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Kita K, Gawinowska M, Chełmińska M, Niedoszytko M. The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7395. [PMID: 39000502 PMCID: PMC11242091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to an increased production of inflammatory markers by the effector cells of the respiratory tract and lung tissue. These biomarkers allow the assessment of physiological and pathological processes and responses to therapeutic interventions. Lung cancer, which is characterized by high mortality, is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Current screening methods and tissue biopsies have limitations that highlight the need for rapid diagnosis, patient differentiation, and effective management and monitoring. One promising non-invasive diagnostic method for respiratory diseases is the assessment of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC contains a mixture of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers such as cytokines, leukotrienes, oxidative stress markers, and molecular biomarkers, providing significant information about inflammatory and neoplastic states in the lungs. This article summarizes the research on the application and development of EBC assessment in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases, focusing on asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. The process of collecting condensate, potential issues, and selected groups of markers for detailed disease assessment in the future are discussed. Further research may contribute to the development of more precise and personalized diagnostic and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kita
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marika Gawinowska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Chełmińska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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2
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Chan SMH, Brassington K, Almerdasi SA, Dobric A, De Luca SN, Coward‐Smith M, Wang H, Mou K, Akhtar A, Alateeq RA, Wang W, Seow HJ, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Inhibition of oxidative stress by apocynin attenuated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progression and vascular injury by cigarette smoke exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2018-2034. [PMID: 36908040 PMCID: PMC10953324 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease affects up to half of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exerting deleterious impact on health outcomes and survivability. Vascular endothelial dysfunction marks the onset of cardiovascular disease. The present study examined the effect of a potent NADPH Oxidase (NOX) inhibitor and free-radical scavenger, apocynin, on COPD-related cardiovascular disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either room air (Sham) or cigarette smoke (CS) generated from 9 cigarettes·day-1 , 5 days a week for up to 24 weeks with or without apocynin treatment (5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , intraperitoneal injection). KEY RESULTS Eight-weeks of apocynin treatment reduced airway neutrophil infiltration (by 42%) and completely preserved endothelial function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) availability against the oxidative insults of cigarette smoke exposure. These preservative effects were maintained up until the 24-week time point. 24-week of apocynin treatment markedly reduced airway inflammation (reduced infiltration of macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte), lung function decline (hyperinflation) and prevented airway collagen deposition by cigarette smoke exposure. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Limiting NOX activity may slow COPD progression and lower cardiovascular disease risk, particularly when signs of oxidative stress become evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. H. Chan
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Kurt Brassington
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Suleman Abdullah Almerdasi
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Aleksandar Dobric
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Simone N. De Luca
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Madison Coward‐Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Kevin Mou
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Alina Akhtar
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Rana Abdullah Alateeq
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
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Mehrparvar AH, Ghanbari L, Mirmohammadi SJ, Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Vakili M, Davari MH, Mirzaei M. The Effect of Water-Pipe and Cigarette Smoking on Exhaled Nitric Oxide. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:79. [PMID: 35706853 PMCID: PMC9188898 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_546_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Fractional exhaled nitric oxide can be used as a biomarker of some respiratory diseases. AIMS This study was conducted to compare exhaled nitric oxide in cigarette and water-pipe smokers with nonsmokers. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 549 adult subjects as a sub-study of Shahedieh cohort in Yazd. Participants were divided into 5 groups according to their smoking habits: non-smokers (n = 202), cigarette smokers (n = 121), water-pipe smokers (n = 129), cigarette ex-smokers (n = 58), water-pipe and cigarette smokers (n = 39). The smokers were also categorized into heavy and light smokers. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide was compared between the groups. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 20) using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Fractional exhaled NO was lower in all smokers than nonsmokers, but cigarette smokers showed the least level of NO than other groups. Fractional exhaled NO was not significantly lower in water-pipe smokers than nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking significantly affect fractional exhaled NO, but water-pipe smoking did not significantly affect exhaled NO level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Ghanbari
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | - Mahmood Vakili
- Department of Community Medicine, Monitoring of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Davari
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Mohammad Hossein Davari, Industrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Rahnemoun hospital, Farrokhi Ave., Yazd, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Silva H. Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:441. [PMID: 34067557 PMCID: PMC8156280 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
