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Zhou M, Peng L, Wang J, Cao R, Ou Z, Fang Y. Cadmium exposure and the risk of GDM: evidence emerging from the systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77253-77274. [PMID: 35672642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become a global concern for its severe adverse effects on both mother and fetus. Recent epidemiological studies reported inconsistent results of the association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and GDM. Therefore, a systematic review and meta- analysis were performed. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and SpringerLink were searched up to July 2021. Observational studies containing the adjusted relative risks between Cd exposure and GDM were included in the quantitative synthesis. The retrieval comprised 218 articles out of which 11 met our criteria and 9 were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total of 32,392 subjects (2881 GDM). In total, Cd exposure might increase the risk of GDM in some extent (OR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.89, 1.64]), even without statistical significance in high heterogeneity (Q = 28.45, p < 0.05, I2 = 71.9%). Filtering two outliers indicated by Galbraith plot yielded a similar risk (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.02, 1.39]) with statistical significance. However, the heterogeneity among studies was obviously reduced (Q = 11.75, p = 0.068, I2 = 48.9%). Additionally, biological specimen, study design, and diagnostic criteria contributed to the high heterogeneity according to the subgroup analysis. Since some important results do not deny that Cd exposure increases the risk of GDM, high-quality multi-centered large cohort studies are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lianqi Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingming Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zixuan Ou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiwei Fang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Dartey E, Berlinger B, Weinbruch S, Thomassen Y, Odland JØ, Brox J, Nartey VK, Yeboah FA, Ellingsen DG. Essential and non-essential trace elements among working populations in Ghana. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:279-287. [PMID: 28965588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead battery repair workers (LBRW) and electronic repair workers (ERW) may be exposed to inorganic components during work. This study aimed at determining essential and non-essential trace elements in male LBRW, ERW, referents and a group of female petty traders (FPT) in Kumasi (Ghana), taking into account iron status and inflammation. METHODS Altogether 64 LBRW, 64 ERW, 65 referents and 26 FPT were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Urine, whole blood and serum were collected for determination of trace elements. C-reactive protein and ferritin were determined in serum. RESULTS The LBRW had higher blood concentrations of manganese (B-Mn) and lead (B-Pb) and antimony in urine (U-Sb), and lower concentrations of cobalt in blood (B-Co). Being ERW was associated with higher concentrations of blood cadmium (B-Cd), urinary tin (U-Sn) and serum chromium (S-Cr). Concentrations of selenium (B-Se), Co and mercury (B-Hg) in whole blood and iodine in urine (U-I) were relatively high. Marginal iron status appeared to be a determinant for elevated concentrations of Co in particular, but also Mn and Cd in blood. Systemic inflammation was associated with the concentrations of copper and Se. The concentrations of Hg in whole blood were highly associated with Se and arsenic (As) in whole blood, indicating fish consumption as a common source of intake of these elements. However, Hg in whole blood was only slightly associated with Se in serum. CONCLUSIONS The ERW had elevated concentrations of B-Cd, S-Cr, and U-Sn, while B-Mn, B-Pb, and U-Sb concentrations were higher among the LBRW. Iron status and inflammation had substantial impact on some element concentration. This population had high concentrations of B-Se, B-Hg and B-Co and U-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dartey
- Faculty of Science and Environment Education, University of Education, Winneba, Mampong, Ashanti, Ghana
| | | | - Stephan Weinbruch
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Jon Ø Odland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Brox
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vincent K Nartey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis A Yeboah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Vervaet BA, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. Environmental toxin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 2017; 10:747-758. [PMID: 29225803 PMCID: PMC5716161 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to various potentially toxic agents and conditions in their natural and occupational environments. The kidney, due to its concentrating ability and excretory function, is highly vulnerable to the effects of environmental toxins. Identifying the precise cause and mechanisms of environmentally induced renal injury remains a challenge for which various scientific disciplines need to be involved. Investigations in this field are confronted with the apparent infinite types of toxins, their mutual interaction, handling/metabolization by the body, ways of exposure, etc. Although interdisciplinary efforts and persistence are required to identify, mechanistically unravel and tackle environmental toxin-induced pathologies, research eventually pays off in ameliorated working/living conditions and development of preventive/therapeutic strategies. This review was compiled to particularly emphasize the need for a maintained awareness of environmental threats in general and those targeting the kidney. Different mechanisms of renal toxicity are illustrated and discussed, thereby