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Blikra MJ, Aakre I, Rigutto-Farebrother J. Consequences of acute and long-term excessive iodine intake: A literature review focusing on seaweed as a potential dietary iodine source. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70037. [PMID: 39379288 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Macroalgae, also called seaweed, are becoming more widespread as food in Western diets. Seaweed can accumulate iodine, an essential nutrient for humans. However, some species of seaweed may contain very high amounts of iodine, and therefore, iodine has been identified as one of the major hazards in the seaweed food chain. Macroalgae may be consumed regularly, though many consumers report eating macroalgae only occasionally. The aim of this paper is to explore possible health consequences of excessive iodine intake according to long-term (chronic) or occasional (acute) excessive exposure to iodine, relating to a regular (chronic) or occasional (acute) seaweed intake, respectively. Furthermore, through a modeling exercise, we add different amounts of seaweed to the diet in a population group to explore the possible safe amounts that can be added without exceeding excessive iodine intakes and risking detrimental health effects. Chronic excessive iodine intakes were associated with several negative health outcomes at variable doses in various studies. For acute excessive iodine exposure, negative health effects seemed to be associated with higher iodine exposures. However, the research on this topic was limited. The chronic and acute iodine exposures needed to result in negative health outcomes may easily be ingested by macroalgae consumption. Adding seaweed to the diet must be done thoughtfully to avoid the risk of exceeding thresholds for excessive iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of seafood and nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jessica Rigutto-Farebrother
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Suzuki R, Suzuki S. Povidone-iodine-induced transient triiodothyronine thyrotoxicosis in a Japanese patient with prolonged habitual gargling: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34631. [PMID: 37653786 PMCID: PMC10470704 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and triiodothyronine (T3) thyrotoxicosis in patients who routinely gargle with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) gargling solution are rare in Japan. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old man presented to our hospital for a close examination of an enlarged thyroid, which was noted during a complete health checkup. The thyroid was slightly enlarged with no palpable nodules. He had an increased appetite but no weight gain. He had been routinely gargling with PVP-I gargling solution 4 times daily for >10 years. He had no history of thyroid disease. DIAGNOSES Test results revealed suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone, normal free thyroxine, and increased free triiodothyronine levels, leading to the diagnosis of T3 thyrotoxicosis. INTERVENTIONS The patient agreed to stop gargling with PVP-I gargle solution. OUTCOMES The free triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels returned to normal at 18 and 21 weeks, respectively, after discontinuation of PVP-I gargling. After an improvement in thyroid function, he gained 5 kg in 1 year. LESSONS To our knowledge, this is the first case report that describes PVP-I gargle-induced T3 thyrotoxicosis in a healthy individual without thyroid disease. In Japan, which is an iodine-sufficient country, considering the possibility of high-dose iodine intake-induced thyrotoxicosis due to long-term PVP-I gargling or other causes is necessary, even in individuals with no history of thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hitotsubashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Suzuki
- Emeritus Professor at Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Keleszade E, Patterson M, Trangmar S, Guinan KJ, Costabile A. Clinical Efficacy of Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in the Prevention or Delay Progression of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Trials. Molecules 2021; 26:714. [PMID: 33573121 PMCID: PMC7866543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global public health problem affecting nearly 25.9% of the world population characterised by a cluster of disorders dominated by abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, hypertriacylglycerolaemia and low HDL-cholesterol. In recent years, marine organisms, especially seaweeds, have been highlighted as potential natural sources of bioactive compounds and useful metabolites, with many biological and physiological activities to be used in functional foods or in human nutraceuticals for the management of MetS and related disorders. Of the three groups of seaweeds, brown seaweeds are known to contain more bioactive components than either red and green seaweeds. Among the different brown seaweed species, Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus have the highest antioxidant values and highest total phenolic content. However, the evidence base relies mainly on cell line and small animal models, with few studies to date involving humans. This review intends to provide an overview of the potential of brown seaweed extracts Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus for the management and prevention of MetS and related conditions, based on the available evidence obtained from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Keleszade
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (E.K.); (M.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Michael Patterson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (E.K.); (M.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Steven Trangmar
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (E.K.); (M.P.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Adele Costabile
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (E.K.); (M.P.); (S.T.)
