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Faria I, Montalvan A, Kazimi M, Martins PN, Eckhoff D. Representation of Women Authorship in the Top 5 Transplantation Journals in the United States. Transplantation 2024; 108:802-812. [PMID: 37917944 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, only 13% of transplant surgeons are women. We evaluated gender distribution and trends of American authorship over the past 10 y in high-impact solid organ transplantation journals to gain insight into the current status of women authorship in transplantation. METHODS Original articles from 2012 to 2021 from the 5 highest-impact solid organ transplantation journals were extracted from Scopus. First and last author's gender was predicted using Genderize.io. Data of first and last authors, article type and topic, location, citation, and funding metrics were analyzed. Chi-square, logistic regression, and trend tests were performed where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at <0.05. RESULTS Women's first and last authorship increased over time among all journals. There was an increase in women first authors in the American Journal of Transplantation and in senior women authors in Liver Transplantation and Transplantation . Significant differences in gender authorship in lung, intestine, pancreas, general, and islet cell transplantation were found. Women's last authorship was associated with 1.69 higher odds of having a woman first author when adjusting for year and journal. There was an increase in the rate of women's first and last author collaborations over the years. Women last authors had 1.5 higher odds of being funded by the National Institutes of Health over the years. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increase in women transplant surgeons and physicians, the gap in women authorship in transplantation persists. Women's last authorship was associated with higher odds of having a woman first author, pointing to the importance of mentorship for women joining the transplant academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Faria
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adriana Montalvan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marwan Kazimi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA
| | - Devin Eckhoff
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Leung TI, Wang KH, Lin TL, Gin GT, Pendharkar SS, Chen CYA. Women Physicians in Transition Learning to Navigate the Pipeline from Early to Mid-Career: Protocol for a Qualitative Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e38126. [PMID: 35653172 PMCID: PMC9204597 DOI: 10.2196/38126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women physicians face unique obstacles while progressing through their careers, navigating career advancement and seeking balance between professional and personal responsibilities. Systemic changes, along with individual and institutional changes, are needed to overcome obstacles perpetuating physician gender inequities. Developing a deeper understanding of women physicians' experiences during important transition points could reveal both barriers and opportunities for recruitment, retention, and promotion, and inform best practices developed based on these experiences. OBJECTIVE The aim is to learn from the experiences and perspectives of women physicians as they transition from early to mid-career, then develop best practices that can serve to support women physicians as they advance through their careers. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with women physicians in the United States in 2020 and 2021. Eligibility criteria included self-identification as a woman who is in the process of transitioning or who recently transitioned from early to mid-career stage. Purposeful sampling facilitated identification of participants who represented diversity in career pathway, practice setting, specialty, and race/ethnicity. Each participant was offered compensation for their participation. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Interview questions were open-ended, exploring participants' perceptions of this transition. Qualitative thematic analysis will be performed. We will use an open coding and grounded theory approach on interview transcripts. RESULTS The Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences at Maastricht University approved the study; Stanford University expedited review approved the study; and the University of California, San Diego certified the study as exempt from review. Twelve in-depth interviews of 50-100 minutes in duration were completed. Preliminary analyses indicate one key theme is a tension resulting from finite time divided between demands from a physician career and demands from family needs. In turn, this results in constant boundary control between these life domains that are inextricable and seemingly competing against each other within a finite space; family needs impinge on planned career goals, if the boundary between them is not carefully managed. To remedy this, women sought resources to help them redistribute home responsibilities, freeing themselves to have more time, especially for children. Women similarly sought resources to help with career advancement, although not with regard to time directly, but to first address foundational knowledge gaps about career milestones and how to achieve them. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results provide initial insights about how women identify or activate a career shift and how they marshaled resources and support to navigate barriers they faced. Further analyses are continuing as of March 2022 and are expected to be completed by June 2022. The dissemination plan includes peer-reviewed open-access journal publication of the results and presentation at the annual meeting of the American Medical Association's Women Physicians Section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany I Leung
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine (adjunct), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Karen H Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tammy L Lin