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Sprio AE, Ciprandi G, Riccardi E, Giannoccaro F, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Ricciardolo FLM. The influence of smoking on asthma in the real-life. Respir Med 2020; 170:106066. [PMID: 32843181 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthmatic smokers have reduced quality of life and need frequent specialist visits/hospitalization. Smoking habit represents for asthmatics a higher risk for comorbidities and lung function impairment. The impact of cigarette smoking on asthmatics should be addressed to evaluate the related risk factors. METHODS This real-life observational study evaluated demographic, clinical/functional, and biological parameters of 521 asthmatic patients stratified as never (0 PY), light (1-10 PY), and heavy smokers (>10PY). RESULTS The heavy smokers with asthma were more frequently older, male, overweight, and non-allergic than other asthmatics. Although similar ICS dose and severity among groups, heavy smokers had more significant airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC = 0.65 ± 0.10, p < 0.01; FEV1%pred = 79.20 ± 21.20, p < 0.01), air trapping (RV %pred. = 135.6 ± 44.8, p < 0.05; RV/TLC = 0.48 ± 0.12, p < 0.05), and fixed airflow obstruction (post-bronchodilation FEV1/FVC = 0.66 ± 0.10; p = 0.01) than never and light smokers with asthma. Heavy smokers also demonstrated reduced blood eosinophils (p < 0.05) and FeNO (p < 0.01), increased frequency of type-2 low inflammation and LABA/LAMA use but had less frequently persistent rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Heavy smokers showed higher prevalence of paraseptal/bullous emphysema and arterial hypertension. Considering the risk analysis, heavy smokers showed less chance to have allergy (OR = 0.5), persistent rhinitis (OR = 0.6), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (OR = 0.3), or high FeNO (OR = 0.4), but they were prone to develop fixed airflow obstruction (post-bronchodilation FEV1%pred<80%, OR = 2.0, and post-bronchodilation FEV1/FVC≤0.70, OR = 2.0). CONCLUSIONS Heavy smokers had more severe obstructive impairments than light and never smokers with similar ICS dose, showing a steroid insensitivity, but displayed less allergy with low FeNO and blood eosinophil count, thus being a definite phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Sprio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giannoccaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Vitina Carriero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Kotoulas SC, Pataka A, Domvri K, Spyratos D, Katsaounou P, Porpodis K, Fouka E, Markopoulou A, Passa-Fekete K, Grigoriou I, Kontakiotis T, Argyropoulou P, Papakosta D. Acute effects of e-cigarette vaping on pulmonary function and airway inflammation in healthy individuals and in patients with asthma. Respirology 2020; 25:1037-1045. [PMID: 32239706 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The acute effects of e-cigarettes have not been scientifically demonstrated yet. The aim of this study was to assess the acute changes in pulmonary function and airway inflammation in patients with asthma after vaping one e-cigarette. METHODS Twenty-five smokers suffering from stable moderate asthma according to GINA guidelines with no other comorbidities and 25 healthy smokers matched with the baseline characteristics of the asthmatic patients were recruited. PFT, IOS, FeNO and EBC were performed before and after vaping one e-cigarette with nicotine. pH and concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, ISO8 and LTB4 were measured in EBC. RESULTS FFEV1/FVC ratio and PEF were reduced in asthmatic patients after e-cigarette. Z5Hz and R5Hz, R10Hz and R20Hz increased in both groups. FeNO and EBC pH increased by 3.60 ppb (P = 0.001) and 0.15 (P = 0.014) in asthmatic patients after e-cigarette, whereas they decreased in control group by 3.28 ppb (P < 0.001) and 0.12 (P = 0.064), respectively. The concentrations of IL-10, TNF-α and ISO8 in EBC increased in asthmatic patients after e-cigarette and the changes in concentrations of IL-1β and IL-4 differed significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION E-cigarette vaping resulted in acute alteration of both pulmonary function and airway inflammation in stable moderate asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafeim-Chrysovalantis Kotoulas
- Clinic of Respiratory Failure, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pataka
- Clinic of Respiratory Failure, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dionisios Spyratos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- 1st ICU 'Evangelismos Hospital' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Fouka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Markopoulou
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine of National Healthcare System, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katalin Passa-Fekete
- Clinic of Respiratory Failure, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Grigoriou
- Clinic of Respiratory Failure, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kontakiotis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Argyropoulou
- Clinic of Respiratory Failure, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Papakosta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'Georgios Papanikolaou', Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Kononikhin AS, Brzhozovskiy AG, Ryabokon AM, Fedorchenko K, Zakharova NV, Spasskii AI, Popov IA, Ilyin VK, Solovyova ZO, Pastushkova LK, Polyakov AV, Varfolomeev SD, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Proteome Profiling of the Exhaled Breath Condensate after Long-Term Spaceflights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4518. [PMID: 31547269 PMCID: PMC6770753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies of the effects of prolonged exposure to space conditions and the overload experienced during landing on physiological and biochemical changes in the human body are extremely important in the context of planning long-distance space flights, which can be associated with constant overloads and various risk factors for significant physiological changes. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can be considered as a valuable subject for monitoring physiological changes and is more suitable for long-term storage than traditional monitoring subjects such as blood and urine. Herein, the EBC proteome changes due to the effects of spaceflight factors are analyzed. Thirteen EBC samples were collected from five Russian cosmonauts (i) one month before flight (background), (ii) immediately upon landing modules in the field (R0) after 169-199 days spaceflights, and (iii) on the seventh day after landing (R+7). Semi-quantitative label-free EBC proteomic analysis resulted in 164 proteins, the highest number of which was detected in EBC after landing (R0). Pathways enrichment analysis using the GO database reveals a large group of proteins which take part in keratinization processes (CASP14, DSG1, DSP, JUP, and so on). Nine proteins (including KRT2, KRT9, KRT1, KRT10, KRT14, DCD, KRT6C, KRT6A, and KRT5) were detected in all three groups. A two-sample Welch's t-test identified a significant change in KRT2 and KRT9 levels after landing. Enrichment analysis using the KEGG database revealed the significant participation of detected proteins in pathogenic E. coli infection (ACTG1, TUBA1C, TUBA4A, TUBB, TUBB8, and YWHAZ), which may indicate microbiota changes associated with being in space. This assumption is confirmed by microbial composition analysis. In general, the results suggest that EBC can be used for noninvasive monitoring of health status and respiratory tract pathologies during spaceflights, and that the obtained data are important for the development of medicine for use in extreme situations. Data are available from ProteomeXchange using the identifier PXD014191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kononikhin
- Laboratory of mass spectrometry, CDISE, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia.