focusing on three types of environmental toxins, namely aristolochic acid, melamine and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Vervaet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D’Haese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Murphy D, Hutchinson D. Is Male Rheumatoid Arthritis an Occupational Disease? A Review. Open Rheumatol J 2017; 11:88-105. [PMID: 28932330 PMCID: PMC5585464 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901711010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, inflammatory disease with an estimated global prevalence of 0.3–1.0%. An unexplained association exists between low formal education and the development of RA independent of smoking. It is established that RA is initiated in the lungs and that various occupations associated with dust, fume and metal inhalation can increase the risk of RA development. Objective: The objective of this review is to evaluate published clinical reports related to occupations associated with RA development. We highlight the concept of a “double-hit” phenomenon involving adsorption of toxic metals from cigarette smoke by dust residing in the lung as a result of various work exposures. We discuss the relevant pathophysiological consequences of these inhalational exposures in relation to RA associated autoantibody production. Method: A thorough literature search was performed using available databases including Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane database to cover all relative reports, using combinations of keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated peptide antibody silica, dust, fumes, metals, cadmium, cigarette smoking, asbestos, mining, bronchial associated lymphoid tissue, heat shock protein 70, and adsorption. Conclusion: We postulate that the inhalation of dust, metals and fumes is a significant trigger factor for RA development in male patients and that male RA should be considered an occupational disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of occupations as a risk factor for RA in relation to the potential underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Murphy
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3LH, UK.,University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall Campus, Knowledge Spa, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, UK.,St. Austell Healthcare Group, Wheal Northey Surgery, St Austell, Cornwall, PL25 3EF, UK
| | - David Hutchinson
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3LH, UK.,University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall Campus, Knowledge Spa, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, UK
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Adams SV, Shafer MM, Bonner MR, LaCroix AZ, Manson JE, Meliker JR, Neuhouser ML, Newcomb PA. Urinary Cadmium and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:815-23. [PMID: 27037269 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that may act as an exogenous estrogenic hormone. Environmental cadmium exposure has been associated with risk of breast cancer in retrospective studies. We prospectively assessed the relationship between cadmium exposure, evaluated by creatinine-normalized urinary cadmium concentration, and invasive breast cancer among 12,701 postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in a Women's Health Initiative study of bone mineral density. After a median of 13.2 years of follow-up (1993-2010), 508 cases of invasive breast cancer and 1,050 comparison women were identified for a case-cohort analysis. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with urinary cadmium parameterized either in quartiles (comparing highest quartile with lowest, hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 1.14; P for trend = 0.20) or as a log-transformed continuous variable (per 2-fold higher urinary cadmium concentration, hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.03). We did not observe an association between urinary cadmium and breast cancer risk in any subgroup examined, including never smokers and women with body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) less than 25. Results were consistent in both estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Our results do not support the hypothesis that environmental cadmium exposure is associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Byber K, Lison D, Verougstraete V, Dressel H, Hotz P. Cadmium or cadmium compounds and chronic kidney disease in workers and the general population: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:191-240. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1076375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Moitra S, Chakraborty K, Bhattacharyya A, Sahu S. Impact of occupational cadmium exposure on spirometry, sputum leukocyte count, and lung cell DNA damage among Indian goldsmiths. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:617-24. [PMID: 25800173 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is frequently used in manual jewelry industries. Although its toxicity on lung function is well-known, the mechanism is not well-understood. METHODS Among 26 goldsmiths exposed to cadmium (mean age 35.9 ± 5.0 years) and 17 referent workers without direct exposure (36.6 ± 6.6 years), we measured blood and urinary cadmium concentration and performed spirometry and quantified leukocytes and comet formation in the cells from spontaneously expectorated sputum samples. RESULTS The goldsmiths had higher cadmium concentration in urine (mean 6.14 ± 1.63 vs. 0.47 ± 0.17 μg/dl) and blood (0.90 ± 0.23 vs. 0.02 ± 0.007 μg/dl) than the referents, which were inversely associated with FEV1 /FVC. Cadmium exposure also resulted in higher neutrophils (%) and lower macrophage (%) prevalence in the sputum and also caused substantial DNA damage in the lung cells among the goldsmiths than the referents (69 vs. 14%). CONCLUSION Altered lung function among cadmium-exposed goldsmiths was associated with enhanced inflammatory response and increased cellular DNA damage in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Moitra