- Department of Medicine (voluntary), University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Geneen T Gin
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sima S Pendharkar
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, NJ, United States
| | - Chwen-Yuen Angie Chen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Shen MR, Tzioumis E, Andersen E, Wouk K, McCall R, Li W, Girdler S, Malloy E. Impact of Mentoring on Academic Career Success for Women in Medicine: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:444-458. [PMID: 34907962 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has shown that barriers to career success in academic medicine disproportionately affect women. These barriers include inadequate mentoring, which may perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in senior leadership positions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the qualitative and quantitative evidence of the impact of mentoring on women's career outcomes and to inform future interventions to support the promotion and retention of women in academic medicine. METHOD The authors conducted a systematic review of original research published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals through March 20, 2020. Search terms related to mentorship, women, and academic medicine. The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Current Contents Connect via Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. They excluded studies not specifically addressing women and those without gender-stratified outcomes. They extracted and analyzed the following data: study design, population, sample size, response rate, participant age, percentage of women, mentoring prevalence, and outcomes. RESULTS Of 2,439 citations identified, 91 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 65 quantitative and 26 qualitative studies. Mentoring was associated with objective and subjective measures of career success. Women perceived mentorship to be more valuable to their career development yet were more likely to report having no mentor. Additionally, women were more likely to report lower levels of research productivity, less career satisfaction, and greater barriers to promotion. Qualitative results indicated that women had less access to informal mentoring and family responsibilities had a greater effect on their career outcomes. Professional networking, female mentors, and relational aspects of mentoring were common themes. CONCLUSIONS This review examined gender disparities in mentoring and the impact on research productivity, promotion success, and career satisfaction for women in academic medicine. Institution-supported mentoring programs are needed to facilitate identification of appropriate mentors and promotion of a more equitable academic career environment for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Shen
- M.R. Shen is a resident, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-4174
| | - Emma Tzioumis
- E. Tzioumis is assistant professor, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Andersen
- E. Andersen is assistant professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn Wouk
- K. Wouk is a postdoctoral research fellow, Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute, and adjunct associate professor, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca McCall
- R. McCall is clinical librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Winston Li
- W. Li is assistant professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan Girdler
- S. Girdler is professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erin Malloy
- E. Malloy is professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Thelwall M, Maflahi N. Small female citation advantages for US journal articles in medicine. J Inf Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0165551520942729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Female under-representation continues in senior roles within academic medicine, potentially influenced by a perception that female research has less citation impact. This article provides systematic evidence of (a) female participation rates from the perspective of published journal articles in 46 Scopus medical subject categories 1996–2018 and (b) gender differences in citation rates 1996–2014. The results show female proportion increases 1996–2018 in all fields and a female majority of first-authored articles in two-fifths of categories, but substantial differences between fields. A paper is 7.3 times more likely to have a female first author in Obstetrics and Gynaecology than in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Only three fields had a female last author majority by 2018, a probable side effect of ongoing problems with appointing female leaders. Female first-authored research tended to be more cited than male first-authored research in most fields (59%), although with a maximum difference of only 5.1% (log-transformed normalised citations). In contrast, male last-authored research tends to be more cited than female last-authored research, perhaps due to cases where a senior male has attracted substantial funding for a project. These differences increase if team sizes are not accounted for in the calculations. Since female first-authored research is cited slightly more than male first-authored research, properly analysed bibliometric data considering career gaps should not disadvantage female candidates for senior roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Thelwall
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Nabeil Maflahi
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK
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Naidu NS, Patrick PA, Bregman D, Jianu D. Challenges to Professional Success for Women Plastic Surgeons: An International Survey. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2464-2472. [PMID: 33629213 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female plastic surgeons face specific challenges in their careers that impact lifestyle and professional choices. OBJECTIVE The authors sought to delineate these specific issues further through means of an anonymous survey and to suggest areas for improvement. METHODS In August 2017, a link to an online email questionnaire via SurveyMonkey.com was sent to 398 women members of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, which included questions on demographics, surgical training, practice characteristics and preferences, leadership and professional activities, marriage and childcare, financial status, workplace sexism and sexual harassment and surgeon attitudes. RESULTS A total of 138 female plastic surgeons responded to the survey for a response rate of 34.7%. Critical issues most cited by respondents included work-life balance and childcare responsibilities, sexual harassment and the lack of gender parity at meetings. CONCLUSIONS Plastic surgery training programs, institutions and societies should acknowledge the additional challenges that female surgeons face. The greatest areas for improvement include the balance of work and family responsibilities, addressing the prevalence of sexual harassment and improved representation at scientific meetings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Forster MT, Behrens M, Lawson McLean AC, Nistor-Gallo DI, Weiss M, Maurer S. Gender disparity in German neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:1141-1146. [PMID: 34507274 DOI: 10.3171/2021.3.jns21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the rising number of women in higher education and leadership positions, the proportional rise of female neurosurgeons still lags behind these fields. This study evaluates the gender distribution in German neurosurgical departments across all career levels, and is aimed at heightening the awareness of gender disparity and the need for improving gender equality and its related opportunities. METHODS Data on gender distribution across all professional levels in German neurosurgical departments were obtained from departmental websites as well as by email and telephone request. Results were additionally analyzed in reference to hospital ownership type of the neurosurgical departments. RESULTS A total of 140 German neurosurgical departments employing 2324 neurosurgeons were evaluated. The analysis revealed a clear preponderance of men in leadership positions. Only 9 (6.3%) of 143 department heads were women, and there were only 1 (2.4%), 17 (14.5%), and 4 (12.5%) women among 42 vice-directors, 117 chief senior physicians, and 32 managing senior physicians, respectively. Senior physicians not holding a leadership position were female in 23.1%, whereas board-certified neurosurgeons not holding a senior physician position and residents were female in 33.6% and 35.0%, respectively. Of note, the highest proportion of female department heads (15.6%) was found in private hospitals. CONCLUSIONS The number of women in leadership positions in German neurosurgical departments is dramatically low, and with increasing leadership status gender disparity increases. Mentorship, recruitment, the perception of benefits offered by diversity and programs facilitating gender equality, job sharing, parental leave policies, and onsite childcare programs are needed to turn German neurosurgical departments into modern medical departments reflecting the gender profile of the general patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Forster
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main.,2University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt
| | - Marion Behrens
- 3Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main
| | | | | | - Miriam Weiss
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Aachen; and
| | - Stefanie Maurer
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
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Sheppard JP, Lagman C, Nguyen T, Yokoi H, Jeong SH, Luong P, Chen CHJ, Ong V, French A, Franks AM, Kwan I, Mekonnen M, Ng E, Evans A, Preet K, Udawatta M, Yang I. Analysis of academic publishing output among 1634 successful applicants in the 2011-2018 neurosurgery residency match. J Neurol Sci 2020; 420:117186. [PMID: 33223149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research productivity is a key criterion for applicant selection reported by residency program directors. Research volume reported on neurosurgery residency applications has risen steadily over the past decade. OBJECTIVE Perform retrospective bibliographic searches of successful applicants who matched into U.S. neurosurgery residency programs from 2011 to 2018, and assess the relationship between academic publishing and residency placement. METHODS Gender, MD/PhD status, U.S. News research ranking of medical school, and international medical graduate status (IMG) were determined for 1634 successful applicants from 2011 to 2018. Indexed publications before and after the start of residency were tabulated by Scopus®. Publication counts were stratified by first author, basic/clinical science, case reports, reviews, or other research. We then compared publishing trends across demographic variables and match cohorts. RESULTS Average pre-residency publications increased from 2.6 [1.7, 3.4] in 2011 to 6.5 [5.1, 7.9] in 2018. Men, PhD-holders, Top 20 and Top 40 U.S. medical school graduates, and IMGs had higher pre-residency publication counts overall. After stratifying by match cohort, however, there was no significant effect of gender on pre-residency publications. Applicants matching into residency programs with highly ranked affiliated hospitals had significantly higher pre-residency publications. CONCLUSION Publishing volume of successful neurosurgery applicants in the U.S. has risen recently and is associated with the stature of matched residency programs. Given the gap between verifiable and claimed research on residency applications, attention is needed to objectively evaluate research credentials in the selection process. The impending phase out of USMLE step 1 scores may increase emphasis on academic productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sheppard