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Brzhozovskiy
- Laboratory of mass spectrometry, CDISE, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Ryabokon
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Fedorchenko
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Zakharova
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I Spasskii
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Popov
- Laboratory of ion and molecular physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow, Russia
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav K Ilyin
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya O Solovyova
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Kh Pastushkova
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Polyakov
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey D Varfolomeev
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina M Larina
- Russian Federation State Scientific Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Laboratory of ion and molecular physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- Laboratory of mass spectrometry, CDISE, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia.
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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Nerpin E, Olivieri M, Gislason T, Olin AC, Nielsen R, Johannessen A, Ferreira DS, Marcon A, Cazzoletti L, Accordini S, Pin I, Corsico A, Demoly P, Weyler J, Nowak D, Jõgi R, Forsberg B, Zock JP, Sigsgaard T, Heinric J, Bono R, Leynaert B, Jarvis D, Janson C, Malinovschi A. Determinants of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in healthy men and women from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:969-979. [PMID: 30934155 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO) is a marker for type 2 inflammation used in diagnostics and management of asthma. In order to use FE NO as a reliable biomarker, it is important to investigate factors that influence FE NO in healthy individuals. Men have higher levels of FE NO than women, but it is unclear whether determinants of FE NO differ by sex. OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of FE NO in men and women without lung diseases. METHOD Fractional exhaled nitric oxide was validly measured in 3881 healthy subjects that had answered the main questionnaire of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III without airways or lung disease. RESULTS Exhaled NO levels were 21.3% higher in men compared with women P < 0.001. Being in the upper age quartile (60.3-67.6 years), men had 19.2 ppb (95% CI: 18.3, 20.2) higher FE NO than subjects in the lowest age quartile (39.7-48.3 years) P = 0.02. Women in the two highest age quartiles (54.6-60.2 and 60.3-67.6 years) had 15.4 ppb (14.7, 16.2), P = 0.03 and 16.4 ppb (15.6, 17.1), P = <0.001 higher FE NO, compared with the lowest age quartile. Height was related to 8% higher FE NO level in men (P < 0.001) and 5% higher FE NO levels in women (P = 0.008). Men who smoked had 37% lower FE NO levels and women had 30% lower levels compared with never-smokers (P < 0.001 for both). Men and women sensitized to both grass and perennial allergens had higher FE NO levels compared with non-sensitized subjects 26% and 29%, P < 0.001 for both. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels were higher in men than women. Similar effects of current smoking, height, and IgE sensitization were found in both sexes. FE NO started increasing at lower age in women than in men, suggesting that interpretation of FE NO levels in adults aged over 50 years should take into account age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Nerpin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Sleep, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Mario Olivieri
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thorainn Gislason
- Department of Sleep, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anna C Olin
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rune Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ane Johannessen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Diogenes S Ferreira
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Alergia e Imunologia, Complexo Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Cazzoletti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabelle Pin
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Angelo Corsico
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pascal Demoly
- Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Pierre-Louis D'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Équipe EPAR, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Joost Weyler
- Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp StatUA Statistics Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Rain Jõgi
- Lung Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan P Zock
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joachim Heinric
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bénédicte Leynaert
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Sleep, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anderi Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M, Stelmach I, Brzozowska A, Jerzyńska J, Mitał M, Stelmach W. The effect of passive smoking on exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children. Nitric Oxide 2019; 86:48-53. [PMID: 30779991 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, some studies suggest that passive smoking (PS) may be an important determinant of FeNO levels in children but sill there is a need of investigations using objective methods of PS exposure. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of PS, measured by urine cotinine levels, on FeNO and lung function (FEV1) in allergic and non-allergic asthmatic children. METHODS: It was a prospective, non-interventional study. 140 children, aged 4-17, newly diagnosed with asthma were recruited into two study groups (exposed group, unexposed group), according to smoking exposure/unexposure based on the questionnaire. There was one study visit. Subjects underwent a medical history (including history of atopy), physical examination, spirometry, FeNO and urinary cotinine measurement. RESULTS: 70 individuals had been exposed to tobacco smoke. The patients exposed to tobacco smoke were characterized by statistically significantly higher urine concentration of cotinine, 10,80 ng/mL, than their counterparts who had not been exposed to tobacco smoke, 1,56 ng/mL (P = 0,019). In the group of individuals unexposed to tobacco smoke the mean value of FeNO was 34,99 ppb, while in the group of patient who had been exposed to tobacco smoke, the corresponding mean value was significantly lower, it amounted to 22,41 ppb (P = 0,001) (Table 1). As regards to FEV1 measurements, there were not any statistically significant differences by study groups unexposed/exposed to tobacco smoke (P = 0,179 and P = 0,074, respectively). FeNO levels (ppb) in the studied patients allergic to cat, grass or trees, exposed to tobacco smoke were significantly lower than in those children unexposed to tobacco smoke. Our results suggest a clinically important issue, that FeNO results should be interpreted in the context of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Additionally allergy to cat dander, grass or tree may be potential confounding factor, which should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bobrowska-Korzeniowska