- Ergonomics & Occupational Physiology Laboratory; Department of Physiology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani India
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory; Chest Research Foundation; Pune India
| | - Kaustav Chakraborty
- Immunology Laboratory; Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata India
| | | | - Subhashis Sahu
- Ergonomics & Occupational Physiology Laboratory; Department of Physiology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani India
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Moitra S, Brashier BB, Sahu S. Occupational cadmium exposure-associated oxidative stress and erythrocyte fragility among jewelry workers in India. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:1064-72. [PMID: 24812026 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium-induced pulmonary and renal target organ effects are well-established although its association with oxidative stress and associated hematological effects for human toxicity remain understudied. METHODS In a population of cadmium-exposed male jewelry manufacturing workers (n = 32) and referents without direct exposure (n = 21), all with urinary cadmium quantification, we measured plasma antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), erythrocyte fragility, and surface irregularity of the erythrocyte membrane. RESULTS Compared to referents, exposed workers manifested significantly lower plasma antioxidant enzymes, and increased malondialdehyde and erythrocyte fragility (for all, P < 0.01). Consistent with the exposure subcategories, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were reduced and lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte fragility were enhanced (P < 0.01 for all) in terms of Cd-effect indicating a strong impact on hematological system and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Cd exposure contributes to oxidative stress and related erythrocyte effects thus making the hematological system another end-organ target for chronic Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Moitra
- Ergonomics & Occupational Physiology Laboratory; Department of Physiology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani India
- Chest Research Foundation; Pune India
| | | | - Subhashis Sahu
- Ergonomics & Occupational Physiology Laboratory; Department of Physiology; University of Kalyani; Kalyani India
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Adams SV, Newcomb PA. Cadmium blood and urine concentrations as measures of exposure: NHANES 1999-2010. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:163-70. [PMID: 24002489 PMCID: PMC4079252 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium, a heavy metal present in cigarettes, can be assessed in both urine and blood. Few studies have compared the properties of concurrent measurements of urine cadmium (uCd) and blood cadmium (bCd) in relation to the duration and timing of a known exposure. In this study, bCd and uCd were modeled with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2010). Adjusted geometric mean bCd and uCd were estimated from regression results. Each 1% higher geometric mean uCd was associated with 0.50% (95% confidence interval: 0.47%-0.54%; R(2)=0.30) higher bCd. In male never-smokers, bCd was 69% (59%-81%) and uCd was 200% (166%-234%) higher at age ≥70 years versus 20-29 years. Ten pack-years (py) of smoking were associated with 13.7% (10.0%-17.4%) higher bCd and 16.8% (12.6%-21.1%) higher uCd in male smokers. The first year after smoking cessation was associated with 53% (48%-58%) lower bCd and 23% (14%-33%) lower uCd in representative males aged 55 years with 20 py smoking. Smoking in the previous 5 days was associated with 55% (40%-71%) higher bCd and 7% (-3%-18%) higher uCd. Results were similar for women. uCd mainly measures long-term exposure and bCd recent exposure, but with noticeable overlap. Epidemiological studies should base the choice of uCd or bCd on the timing of cadmium exposure relevant to the disease under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V. Adams
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hambach R, Lison D, D'Haese PC, Weyler J, De Graef E, De Schryver A, Lamberts LV, van Sprundel M. Co-exposure to lead increases the renal response to low levels of cadmium in metallurgy workers. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:233-8. [PMID: 23806787 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research on the effect of co-exposure to Cd and Pb on the kidney is scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of co-exposure to these metals on biomarkers of early renal effect. METHODS Cd in blood (Cd-B), Cd in urine (Cd-U), Pb in blood (Pb-B) and urinary renal biomarkers, i.e., microalbumin (μ-Alb), beta-2-microglobulin (β₂-MG), retinol binding protein (RBP), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were measured in 122 metallurgic refinery workers examined in a cross-sectional survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The median Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-B were: 0.8 μg/l (IQR = 0.5, 1.2), 0.5 μg/g creatinine (IQR = 0.3, 0.8) and 158.5 μg/l (IQR = 111.0, 219.3), respectively. The impact of Cd-B on the urinary excretion of NAG and IAP was only evident among workers with Pb-B concentrations ≥ 75th percentile. The association between Cd-U and the renal markers NAG and RBP was also evidenced when Pb-B ≥ 75th percentile. No statistically significant interaction terms were observed for the associations between Cd-B or Cd-U and the other renal markers under study (i.e., μ-Alb and β2-MG). Our findings indicate that Pb increases the impact of Cd exposure on early renal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hambach