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Lai J, Hunter-Orange J, Clemens KK. Hyperthyroidism following the ingestion of natural health products. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:634-635. [PMID: 31515312 PMCID: PMC6741788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lai
- Undergraduate student in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Western University in London, Ont
| | - Jessica Hunter-Orange
- Family physician and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Family Medicine and the Department of Surgery at Western University
| | - Kristin K Clemens
- Endocrinologist and Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Western University.
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Lai J, Hunter-Orange J, Clemens KK. [Not Available]. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:e386-e388. [PMID: 31515324 PMCID: PMC6741801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lai
- Étudiante de premier cycle au Département de physiologie et de pharmacologie de l'Université Western à London (Ontario)
| | - Jessica Hunter-Orange
- Médecin de famille et professeure adjointe au Département de médecine familiale et au Département de chirurgie de l'Université Western
| | - Kristin K Clemens
- Endocrinologue et professeure adjointe au Département de médecine et au Département d'épidémiologie et de biostatistique de l'Université Western.
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Gyamfi ET. Metals and metalloids in traditional medicines (Ayurvedic medicines, nutraceuticals and traditional Chinese medicines). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15767-15778. [PMID: 31004267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional medicine (TM) including Ayurvedic medicines, traditional Chinese medicines and nutraceuticals are popular across the globe as dietary supplements and traditional and alternative medicines. Health risks from these remedies continue to present serious concerns, with occurrences of poisoning by metals and metalloids present at concentrations above acceptable regulatory standards. This review overviews the prevalence of TM use, cases of metal and metalloid poisoning following TM consumption, and forms of TM contamination and adulteration. The review summarises regulations by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other relevant bodies. Finally, the review recommends how to protect consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva T Gyamfi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, National Nuclear Research Institute, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Vitalone A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Moro PA, Firenzuoli F, Raschetti R, Mazzanti G. Suspected adverse reactions associated with herbal products used for weight loss: a case series reported to the Italian National Institute of Health. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:215-24. [PMID: 21243344 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe suspected adverse reactions (ARs) associated with herbal products used for weight control in Italy. METHODS Spontaneous reports of suspected ARs associated with herbal products used for weight control were collected by the Italian National Institute of Health (April 2002 to June 2010), and the causality assessment was performed. RESULTS Forty-six of the suspected ARs were associated with herbal products used for weight control. Women were involved in 85% of the reports. The reactions affected mainly the cardiovascular system, the skin, the digestive system, the central nervous system, and the liver. A large proportion of ARs were serious. In more than half of the suspected ARs, the use of other therapies (herbs and/or drugs) was reported, while concomitant conditions were present in 22% of the reports. CONCLUSIONS The use of herbal dietary supplements for weight loss is associated with several ARs. Considering the risk/benefit ratio, consumers should pay attention when using these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Borrmann T, Johnston JH, McFarlane AJ, Richardson MJ, O’Connor SJ. Nano-structured calcium silicate hydrate functionalised with iodine. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 339:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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H. Erlwang K, Donaldson J, C. Davidso B. The Effects of Some Over-The-Counter Dietary Weight Loss Supplements on Growth, Hepatic Glycogen Stores, Liver Lipid Profile, Pancreatic Protein and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2007.1201.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Picco G, de Dios-Romero A, Albanell N, Badia J. [Regular intake of seaweed and hyperthyroidism]. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 127:199. [PMID: 16834963 DOI: 10.1157/13090717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Müssig K, Thamer C, Bares R, Lipp HP, Häring HU, Gallwitz B. Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after ingestion of kelp-containing tea. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:C11-4. [PMID: 16808731 PMCID: PMC1924637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complementary medication is en vogue and an increasing number of patients consume herbal medicine without reporting their use to physicians. We report a case of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism due to the ingestion of a kelp-containing tea. A 39-year-old woman with multinodular goiter presented with typical signs of hyperthyroidism, which was confirmed by endocrine tests. She was not exposed to iodinated radiocontrast media and did not take medications containing iodine, such as amiodarone. However, a detailed medical history revealed that she had been treated for a period of 4 weeks by a Chinese alternative practitioner with a herbal tea containing kelp because of her enlarged thyroid. The consumption of the tea was discontinued and an antithyroid drug therapy was initiated. Physicians should advise patients with underlying thyroid disease to avoid all complementary or alternative medications containing iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Müssig