- Department of Paediatrics and Allergy, N. Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - I Stelmach
- Department of Paediatrics and Allergy, N. Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Brzozowska
- Department of Paediatrics and Allergy, N. Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - J Jerzyńska
- Department of Paediatrics and Allergy, N. Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - M Mitał
- Social Medicine Institute, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - W Stelmach
- Social Medicine Institute, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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10
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Peterová E, Chládek J, Kohoutová D, Knoblochová V, Morávková P, Vávrová J, Řezáčová M, Bureš J. Exhaled Breath Condensate: Pilot Study of the Method and Initial Experience in Healthy Subjects. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018; 61:8-16. [PMID: 30012244 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a re-discovered approach to monitoring the course of the disease and reduce invasive methods of patient investigation. However, the major disadvantage and shortcoming of the EBC is lack of reliable and reproducible standardization of the method. Despite many articles published on EBC, until now there is no clear consensus on whether the analysis of EBC can provide a clue to diagnosis of the diseases. The purpose of this paper is to investigate our own method, to search for possible standardization and to obtain our own initial experience. Thirty healthy volunteers provided the EBC, in which we monitored the density, pH, protein, chloride and urea concentration. Our results show that EBC pH is influenced by smoking, and urea concentrations are affected by the gender of subjects. Age of subjects does not play a role. The smallest coefficient of variation between individual volunteers is for density determination. Current limitations of EBC measurements are the low concentration of many biomarkers. Standardization needs to be specific for each individual biomarker, with focusing on optimal condensate collection. EBC analysis has a potential become diagnostic test, not only for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Peterová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Chládek
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Knoblochová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Paula Morávková
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vávrová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Řezáčová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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11
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Rahimpour E, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jouyban A. Non-volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate: review of methodological aspects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6411-6440. [PMID: 30046867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to bronchial and nasal lavages, the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a promising, simple, non-invasive, repeatable, and diagnostic method for studying the composition of airway lining fluid with the potential to assess lung inflammation, exacerbations, and disease severity, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment regimens. Recent investigations have revealed the potential applications of EBC analysis in systemic diseases. In this review, we highlight the analytical studies conducted on non-volatile compounds/biomarkers in EBC. In contrast to other related articles, this review is classified on the basis of analytical techniques and includes almost all the applied methods and their methodological limitations for quantification of non-volatile compounds in EBC samples, providing a guideline for further researches. The studies were identified by searching the SCOPUS database with the keywords "biomarkers," "non-volatile compounds," "determination method," and "EBC."
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Chérot-Kornobis N, Hulo S, Giovannelli J, de Broucker V, Matran R, Amouyel P, Sobaszek A, Dauchet L, Edmé JL. Exhaled breath NOx levels in a middle-aged adults population-based study: reference values and association with the smoking status. Respir Med 2018; 137:134-140. [PMID: 29605196 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are potentially sensitive indicators of early biochemical changes in airways following exposure to pneumotoxic substances, particularly in susceptible subjects. NOx are the stable end products of the nitrite-nitrate-NO oxidative stress pathway and can be used to monitor airway inflammatory diseases, especially in asthma. Nevertheless, population-based surveys are needed to better interpret EBC NOx levels in clinical studies. The aim of this study was to establish reference values of EBC NOx in a large group of middle-aged, healthy adults of a sample of the general population with particular focus on the smoking status. METHODS The EBC NOx levels were analysed from 2872 subjects among the ELISABET population-based cross sectional study including a representative sample of men and women aged from 40 to 66 years olds conducted in northern France, which included comprehensive questionnaires by interview and spirometry data. Healthy participants were defined as participants with no self-reported respiratory disease. RESULTS For the healthy subjects (n = 1251), the median NOx concentration (IQR) was equal to 7.2 μM (3.12) and concentrations of NOx in EBC did not differ significantly according to smoking status. The upper fifth percentile (95%) (ULN) of NOx concentrations among healthy subjects was equal to 13.6 μM, ranging from 12.7 μM (smokers) to 14.4 μM (ex smokers). Among subjects with EBC NOx values higher than the ULN and compared with subjects that had EBC NOx values lower than the ULN, we found a significant higher proportion of subjects with current asthma (10.5% vs 6.5%) or with chronic bronchitis symptoms (7.6% vs 3.3%). CONCLUSION This population-based study has provided the distribution and the upper limit reference value of a nitrosative stress biomarker (NOx) in EBC of middle aged, healthy adults. EBC NOx levels were not associated with smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chérot-Kornobis
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service Médecine du Travail du Personnel Hospitalier et de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Hulo
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jonathan Giovannelli
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Virginie de Broucker
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Régis Matran
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Annie Sobaszek
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service Médecine du Travail du Personnel Hospitalier et de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Luc Dauchet
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Edmé
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
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14