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Moitra S, Blanc PD, Sahu S. Adverse respiratory effects associated with cadmium exposure in small-scale jewellery workshops in India. Thorax 2013; 68:565-70. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Akerstrom M, Barregard L, Lundh T, Sallsten G. The relationship between cadmium in kidney and cadmium in urine and blood in an environmentally exposed population. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:286-93. [PMID: 23454399 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to the kidney and a major part of the body burden occurs here. Cd in urine (U-Cd) and blood (B-Cd) are widely-used biomarkers for assessing Cd exposure or body burden. However, empirical general population data on the relationship between Cd in kidney (K-Cd), urine, and blood are scarce. Our objectives were to determine the relationship between cadmium in kidney, urine, and blood, and calculate the elimination half-time of Cd from the kidney. METHODS Kidney cortex biopsies, urine, and blood samples were collected from 109 living kidney donors. Cd concentrations were determined and the relationships between K-Cd, U-Cd, and B-Cd were investigated in regression models. The half-time of K-Cd was estimated from the elimination constant. RESULTS There was a strong association between K-Cd and U-Cd adjusted for creatinine (rp=0.70, p<0.001), while the association with B-Cd was weaker (rp=0.44, p<0.001). The relationship between K-Cd and U-Cd was nonlinear, with slower elimination of Cd at high K-Cd. Estimates of the K-Cd half-time varied between 18 and 44years. A K-Cd of 25μg/g corresponds to U-Cd of 0.42μg/g creatinine in overnight urine (U-Cd/K-Cd ratio: about 1:60). Multivariate models showed Cd in blood and urinary albumin as determinants for U-Cd excretion. DISCUSSION In healthy individuals with low-level Cd exposure, there was a strong correlation between Cd in kidney and urine, especially after adjustment for creatinine. Urinary Cd was also affected by Cd in blood and urinary albumin. Previous estimates of the U-Cd/K-Cd ratio may underestimate K-Cd at low U-Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Akerstrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Adams SV, Passarelli MN, Newcomb PA. Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort. Occup Environ Med 2011; 69:153-6. [PMID: 22068173 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2011-100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) cohort to investigate the relationship between cadmium exposure and cancer mortality, and the specific cancers associated with cadmium exposure, in the general population. METHODS Vital status and cause of death through 31 December 2006 were obtained by the National Center for Health Statistics for NHANES III participants. The cadmium concentration of spot urine samples was measured and corrected for urine creatinine (uCd). Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the time metric was applied to estimate sex-specific adjusted HRs (aHRs) of mortality associated with uCd for all cancers and the cancers responsible for the most deaths in the USA. Estimates were stratified by smoking history and adjusted for education, body mass index and race. RESULTS uCd was associated with cancer mortality (aHR per twofold higher uCd (95% CI), men: 1.26 (1.07 to 1.48); women: 1.21 (1.04 to 1.42)). In men, mortality from lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma was associated with uCd; an association with leukaemia mortality was suggested. In women, associations were suggested with mortality due to lung cancer, leukaemia, ovarian and uterine cancer, but evidence was weaker than in men. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium appears to be associated with overall cancer mortality in men and women, but the specific cancers associated differ between men and women, suggesting avenues for future research. Limitations of the study include the possibility of uncontrolled confounding by cigarette smoking or other factors, and the limited number of deaths due to some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Adams
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Prestwich WV, McNeill FE, Waker AJ. Monte Carlo simulation of neutron irradiation facility developed for accelerator based in vivo neutron activation measurements in human hand bones. Appl Radiat Isot 2006; 64:63-84. [PMID: 16122932 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neutron irradiation facility developed at the McMaster University 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator was employed to assess in vivo elemental content of aluminum and manganese in human hands. These measurements were carried out to monitor the long-term exposure of these potentially toxic trace elements through hand bone levels. The dose equivalent delivered to a patient during irradiation procedure is the limiting factor for IVNAA measurements. This article describes a method to estimate the average radiation dose equivalent delivered to the patient's hand during irradiation. The computational method described in this work augments the dose measurements carried out earlier [Arnold et al., 2002. Med. Phys. 29(11), 2718-2724]. This method employs the Monte Carlo simulation of hand irradiation facility using MCNP4B. Based on the estimated dose equivalents received by the patient hand, the proposed irradiation procedure for the IVNAA measurement of manganese in human hands [Arnold et al., 2002. Med. Phys. 29(11), 2718-2724] with normal (1 ppm) and elevated manganese content can be carried out with a reasonably low dose of 31 mSv to the hand. Sixty-three percent of the total dose equivalent is delivered by non-useful fast group (> 10 keV); the filtration of this neutron group from the beam will further decrease the dose equivalent to the patient's hand.
