (FMZVD), which correlate closely with receptor density (B(max)), and the results were compared with those of 17 controls. The ALS group showed statistically significant decreases in relative FMZVD in the prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 10 bilaterally), parietal cortex (area 7 bilaterally), visual association cortex (area 18 bilaterally) and left motor/premotor cortex (including area 4) (P < 0.001). Relative reductions in FMZVD were also seen in the left ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 45, 46 and 47), Broca's area and the right temporal (area 21) and right visual association cortex (area 19). These observations suggest that cerebral dysfunction in ALS involves motor/premotor and extramotor areas, particularly the prefrontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine and the Institute of Psychiatry, Medical Research Council Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital and Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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21
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The Anatomy of Dementias. Cereb Cortex 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4885-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Morrison BM, Gordon JW, Ripps ME, Morrison JH. Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of the spinal cord in G86R superoxide dismutase transgenic mice: neurochemical correlates of selective vulnerability. J Comp Neurol 1996; 373:619-31. [PMID: 8889947 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960930)373:4<619::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice with a G86R mutation in the mouse superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene, which corresponds to a mutation that has been observed in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), display progressive loss of motor function and provide a valuable model of ALS. The pathology in the spinal cords of these mice was evaluated to determine whether there are chemically identified populations of neurons that are either highly vulnerable or resistant to degeneration. Qualitatively, there were phosphorylated neurofilament protein (NFP)-immunoreactive inclusions and a pronounced loss of motoneurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord without the presence of vacuoles that has been reported in other SOD-1 transgenic mice. Neuron counts from SOD-1 and control spinal cords revealed that the percentage loss of NFP-, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-, and calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive neurons was greater than the percentage loss of total neurons, suggesting that these neuronal groups are particularly vulnerable in SOD-1 transgenic mice. In contrast, calbindin-containing neurons did not degenerate significantly and represent a protected population of neurons. Quantitative double-labeling experiments suggested that the vulnerability of ChAT- and CR-immunoreactive neurons was due primarily to the presence of NFP within a subset of these neurons, which degenerated preferentially to ChAT- and CR-immunoreactive neurons that did not colocalize with NFP. Our findings suggest that NFP, which has been demonstrated previously to be involved mechanistically in motoneuron degeneration, may also be important in the mechanism of degeneration that is initiated by the SOD-1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Morrison
- Laboratory for Neurobiology of Aging, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Ouchi Y, Nagahama Y, Kimura J, Asato R, Konishi J. Corpus callosum atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1995; 134:189-96. [PMID: 8747865 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested widespread involvement of the cerebral regions other than the primary motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To investigate atrophy of the corpus callosum as a measure of cerebral pathology, we studied 25 right-handed patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using magnetic resonance imaging. Five patients had cognitive decline or emotional and personality changes. The ratios of mid-sagittal corpus callosum areas to the midline internal skull surface area on T1-weighted images were analysed. Compared with 25 age- and sex-matched right-handed control subjects, the patients had significantly decreased callosal/skull area ratio, with anterior predominance of the degree of atrophy. The patients with cognitive decline or psychiatric symptoms had substantial atrophy of the anterior fourth of the corpus callosum. These findings suggest that atrophy of the corpus callosum, especially in the anterior half, is present in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and that severe atrophy in the anterior fourth is associated with cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Callosal atrophy may reflect the widespread distribution of pathological changes in the cerebral cortex, which are accentuated in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamauchi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ferrer I, Olivé M, Rivera R, Pou A, Narberhaus B, Ugarte A. Hereditary spastic paraparesis with dementia, amyotrophy and peripheral neuropathy. A neuropathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21:255-61. [PMID: 7477734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary, probably autosomal recessive, spastic paraparesis in two siblings was associated with dementia of frontal lobe type, amyotrophy and peripheral sensory and motor polyneuropathy. Neuropathological findings correlate with neurological deficits, although neuron loss in the caudate and putamen, substantia nigra, and loss of Purkinje cells were clinically silent. Loss of neurons occurred in all cortical layers of the prefrontal lobe and superior temporal gyrus. Immunohistochemical studies showed reduced parvalbumin immunoreactivity in dendrites, and reduced numbers of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive cells, thus suggesting involvement of cortical local-circuit neurons. Myelin loss, ubiquitin-immunoreactive granular deposits, and nerve fibre degeneration in the white matter of the frontal lobes and corpus callosum were also observed. Cerebral and subcortical white matter abnormalities, together with atrophy of the thalamic dorsomedial complex and anterior nucleus, may have accounted for the development of severe dementia in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Unidad Neuropatología, Hospital Príncipes España, Universidad Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Giannakopoulos P, Hof PR, Bouras C. Dementia lacking distinctive histopathology: clinicopathological evaluation of 32 cases. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 89:346-55. [PMID: 7610766 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the neuropathological findings in 32 patients, aged 46-86 years, with dementia lacking distinctive histopathology. All of the patients were classified clinically as having Pick's or atypical Pick's disease, but the routine neuropathological evaluation showed no specific histopathological changes such as Pick bodies, senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles or Lewy bodies. In 50% of the cases the first symptoms appeared before 65 years of age. However, there were 9 patients with onset in the eighth decade. Positive family history was found only in 6 presenile cases. The retrospective evaluation of the clinical records revealed the consistent presence of "frontal" symptomatology, including loss of personal awareness, inappropriate euphoria and stereotyped behavior. Speech disorders were observed in 80% of the cases, whereas temporospatial disorientation and memory impairment were less frequent. Praxis and gnosis were strikingly preserved in most of the cases. The macroscopic neuropathological examination revealed frontal or temporopolar atrophy in 97% of the cases, while the hippocampus and subcortical structures were relatively spared in the majority of the cases. Histologically, four groups were recognized. Group A showed moderate to severe neuron loss and gliosis in the frontal and/or temporopolar cortex without subcortical involvement. In group B, the neocortical cell loss was widespread, and the striatum and substantia nigra displayed differential degrees of gliosis but no neuron loss. Group C patients showed a lesion distribution comparable to that observed in group B but with severe neuron loss in at least one subcortical region. Four cases formed group D, which was characterized by the preservation of the pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and variable subcortical changes. Despite these differences in the topography of pathological changes, all of the cases shared a similar clinical profile. These findings further demonstrate the epidemiological and neuropathological heterogeneity of dementia lacking distinctive histopathology. Furthermore, they suggest that the same clinical manifestations may correspond to several distinct pathological processes in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giannakopoulos
- Geriatric Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
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Reiner A, Medina L, Figueredo-Cardenas G, Anfinson S. Brainstem motoneuron pools that are selectively resistant in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are preferentially enriched in parvalbumin: evidence from monkey brainstem for a calcium-mediated mechanism in sporadic ALS. Exp Neurol 1995; 131:239-50. [PMID: 7895823 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(95)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Some brainstem motoneuron groups appear more resistant to the process of neurodegeneration in ALS (for example, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei) than others (for example, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal nuclei). The possibility that the differential presence of the calcium-chelating protein parvalbumin might underlie this difference in vulnerability was examined immunohistochemically as a way to determine whether a calcium-mediated mechanism might be involved in ALS. In normal monkey brainstem, we found that the abundance of parvalbumin-containing neurons in the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei was approximately 90% of the abundance of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT)-containing motoneurons. In contrast, the abundance of parvalbumin-containing neurons in the other brainstem motor nuclei innervating skeletal muscle (trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal) was only about 30-60% of the abundance of CHAT-containing motoneurons. Since some of these motoneuron pools contain nonmotoneuron internuclear neurons that might be parvalbumin-containing, we also carried out double-label studies to specifically determine the percentage of cholinergic motoneurons that contained parvalbumin in each of these motoneuron pools. We found that 85-100% of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens motoneurons were parvalbumin-containing. In contrast, only 20-30% of the trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal motoneurons were parvalbumin-containing. These results raise the possibility that motoneuron death in sporadic ALS is related to some defect that promotes cytosolic calcium accumulation in motoneurons. This excess calcium entry may promote cell death via an excitotoxic pathway. Motoneurons rich in parvalbumin may resist the deleterious effects of this putative calcium gating defect because they are better able to sequester the excess calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee at Memphis 38163, USA
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Kato S, Oda M, Hayashi H, Kawata A, Shimizu T. Participation of the limbic system and its associated areas in the dementia of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1994; 126:62-9. [PMID: 7836949 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The topographic distribution of degenerative changes in large brain sections from five sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with dementia and three without dementia was examined. The dementia characteristics were impaired shifting from one line of thinking to another, perseveration, and emotional disinhibition as well as impairment of cognition, and judgment. Neuropathological examinations showed definite ALS changes in all the patients studied. In addition, the five patients with dementia showed neuronal loss, gliosis, and sponginess of the superficial layers throughout the cerebral cortices, predominantly in the dorsomedial cortex of the temporal tip and the parahippocampal, ambiens, anterior cingulate, rectal, orbital, and insular gyri as well as neuronal loss in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and subiculum of the hippocampus. Ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions were present in some neurons in the granular cell layers of the hippocampus. Fibrous gliosis was extensive in the subcortical and deep white matter of the frontotemporal lobes. The affected regions take in the limbic system and its associated areas which are the sources of the psychological problems, including emotional disturbance, experienced by these ALS patients. The psychological problems of ALS need to be investigated in relation to the involvement of the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Japan
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Ferrer I, Casas R, Rivera R. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive cortical neurons in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 1993; 34:864-6. [PMID: 8250537 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410340617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Massive abnormalities of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cortical neurons were observed in the cerebral biopsy samples of 3 patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Immunoreactive cells had reduced and short, often fragmented, dendrites, and large numbers of dendritic varicosities were observed. Since parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons are the most important inhibitory cells in the cerebral cortex, the damage to these neurons may account, in part, for the impaired cortical function, and may play a role in the appearance of myoclonus and electroencephalographic patterns in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Unidad de Neuropatología, Hospital Príncipes de España, Universidad de Barcelona
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