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Effect of temperature control on the metabolite content in exhaled breath condensate. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1006:49-60. [PMID: 30016264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive, quick, and safe collection of exhaled breath condensate makes it a candidate as a diagnostic matrix in personalized health monitoring devices. The lack of standardization in collection methods and sample analysis is a persistent limitation preventing its practical use. The collection method and hardware design are recognized to significantly affect the metabolomic content of EBC samples, but this has not been systematically studied. Here, we completed a series of experiments to determine the sole effect of collection temperature on the metabolomic content of EBC. Temperature is a likely parameter that can be controlled to standardize among different devices. The study considered six temperature levels covering two physical phases of the sample; liquid and solid. The use of a single device in our study allowed keeping saliva filtering and collector surface effects as constant parameters and the temperature as a controlled variable; the physiological differences were minimized by averaging samples from a group of volunteers and a period of time. After EBC collection, we used an organic solvent rinse to collect the non-water-soluble compounds from the condenser surface. This additional matrix enhanced metabolites recovery, was less dependent on temperature changes, and may possibly serve as an additional pointer to standardize EBC sampling methodologies. The collected EBC samples were analyzed with a set of mass spectrometry methods to provide an overview of the compounds and their concentrations present at each temperature level. The total number of volatile and polar non-volatile compounds slightly increased in each physical phase as the collection temperature was lowered to minimum, 0 °C for liquid and -30, -56 °C for solid. The low-polarity non-volatile compounds showed a weak dependence on the collection temperature. The metabolomic content of EBC samples may not be solely dependent on temperature but may be influenced by other phenomena such as greater sample dilution due to condensation from the ambient air at colder temperatures, or due to adhesion properties of the collector surface and occurring chemical reactions. The relative importance of other design parameters such as condenser coating versus temperature requires further investigation.
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15
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Xu X, Hu H, Kearney GD, Kan H, Carrillo G, Chen X. A population-based study of smoking, serum cotinine and exhaled nitric oxide among asthmatics and a healthy population in the USA. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:724-730. [PMID: 27973944 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1264502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) as a noninvasive biomarker of airway inflammation. In addition to inflammation, many factors may be associated with FeNO, particularly tobacco exposure; however, only age has been included as an influential factor for children below 12 years. Numerous studies have demonstrated negative associations between tobacco exposure and FeNO levels with self-reported data, but few with an objective assessment of smoking. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 were analyzed to examine the association between FeNO and active/passive tobacco. Exposure was assessed by both self-report and serum cotinine levels among 11,160 subjects aged 6-79 years old with asthma, or without any respiratory disease. RESULTS Study results indicated 28.8% lower FeNO, 95% CI [25.2%, 32.3%] and 38.1% lower FeNO, 95% CI: [28.1, 46.2] was observed among healthy and asthmatic participants with serum cotinine in the highest quartile compared to those in the lowest quartile, respectively. Self-reported smoking status and recent tobacco use were also associated with decreased FeNO. Self-reported passive smoking was significantly associated with a 1.0% decrease in FeNO 95% CI [0.0, 2.0] among asthmatic subjects but not among healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Active smoking, whether measured by self-report or serum cotinine, was associated with decreased FeNO levels. In addition to age, increased attention should be given to tobacco exposure when using FeNO as a biomarker in clinical practice. Additional research is needed to establish reference value of FeNO considering the impact of tobacco exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Hui Hu
- b Department of Epidemiology , College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Gregory D Kearney
- c Department of Public Health , East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine , Greenville , NC, USA
| | - Haidong Kan
- d School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai , China , and
| | - Genny Carrillo
- e Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center , McAllen , TX , USA
| | - Xinguang Chen
- b Department of Epidemiology , College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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16
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Thomas RG, Rivera Reyes BM, Gaston BM, Rivera Acosta NB, Bederman IR, Smith LA, Sutton MT, Wang B, Hunt JF, Bonfield TL. Conjugation of nitrated acetaminophen to Der p1 amplifies peripheral blood monocyte response to Der p1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188614. [PMID: 29228007 PMCID: PMC5724819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association of acetaminophen use and asthma was observed in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood study. However there are no clear mechanisms to explain an association between acetaminophen use and immunologic pathology. In acidic conditions like those in the stomach and inflamed airway, tyrosine residues are nitrated by nitrous and peroxynitrous acids. The resulting nitrotyrosine is structurally similar to 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, known haptens that enhance immune responses by covalently binding proteins. Nitrated acetaminophen shares similar molecular structure. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized the acetaminophen phenol ring undergoes nitration under acidic conditions, producing 3-nitro-acetaminophen which augments allergic responses by acting as a hapten for environmental allergens. METHODS 3-nitro-acetaminophen was formed from acetaminophen in the presence of acidified nitrite, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and assayed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. Purified 3-nitro-acetaminophen was reacted with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p1) and analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify the modification site. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation response was measured in response to 3-nitro-acetaminophen and to 3-nitro-acetaminophen-modified Der p1. RESULTS Acetaminophen was modified by nitrous acid forming 3-nitro-acetaminophen over a range of different acidic conditions consistent with airway inflammation and stomach acidity. The Der p1 protein-hapten adduct creation was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics modifying cysteine 132. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to 3-nitro-acetaminophen-modified Der p1 had increased proliferation and cytokine production compared to acetaminophen and Der p1 alone (n = 7; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data suggests 3-nitro-acetaminophen formation and reaction with Der p1 provides a mechanism by which stomach acid or infection-induced low airway pH in patients could enhance the allergic response to proteins such as Der p1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Brenda M. Rivera Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Nelki B. Rivera Acosta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ilya R. Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Morgan T. Sutton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Benlian Wang