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Polkowska Ż, Kozłowska K, Namieśnik J, Przyjazny A. Biological Fluids as a Source of Information on the Exposure of Man to Environmental Chemical Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340490475911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Burbure C, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Leroyer A, Nisse C, Haguenoer JM, Bergamaschi E, Mutti A. Biomarkers of renal effects in children and adults with low environmental exposure to heavy metals. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:783-798. [PMID: 12746126 DOI: 10.1080/15287390306384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of chronic exposure to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury are widely documented, yet few data exist about the renal impact of low environmental exposure to these metals, particularly in children. The aim of this study was to assess renal parameters in children and adults living in an environment known for its past heavy metal contamination around two nonferrous smelters in northern France (Noyelles-Godault and Auby) and to compare their results with age and gender-matched controls living in neighboring municipalities with unpolluted soil (total: 400 children, 600 adults, sex ratio = 1). The integrity of renal function was assessed by measuring the urinary excretion levels of total protein, albumin, transferrin, beta(2)-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, brush border antigen, and the enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). The mean blood concentrations of lead (Pb-B, children </=42.2 micro/L, adults </=71.3. micro/L) and of cadmium (Cd-B, children </=0.52 microg/L, adults 0.86 microg/L) were all relatively low, indicating a low uptake of these heavy metals from the environment despite relatively high levels in soil (between 100 and 1700 ppm for lead and 0.7 to 233 ppm for cadmium). Pb-B levels were, however, significantly increased in boys, girls, and women--but not men--living in the polluted area. Boys, men, and women living in the polluted area had also on average higher Cd-B levels. The concentrations of mercury in urine (Hg-U) were by contrast similar in control and exposed groups. None of the renal parameters studied showed a significant difference between control and exposed groups. The influence of heavy metals on renal parameters was further assessed by stepwise multiple regression, testing Pb-B, Cd-B, Hg-U, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), urinary creatinine levels, and area of residence as predictors in both children and adults, including first-order metal interaction terms, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption in adults. The only positive correlation was found between the urinary excretion of NAG activity (standardized for BMI and urinary creatinine) and Cd-B levels when taking the whole children population, indicating that even low cadmium burdens may produce subtle effects on the proximal tubule in children, although deleterious consequences are unlikely should exposure not increase. However, in the absence of other positive findings even after studying the smaller subgroups with higher levels of heavy metals, these results are clearly indicative of the minimal renal impact of living around nonferrous smelters that are currently complying with pollution regulations, even when soil contamination is still high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire de Burbure
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Alfvén T, Järup L, Elinder CG. Cadmium and lead in blood in relation to low bone mineral density and tubular proteinuria. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2002; 110:699-702. [PMID: 12117647 PMCID: PMC1240916 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.110-1240916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to cadmium may cause kidney and bone damage. Urinary cadmium is commonly used as the dose estimate for the body burden of cadmium. However, elevated levels of cadmium in the urine may reflect not only high levels of cadmium dose but also renal dysfunction. In this study we used blood cadmium as the dose estimate. In addition, we analyzed blood lead. We examined 479 men and 542 women, ages 16-81 years, who were environmentally or occupationally exposed to cadmium and lead. We used urinary protein alpha 1-microglobulin as a marker for tubular proteinuria and measured forearm bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between blood cadmium and tubular proteinuria was strong, even when we excluded occupationally exposed participants. The subgroup with the highest blood cadmium levels had a 4-fold risk of tubular proteinuria compared to the subgroup with the lowest blood cadmium levels. In the older age group (age > 60), the risk of low bone mineral density (z-score < -1) for the subgroup with the highest blood cadmium levels was almost 3-fold compared to the group with lowest blood cadmium levels. We found no similar associations for lead. The observed effects may be caused by higher cadmium exposure in the past. This study strengthens previous evidence that cadmium exposure may affect both bone mineral density and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alfvén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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