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Complementary and alternative medicine (herbal medicines) can affect laboratory test results by several mechanisms. OBJECTIVE In this review, published reports on effects of herbal remedies on abnormal laboratory test results are summarized and commented on. DATA SOURCES All published reports between 1980 and 2005 with the key words herbal remedies or alternative medicine and clinical laboratory test, clinical chemistry test, or drug-herb interaction were searched through Medline. The authors' own publications were also included. Important results were then synthesized. DATA SYNTHESIS Falsely elevated or falsely lowered digoxin levels may be encountered in a patient taking digoxin and the Chinese medicine Chan Su or Dan Shen, owing to direct interference of a component of Chinese medicine with the antibody used in an immunoassay. St John's wort, a popular herbal antidepressant, increases clearance of many drugs, and abnormally low cyclosporine, digoxin, theophylline, or protease inhibitor concentrations may be observed in a patient taking any of these drugs in combination with St John's wort. Abnormal laboratory results may also be encountered owing to altered pathophysiology. Kava-kava, chaparral, and germander cause liver toxicity, and elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations may be observed in a healthy individual taking such herbal products. An herbal product may be contaminated with a Western drug, and an unexpected drug level (such as phenytoin in a patient who never took phenytoin but took a Chinese herb) may confuse the laboratory staff and the clinician. CONCLUSIONS Use of alternative medicines may significantly alter laboratory results, and communication among pathologists, clinical laboratory scientists, and physicians providing care to the patient is important in interpreting these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Sidorov J. Computer-assisted technology: not if, not when, but how. A systematic review of interactive computer-assisted technology in diabetes care. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:201-2. [PMID: 16606384 PMCID: PMC1484652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.0344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elvin-Lewis M. Safety issues associated with herbal ingredients. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2005; 50:219-313. [PMID: 16263432 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(05)50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Memory Elvin-Lewis
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of ingestion of two different doses of supplemental kelp on the thyroid function of healthy euthyroid subjects. METHODS We conducted a double-blind prospective clinical trial involving 36 healthy euthyroid subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive placebo (4 alfalfa capsules per day), low-dose kelp (2 kelp capsules and 2 alfalfa capsules per day), or high-dose kelp (4 kelp capsules per day) for 4 weeks. Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH), free thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine were assessed at weeks 0, 4, and 6. Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation, urinary iodine excretion, and basal metabolic rate were determined at weeks 0 and 4. RESULTS TSH concentrations did not differ significantly between week 0 and week 4 in the placebo group (P = 0.16) but increased significantly in both the low-dose kelp (P = 0.04) and high-dose kelp (P = 0.002) groups. Free thyroxine concentrations decreased slightly but significantly after 4 weeks of placebo but were unchanged in the low-dose and the high-dose kelp groups. In contrast, total triiodothyronine levels did not differ significantly after 4 weeks of placebo or low-dose kelp therapy but were significantly decreased after high-dose kelp therapy (P = 0.04). Similarly, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test showed no significant change in poststimulation TSH after 4 weeks in the placebo or low-dose kelp groups but revealed a significantly increased response after high-dose kelp therapy (P = 0.0002). The 24-hour urinary iodine excretion showed dose-dependent increases in the two kelp study groups. Basal metabolic rate did not change significantly in any study group during the 4-week study period. All thyroid laboratory values returned to baseline 2 weeks after cessation of kelp supplementation, except for TSH in the high-dose kelp group, which was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Short-term dietary supplementation with kelp significantly increases both basal and poststimulation TSH. These findings corroborate previous studies on the effects of supplemental iodide given to euthyroid subjects for a similar period. Further studies are needed to determine whether long-term kelp supplementation would cause clinically significant thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Wonderlich SA, Kamran S, Engbloom S, Burgard M, Lancaster K. The eating disorders medicine cabinet revisited: a clinician's guide to appetite suppressants and diuretics. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 33:443-57. [PMID: 12658674 DOI: 10.1002/eat.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article explores the frequencies of use of alternative medications, available products, and their potential toxicities. METHOD Survey data were gathered from 39 consecutive patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa who were seeking treatment. A survey of area outlets (health food stores, pharmacies, grocery stores) was conducted to establish a database of available agents. Putative active ingredients were identified. MEDLINE literature searches, as well as reviews of specialized texts, were performed to identify the potential toxicities of the ingredients. RESULTS Diet pill use was found in 64% of patients; 18 % reported use in the past month. The survey identified 167 products. Diuretic use was found in 31% of patients; 21% reported use in the past month. Twenty-five diuretic products were identified. DISCUSSION Alternative medicines are frequently used in the population of patients seeking treatment for bulimia nervosa. An abundance of products are available with potentially significant toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Roerig
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
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Salas Coronas J, Cruz Caparrós G, Laynez Bretones F, Díez García F. [Hyperthyroidism secondary to kelp tablets ingestias]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118:797-8. [PMID: 12049700 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