- Center of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John F. Hunt
- Airbase Therapeutics, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tracey L. Bonfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
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17
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Guo Y, Ma J, Lu W, He J, Zhang R, Yuan J, Chen W. Associations of Exhaled Carbon Monoxide and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24532. [PMID: 27076211 PMCID: PMC4830973 DOI: 10.1038/srep24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) could reflect underlying inflammatory and oxidative stresses, which play important roles in pathogenetic pathways of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, epidemiologic evidence was limited. We conducted a study in Wuhan-Zhuhai (WHZH) cohort of 3649 community participants to investigate the association between eCO, FeNO and MetS in both cross-sectional and prospective ways. The results showed that higher eCO and FeNO were associated cross-sectionally with a higher prevalence of MetS. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for MetS at baseline were 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11 to 1.35) associated with per log eCO and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.30) associated with per log FeNO. During a follow-up of 3 years, 358/2181 new developed MetS cases were identified. Compared with lowest quartile of eCO and FeNO, the multivariable-adjusted risk ratios (95% CI) for MetS were 1.48 (1.06 to 2.06) related to the highest quartile of eCO. These findings remained consistent across sex but not smoking status, eCO was only associated with MetS in non-smokers when stratified by smoking status. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that eCO and FeNO were independently and positively associated with the prevalence of MetS cross-sectionally, while only eCO was positively related with the incidence of MetS prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintong He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runbo Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health in Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Carpagnano GE, Ruggieri C, Scioscia G, Storto MML, Zoppo L, Foschino-Barbaro MP. Is the Exhaled Breath Temperature Sensitive to Cigarette Smoking? COPD 2016; 13:642-6. [PMID: 26934668 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2016.1143458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The smoking habit is accompanied by an acute inflammatory response which follows tissue injury. It would be desirable to find a non-invasive inflammatory marker that would simplify the task of studying and monitoring smokers more simply and allow us to identify populations at risk of contracting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Today's expectations regarding research focus on issues ranging from inflammatory markers to those of exhaled breath temperature (EBT) are considerable. That said, although the EBT has been largely studied in asthma and COPD, there have not been any studies thus far that have analysed the effect of cigarette smoking on the EBT. Bearing this in mind, in this longitudinal study we aim to analyse the EBT in current smokers, monitor the effects both of cigarette smoking on EBT and of what happens after smoking cessation. Twenty-five (25) smokers (59.5 ± 3.1 yrs, 12 M) who participated in a multi-disciplinary smoking cessation programme and 25 healthy never-smokers (58.7 ± 2.9, 13 M) underwent EBT measurement. EBT values were higher in smokers before smoking (T0) than in never-smokers [34.6 (34.2-35) vs 33.2 (32.4-33.7)°C, p < 0.001. The smokers repeated measurement 5 minutes after smoking a cigarette (T1) and 2 hours after (T2). They repeated EBC measurement after 1 week (T3) and then after 3 months (T4) from smoking cessation. EBT is higher in smokers compared to controls. EBT increases after cigarette smoking and progressively decreases with the increase of time from when the last cigarette was smoked. Thus, we can conclude that EBT is increased in smokers and also sensitive to the acute effect of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna E Carpagnano
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Cinzia Ruggieri
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Giulia Scioscia
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Lo Storto
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Luigi Zoppo
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria P Foschino-Barbaro
- a Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia , Italy
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Mehari A, Hines C, Gillum RF. Smokeless tobacco use and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in men in a national survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:302-5. [PMID: 26896883 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is an important risk for asthma and increases asthma severity. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is used as a noninvasive biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Substantial numbers of men use smokeless tobacco. The effect of use of smokeless tobacco on FeNO is not known. OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between use of smokeless tobacco and FeNO among US men. METHODS The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012 was analyzed to assess association of use of smokeless tobacco and FeNO levels in parts per billion in US men. Participants were categorized by smoking status and use of snuff or chewing tobacco in the previous 5 days. FeNO was measured using a device that relies on an electrochemical sensor. RESULTS In 3,791 male nonsmokers without asthma, weighted mean natural logarithm FeNO by exposure to smokeless tobacco was 2.81 (geometric mean FeNO, 16.59 ppb; 95% CI, 2.77-2.85) in unexposed and 2.66 (geometric mean, 14.30 ppb; 95% CI, 2.55-2.77) in the exposed. In weighted linear regression analyses, use of smokeless tobacco was associated with significantly lower natural logarithm FeNO after controlling for age and race (black vs nonblack) (coefficient, -0.124; SE, 0.056; P = .03; 95% CI, -0.237 to -0.011). Results were unchanged after additionally controlling for recent nitric oxide-rich vegetable consumption and upper respiratory tract infection (coefficient, -0.118; SE, 0.055; P = .04; 95% CI, -0.228 to -0.007). CONCLUSIONS Use of smokeless tobacco was associated with lower mean natural logarithm FeNO levels in nonsmokers with no history of asthma. Interpretation of FeNO should consider all forms of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem Mehari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC.