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carlito Lagman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thien Nguyen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hana Yokoi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stacy H Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Peter Luong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cheng Hao Jacky Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vera Ong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexis French
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alyssa M Franks
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle Kwan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mahlet Mekonnen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edwin Ng
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Audree Evans
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Komal Preet
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Methma Udawatta
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Isaac Yang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States; Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States; Departments of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Wozniak TM, Miller E, Williams KJ, Pickering A. Championing women working in health across regional and rural Australia - a new dual-mentorship model. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:299. [PMID: 32917210 PMCID: PMC7483507 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mentoring is a critical component of career development and job satisfaction leading to a healthier workforce and more productive outputs. However, there are limited data on mentorship models in regional areas and in particular for women aspiring to leadership positions. Mentorship programs that leverage off experienced mentors from diverse disciplines have the potential to foster the transfer of knowledge and to positively influence job satisfaction and build capacity within the context of workforce shortage. METHODS This study describes a dual-mentorship model of professional development for women working in health in regional and rural Australia. We present the framework and describe the evaluation findings from a 12-month pilot program. RESULTS Both academic and corporate mentors provided diverse perspectives to the mentees during the 12-month period. On average, corporate mentors met with mentees more often, and focused these discussions on strategy and leadership skills whilst academic mentors provided more technical advice regarding academic growth. Mentees reported an improvement in workplace interconnectedness and confidence at the completion of the program. CONCLUSION We developed a framework for establishing a professional mentorship program that matches women working in regional health with mentors from diverse sectors including business, government, philanthropy and health, to provide a holistic approach to improving career satisfaction, institutional productivity and supporting a diverse workforce in regional or resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Wozniak
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Esther Miller
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Amelia Pickering
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Maxwell JH, Randall JA, Dermody SM, Hussaini AS, Rao H, Nathan AS, Malekzadeh S, Litvack JR. Gender and compensation among surgical specialties in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Surg 2020; 220:256-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Davies JM. Why women need to "Work hard(er) and persist" to succeed in the clinic and the lab. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:330-331. [PMID: 32527498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Davies
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Office of Research and School of Biomedical Science. Queensland University of Technology, Herston QLD Australia.
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Cardel MI, Dhurandhar E, Yarar-Fisher C, Foster M, Hidalgo B, McClure LA, Pagoto S, Brown N, Pekmezi D, Sharafeldin N, Willig AL, Angelini C. Turning Chutes into Ladders for Women Faculty: A Review and Roadmap for Equity in Academia. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:721-733. [PMID: 32043918 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in recent decades, the recruitment, advancement, and promotion of women in academia remain low. Women represent a large portion of the talent pool in academia, and receive >50% of all PhDs, but this has not yet translated into sustained representation in faculty and leadership positions. Research indicates that women encounter numerous "chutes" that remove them from academia or provide setbacks to promotion at all stages of their careers. These include the perception that women are less competent and their outputs of lesser quality, implicit bias in teaching evaluations and grant funding decisions, and lower citation rates. This review aims to (1) synthesize the "chutes" that impede the careers of women faculty, and (2) provide feasible recommendations, or "ladders" for addressing these issues at all career levels. Enacting policies that function as "ladders" rather than "chutes" for academic women is essential to even the playing field, achieve gender equity, and foster economic, societal, and cultural benefits of academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily Dhurandhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ceren Yarar-Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Monica Foster
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sherry Pagoto
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Nathanial Brown
- Department of Mathematics, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Dori Pekmezi
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Noha Sharafeldin
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amanda L Willig
- Department of Medicine, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christine Angelini