During the latter part of this century the practice of herbalism has become mainstream throughout the world. This is due in part to the recognition of the value of traditional medical systems, particularly of Asian origin, and the identification of medicinal plants from indigenous pharmacopeias that have been shown to have significant healing power, either in their natural state or as the source of new pharmaceuticals. Generally these formulations are considered moderate in efficacy and thus less toxic than most pharmaceutical agents. In the Western world, in particular, the developing concept that 'natural' is better than 'chemical' or 'synthetic' has led to the evolution of Neo-Western herbalism that is the basis of an ever expanding industry. In the US, often guised as food, or food supplements, known as nutriceuticals, these formulations are readily available for those that wish to self-medicate. Within this system, in particular, are plants that lack ethnomedical verification of efficacy or safety. Unfortunately there is no universal regulatory system in place that insures that any of these plant remedies are what they say they are, do what is claimed, or most importantly are safe. Data will be presented in this context, outlining how adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening or lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elvin-Lewis
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Phaneuf D, Côté I, Dumas P, Ferron LA, LeBlanc A. Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (Seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1999; 80:S175-S182. [PMID: 10092431 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to assess the contamination of marine algae (seaweeds) growing in the St. Lawrence River estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and to evaluate the risks to human health from the consumption of these algae. Algae were collected by hand at low tide. A total of 10 sites on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence as well as in Baie des Chaleurs were sampled. The most frequently collected species of algae were Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria longicruris, Palmaria palmata, Ulva lactuca, and Fucus distichus. Alga samples were analyzed for metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), iodine, and organochlorines. A risk assessment was performed using risk factors (e.g., RfD of the U.S. EPA, ADI of Health Canada, etc.). In general, concentrations in St. Lawrence algae were not very high. This was especially true for mercury and the organochlorines, concentrations of which were very low or below detection limits. Consequently, health risks associated with these compounds in St. Lawrence algae were very low. Iodine concentration, on the other hand, could be of concern with regard to human health. Regular consumption of algae, especially of Laminaria sp., could result in levels of iodine sufficient to cause thyroid problems. For regular consumers, it would be preferable to choose species with low iodine concentrations, such as U. lactuca and P. palmata, in order to prevent potential problems. Furthermore, it would also be important to assess whether preparation for consumption or cooking affects the iodine content of algae. Algae consumption may also have beneficial health effects. Scientific literature has shown that it is a good source of fiber and vitamins, especially vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Phaneuf
- CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Boulevard, Laurier, Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Vidor G, Braverman LE, Medeiros-Neto G. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurrence and epidemiology. Thyroid 1998; 8:83-100. [PMID: 9492158 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1998.8.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have critically reviewed the available information on iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) from published sources and other reports as well as the experience of the authors in Tasmania, Zaire, Zimbabwe, and Brazil. Administration of iodine in almost any chemical form may induce an episode of thyrotoxicosis (IIH). This has been observed in epidemic incidence in several countries when iodine has been given as prophylaxis in a variety of vehicles, but the attack rate as recorded has been low. IIH is most commonly encountered in older persons with long standing nodular goiter and in regions of chronic iodine deficiency, but instances in the young have been recorded. It customarily occurs after an incremental rise in mean iodine intake in the course of programs for the prevention of iodine deficiency, or when iodine-containing drugs such as radiocontrast media or amiodarone are administered. The biological basis for IIH appears most often to be mutational events in thyroid cells that lead to autonomy of function. When the mass of cells with such an event becomes sufficient and iodine supply is increased, the subject may become thyrotoxic. These changes may occur in localized foci within the gland or in the process of nodule formation. IIH may also occur with an increase in iodine intake in those whose hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) is not expressed because of iodine deficiency. The risks of IIH are principally to the elderly who may have heart disease, and to those who live in regions where there is limited access to medical care. More information is needed on the long-term health impact of IIH or "subclinical" IIH, especially in the course of prophylaxis programs with iodized salt or iodinated oil in regions where access to health care is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Stanbury
- International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts USA
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Toxicological Outlook on the Quality Assurance of Herbal Remedies. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HERBAL DRUGS 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-49340-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Drugs used in non-orthodox medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-6080(88)80115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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