| | - Chad Hines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - R F Gillum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
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Papatheodorou SI, Buettner H, Rice MB, Mittleman MA. Recent Marijuana Use and Associations With Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Pulmonary Function in Adults in the United States. Chest 2016; 149:1428-35. [PMID: 26836917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medical and recreational use of marijuana is now legal in some parts of the United States; the health effects are unknown. We aimed to evaluate associations between recent marijuana use and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and pulmonary function. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 10,327 US adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the years 2007 to 2012. We examined associations between marijuana use and eNO, FEV1, FVC, the FEV1/FVC ratio, and forced expiratory flow (midexpiratory phase) (FEF25%-75%) by weighted linear regression. RESULTS In the study population, there were 4,797 never users, 4,084 past marijuana users, 555 participants who used marijuana 5 to 30 days before the examination, and 891 participants who used marijuana 0 to 4 days before the examination. Current marijuana use in the past 4 days was associated with 13% lower eNO (95% CI, -18% to 8%). FVC was higher in past users (75 mL; 95% CI, 38-112) and current users in the past 5 to 30 days (159 mL; 95% CI, 80-237) and in users within 0 to 4 days of the examination (204 mL; 95% CI, 139-270) compared with never users. All associations remained unchanged and statistically significant in sensitivity analyses excluding current and past tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS Current marijuana use was associated with lower levels of eNO and higher FVC. The lower eNO in marijuana smokers suggests that short-term exposure to marijuana may, like tobacco, acutely affect the pulmonary vascular endothelium and impair airflow through the small airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania I Papatheodorou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | | | - Mary B Rice
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether cumulative dust exposure in foundry work is associated with airway inflammation measured by the analysis of fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentration, or by inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate or serum. METHODS We examined 476 dust-exposed and nonexposed foundry workers, and assessed the individual cumulative exposure to dusts and respirable quartz. Bronchial and alveolar NO production and inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate and in serum samples were also analyzed. RESULTS After adjusting for pack-years of smoking, increased levels of alveolar NO, serum C-reactive protein, and interleukin-8 were associated with a higher level of cumulative exposure to dust. The referents had higher serum myeloperoxidase levels, bronchial NO output, and 8-isoprostane levels in exhaled breath condensate than in the dust-exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS Dust exposure in foundry work may induce both systemic and alveolar inflammation.
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Ferrari M, Zanasi A, Nardi E, Morselli Labate AM, Ceriana P, Balestrino A, Pisani L, Corcione N, Nava S. Short-term effects of a nicotine-free e-cigarette compared to a traditional cigarette in smokers and non-smokers. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 26459355 PMCID: PMC4603923 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A few studies have assessed the short-term effects of low-dose nicotine e-cigarettes, while data about nicotine-free e-cigarettes (NF e-cigarettes) are scanty. Concerns have been expressed about the use of NF e-cigarettes, because of the high concentrations of propylene glycol and other compounds in the e-cigarette vapor. Methods This laboratory-based study was aimed to compare the effects of ad libitum use of a NF e-cigarette or and a traditional cigarette for 5 min in healthy adult smokers (n = 10) and non-smokers (n = 10). The main outcome measures were pulmonary function tests, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and fractional concentration of carbon monoxide (FeCO) in exhaled breath. Results The traditional cigarette induced statistically significant increases in FeCO in both smokers and non-smokers, while no significant changes were observed in FeNO. In non-smokers, the traditional cigarette induced a significant decrease from baseline in FEF75 (81 % ± 35 % vs 70.2 % ± 28.2 %, P = 0.013), while in smokers significant decreases were observed in FEF25 (101.3 % ± 16.4 % vs 93.5 % ± 31.7 %, P = 0.037), FEV1 (102.2 % ± 9.5 % vs 98.3 % ± 10 %, P = 0.037) and PEF (109.5 % ± 14.6 % vs 99.2 % ± 17.5 %, P = 0.009). In contrast, the only statistically significant effects induced by the NF e-cigarette in smokers were reductions in FEV1 (102.2 % ± 9.5 % vs 99.5 ± 7.6 %, P = 0.041) and FEF25 (103.4 % ± 16.4 % vs 94.2 % ± 16.2 %, P = 0.014). Discussion The present study demonstrated that the specific brand of NF e-cigarette utilized did not induce any majoracute effects. In contrast, several studies have shown that both traditional cigarettes and nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have acute effects on lung function. Our study expands on previous observations on the effects of NF e-cigarettes, but also for the first time describes the changes induced by smoking one traditional cigarette in a group of never smokers. Conclusions The short-term use of the specific brand of NF e-cigarette assessed in this study had no immediate adverse effects on non-smokers and only small effects on FEV1 and FEF25 in smokers. The long-term health effects of NF e-cigarette use are unknown but worthy of further investigations. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02102191
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ferrari
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Zanasi
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Nardi
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Morselli Labate
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Piero Ceriana
- Respiratory Unit, Fondazione S.Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Balestrino
- Respiratory Unit, Fondazione S.Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lara Pisani
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nadia Corcione
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Nava
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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Exhaled Breath Condensate: Technical and Diagnostic Aspects. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:435160. [PMID: 26106641 PMCID: PMC4461795 DOI: 10.1155/2015/435160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 30-year progress of research on exhaled breath condensate in a disease-based approach. Methods. We searched PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: exhaled breath condensate (EBC), biomarkers, pH, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), smoking, COPD, lung cancer, NSCLC, mechanical ventilation, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung diseases, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and drugs. Results. We found 12600 related articles in total in Google Scholar, 1807 in ScienceDirect, and 1081 in PubMed/Medline, published from 1980 to October 2014. 228 original investigation and review articles were eligible. Conclusions. There is rapidly increasing number of innovative articles, covering all the areas of modern respiratory medicine and expanding EBC potential clinical applications to other fields of internal medicine. However, the majority of published papers represent the results of small-scale studies and thus current knowledge must be further evaluated in large cohorts. In regard to the potential clinical use of EBC-analysis, several limitations must be pointed out, including poor reproducibility of biomarkers and absence of large surveys towards determination of reference-normal values. In conclusion, contemporary EBC-analysis is an intriguing achievement, but still in early stage when it comes to its application in clinical practice.