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Environmental School for Sustainable Infrastructure and the Environment (ESSIE), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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International and Geographic Trends in Gender Authorship within Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1010-1016. [PMID: 31568321 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional advancement in academic plastic surgery may depend on scholarly activity. The authors evaluate gender-based publishing characteristics in three international plastic surgery journals. METHODS A retrospective review of all articles published in 2016 in the following journals was undertaken: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, European Journal of Plastic Surgery, Annals of Surgery, and New England Journal of Medicine. Data were collected on lead author gender (first or senior author) and differences in author gender proportions, by journal, by article topic, and by geographic location were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 2610 articles were retrieved: 34.1 percent were from plastic surgery journals, 12.8 percent were from the Annals of Surgery, and 53.1 percent were from the New England Journal of Medicine. There was a lower proportion of female lead authors among plastic surgery journals compared with the Annals of Surgery and the New England Journal of Medicine (31 percent versus 39 percent versus 39 percent; p = 0.001). There were no differences in female lead author geographic location in the Annals of Surgery or the New England Journal of Medicine; within the plastic surgery journals, there were differences (p = 0.005), including a lower proportion arising from East Asia (15 percent) and a higher proportion arising from Canada (48 percent). Within plastic surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery had the lowest proportion of female lead author (p < 0.001). The proportion of female lead author varied by article topic (p < 0.001) and was notably higher in breast (45.6 percent) and lower in head and neck/craniofacial-orientated articles (25.0 percent). CONCLUSIONS There are gender disparities in three mainstream plastic surgery journals-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, the European Journal of Plastic Surgery-and there are lower proportions of lead female authorship compared with the Annals of Surgery and the New England Journal of Medicine. Further research should focus on understanding any geographic disparities that may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Teede
- Monash Partners Academic Health Sciences CentreMonash University and Monash Health Melbourne VIC
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Cross M, Lee S, Bridgman H, Thapa DK, Cleary M, Kornhaber R. Benefits, barriers and enablers of mentoring female health academics: An integrative review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215319. [PMID: 30998791 PMCID: PMC6472752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This integrative literature review synthesizes the primary research evidence on mentoring female health academics published from 2000 to 2018, to identify the benefits, enablers and barriers to mentoring women. The need for this review is underpinned by the magnitude of change in higher education, the high number of women in health disciplines, limited progress in advancing women’s academic careers, escalating role expectations, faculty shortages and staff turnover. Data were sourced from Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Twenty-seven studies were included. Although effective mentoring facilitates personal and career development, academic craftsmanship, psychosocial support and job satisfaction, it is complicated by organizational factors and personal and relational dynamics. Enablers of mentoring are mentor availability and expertise, supportive relationships, mutuality and responsiveness. Lack of, or inadequate mentoring compromise women’s job satisfaction, career development and academic productivity. Providing female health academics access to experienced, well-connected mentors with common interests who are committed to advancing their career, is an investment in optimizing potential, promoting supportive work environments and increasing productivity and retention. Realizing the institutional potential that mentoring female health academics offers, is contingent on academic leaders valuing mentorship as faculty business and understanding the role that the contemporary academic environment plays in achieving mentoring outcomes. Further empirical and longitudinal research is needed to evaluate effective approaches for mentoring women in the contemporary academic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merylin Cross
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Simone Lee
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heather Bridgman
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Deependra Kaji Thapa
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia Alexandria, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia Alexandria, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia Alexandria, NSW, Australia
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Cleary M, West S, Arthur D, Kornhaber R, Hungerford C. Women in health academia: Power dynamics in nursing, higher education and research. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:1371-1373. [PMID: 30883850 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Arthur
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Hungerford
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
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17
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Ibrahim H, Stadler DJ, Archuleta S, Cofrancesco J. Twelve tips to promote gender equity in international academic medicine. MEDICAL TEACHER 2018; 40:962-968. [PMID: 29073817 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2017.1388503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gender inequity in academic medicine remains an important issue worldwide, with more female faculty entering academic medicine internationally. Some academic institutions have initiated programs and created policies to promote gender equity, but disparities remain in faculty numbers, promotions rates, research productivity and access to funding and resources. We offer 12 tips for best practices in the broad domains of faculty recruitment, retention and scholarship, promotion and leadership that institutions and individual faculty can adopt to promote gender equity. While the 12 tips form a comprehensive approach, each tip can be implemented individually depending on institutional needs and culture. Each tip includes practical advice for implementation supported by a successful example from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halah Ibrahim
- a Department of Health Professionals Education, Johns Hopkins University Graduate School of Education , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Dora J Stadler
- b Department of Medical Education , Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar , Qatar
| | - Sophia Archuleta
- c Department of University Medicine Cluster , National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Joseph Cofrancesco
- d Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Dermody SM, Litvack JR, Randall JA, Malekzadeh S, Maxwell JH. Compensation of Otolaryngologists in the Veterans Health Administration: Is There a Gender Gap? Laryngoscope 2018; 129:113-118. [PMID: 30152025 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine if gender pay disparity exists amongst otolaryngologists employed by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). STUDY DESIGN cross-sectional analysis. METHODS Board-certified otolaryngologists employed at all complex Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) in 2016 were identified. Salaries were collated using the Enterprise Human Resources Integration-Statistical Data Mart dataset. Additional variables, including gender, years since medical school graduation, professorship status, h-index, and geographic location were collected. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed where salary was the primary outcome of interest and gender was accounted for as an independent predictor while controlling for professional characteristics, geographic location, and seniority. RESULTS Sixty-nine VHA surgical programs with an operative designation of "complex" were identified. Two hundred sixty board-certified otolaryngologists, including 197 (75.8%) men and 63 (24.2%) women, were identified. Salary data were available on 210 of these otolaryngologists. In 2016, the mean salary for male and female otolaryngologists was not significantly different ($266,707 ± $31,624 vs. $264,674 ± $27,027, P = .918) nor were salaries in early career ($243,979 ± $31,749 vs. $254,625 ± $24,558, respectively; P = .416). On multivariate linear regression analysis, number of years since graduation (P = .009) and h-index (P = .049) were independent predictors of salary, but gender, geographic location, and faculty rank were not. CONCLUSIONS Although the gender pay gap persists in many areas of medicine and surgery, otolaryngologists employed at complex VAMCs do not experience gender pay disparity. The use of specific and objective criteria to establish and adjust salaries can reduce and potentially eliminate gender pay disparity. These findings may help to guide institutional policies in other practice environments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. Laryngoscope, 129:113-118, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Dermody
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Jamie R Litvack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | | | - Sonya Malekzadeh
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Jessica H Maxwell
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, U.S.A
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19
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Garas G, Cingolani I, Panzarasa P, Darzi A, Athanasiou T. Network analysis of surgical innovation: Measuring value and the virality of diffusion in robotic surgery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183332. [PMID: 28841648 PMCID: PMC5571947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing surgical innovation frameworks suffer from a unifying limitation, their qualitative nature. A rigorous approach to measuring surgical innovation is needed that extends beyond detecting simply publication, citation, and patent counts and instead uncovers an implementation-based value from the structure of the entire adoption cascades produced over time by diffusion processes. Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine and existing surgical regulatory frameworks, the surgical innovation funnel is described. This illustrates the different stages through which innovation in surgery typically progresses. The aim is to propose a novel and quantitative network-based framework that will permit modeling and visualizing innovation diffusion cascades in surgery and measuring virality and value of innovations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network analysis of constructed citation networks of all articles concerned with robotic surgery (n = 13,240, Scopus®) was performed (1974-2014). The virality of each cascade was measured as was innovation value (measured by the innovation index) derived from the evidence-based stage occupied by the corresponding seed article in the surgical innovation funnel. The network-based surgical innovation metrics were also validated against real world big data (National Inpatient Sample-NIS®). RESULTS Rankings of surgical innovation across specialties by cascade size and structural virality (structural depth and width) were found to correlate closely with the ranking by innovation value (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.758 (p = 0.01), 0.782 (p = 0.008), 0.624 (p = 0.05), respectively) which in turn matches the ranking based on real world big data from the NIS® (Spearman's coefficient = 0.673;p = 0.033). CONCLUSION Network analysis offers unique new opportunities for understanding, modeling and measuring surgical innovation, and ultimately for assessing and comparing generative value between different specialties. The novel surgical innovation metrics developed may prove valuable especially in guiding policy makers, funding bodies, surgeons, and healthcare providers in the current climate of competing national priorities for investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Garas
- Surgical Innovation Center, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgical Research and Innovation, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Cingolani
- Big Data and Analytical Unit, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Panzarasa
- School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ara Darzi
- Surgical Innovation Center, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgical Research and Innovation, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thanos Athanasiou
- Surgical Innovation Center, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgical Research and Innovation, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Stadler DJ, Archuleta S, Ibrahim H, Shah NG, Al-Mohammed AA, Cofrancesco J. Gender and international clinician educators. Postgrad Med J 2017; 93:719-724. [PMID: 28363986 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe gender differences of international clinician educators (CEs) and leaders, and CEs' perceptions by gender of preparation, roles, rewards and factors affecting job satisfaction and retention in emerging international competency-based residency programmes. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys of CEs and leadership were conductedJune 2013-June 2014 at institutions that had adopted competency-based graduate medical education and were accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-International. RESULTS 274 (76.3%) of 359 eligible participants responded; 69 (25.2%) were female. Two (18%) of 11 chief executive officers and 1 (9%) of 11 chief medical officers were women. Female CEs were younger, more likely to be single and childless. They were less likely to hold academic appointments, despite no gender differences in length of time at current institution or in current position. A greater proportion of female CEs felt they were 'never' rewarded by academic promotion. Satisfaction rates were similar between the genders. Single female CEs were five times as likely to report being 'extremely likely' to stay in the country. Female CEs with children <21 were less likely to report high likelihood of staying in academia. Marital status and children were not associated with outcomes for male CEs. CONCLUSIONS In the international academic medicine programmes studied, there were fewer female CEs in the pipeline and they perceived a gender gap in appointment and advancement. Stakeholders at international programmes need to develop contextualised strategies to expand entry and decrease attrition of women into CE tracks, and promote gender equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora J Stadler
- Continuing Professional Development, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sophia Archuleta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Halah Ibrahim
- Masters of Education for Health Professionals, Johns Hopkins School of Education, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nina G Shah
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali Al-Mohammed
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph Cofrancesco
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Excellence in Education, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Alamri Y. Scholarly gender gap extends to medical students: the case of Australasia. Postgrad Med J 2016; 93:231-232. [PMID: 27980079 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mendes AE, Tonin FS, Fernandez-Llimos F. Analysis of ten years of publishing in Pharmacy Practice. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:847. [PMID: 28042357 PMCID: PMC5184379 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.04.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the patterns and trends in the editorial process and features of the first decade of Pharmacy Practice, with the final goal of initiating a benchmarking process to enhance the quality of the journal. Methods: Metadata of all of the articles published from 2006 issue #3 to 2016 issue #2 were extracted from PubMed and complemented by a manual data extraction process on the full-text articles. Citations of these articles were retrieved from Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Google Scholar on August 15, 2016. The references from all of the articles published by Pharmacy Practice in 2015 were also extracted. International collaboration was explored with a network analysis. Results: A total of 40 issues were published in this timespan, including 349 articles, 91.1% of which were original research articles. The number of citations received by these articles varies from 809, as reported by the WOS, to the 1162 reported by Scopus and the 2610 reported by Google Scholar. The journals cited by Pharmacy Practice are mainly pharmacy journals, including Pharm Pract (Granada), Int J Clin Pharm, Am J Health-Syst Pharm, Am J Pharm Educ, and Ann Pharmacother. Only 17.3% of the articles involved international collaboration. Delays in the editorial process increased in 2013, mainly due to an increase in acceptance delay (mean=138 days). Conclusion: Pharmacy Practice has improved its visibility and impact over the past decade, especially after 2014, when the journal became indexed in PubMed Central. The editorial process duration is one of the weaknesses that should be tackled. Further studies should investigate if the low international collaboration rate is common across other pharmacy journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Mendes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy. Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy. Federal University of Paraná . Curitiba ( Brazil ).
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Editor-in-chief, Pharmacy Practice. Institute for Medicines Research (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon . Lisbon ( Portugal ).
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