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM, Ko S, Kelly-McNeil K, Cepeda C, Pettit A, Ohman-Strickland P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Gong J, Veleeparambil M, Gow AJ. A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:45. [PMID: 25361615 PMCID: PMC4236446 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For many individuals, daily commuting activities on roadways account for a substantial proportion of total exposure, as well as peak-level exposures, to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS) including ultrafine particles, but the health impacts of these exposures are not well-understood. We sought to determine if exposure to TRAPs particles during commuting causes acute oxidative stress in the respiratory tract or changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic activity. Methods We conducted a randomized, cross-over trial in which twenty-one young adults took two 1.5-hr rides in a passenger vehicle in morning rush-hour traffic. The subjects wore a powered-air-purifying respirator, and were blinded to high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration during one of the rides. At time points before and after the rides, we measured HRV and markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) including nitrite, the sum of nitrite and nitrate, malondialdehyde, and 8-isoprostane. We used mixed linear models to evaluate the effect of exposure on EBC and HRV outcomes, adjusting for pre-exposure response levels. We used linear models to examine the effects of particle concentrations on EBC outcomes at post-exposure time points. Results Mean EBC nitrite and the sum of nitrite and nitrate were increased from baseline at immediately post-exposure comparing unfiltered to filtered rides (2.11 μM vs 1.70 μM, p = 0.02 and 19.1 μM vs 10.0 μM, p = 0.02, respectively). Mean EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were about 10% greater following the unfiltered vs. filtered exposures, although this result was not statistically significant. We found no significant associations between exposure to traffic particles and HRV outcomes at any of the time points. At immediately post-exposure, an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration was associated with statistically significant increases in nitrite (99.4%, 95% CI 32.1% to 166.7%) and nitrite + nitrate (75.7%, 95% CI 21.5% to 130.0%). Conclusions Increases in markers of oxidative stress in EBC may represent early biological responses to widespread exposures to TRAPs particles that affect passengers in vehicles on heavily trafficked roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Susan Ko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Kathie Kelly-McNeil
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Clarimel Cepeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Ashley Pettit
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Pharmacy and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Effect of nanoparticles exposure on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in workers exposed to nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:878-94. [PMID: 24413755 PMCID: PMC3907844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement is a useful diagnostic test of airway inflammation. However, there have been few studies of FENO in workers exposed to nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nanoparticle (NP) exposure on FENO and to assess whether the FENO is increased in workers exposed to nanomaterials (NM). In this study, both exposed workers and non-exposed controls were recruited from NM handling plants in Taiwan. A total of 437 subjects (exposed group = 241, non-exposed group = 196) completed the FENO and spirometric measurements from 2009–2011. The authors used a control-banding (CB) matrix to categorize the risk level of each participant. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, this study found a significant association between risk level 2 of NP exposure and FENO. Furthermore, asthma, allergic rhinitis, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and NF-κB were also significantly associated with FENO. When the multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted for confounders, nano-TiO2 in all of the NM exposed categories had a significantly increased risk in FENO > 35 ppb. This study found associations between the risk level of NP exposure and FENO (particularly noteworthy for Nano-TiO2). Monitoring FENO in the lung could open up a window into the role nitric oxide (NO) may play in pathogenesis.
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Breath tests in respiratory and critical care medicine: from research to practice in current perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:702896. [PMID: 24151617 PMCID: PMC3789325 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied the most, and most researches have now focused on asthma. More than a thousand different volatile organic compounds have been observed in low concentrations in normal human breath. Alkanes and methylalkanes, the majority of breath volatile organic compounds, have been increasingly used by physicians as a novel method to diagnose many diseases without discomforts of invasive procedures. None of the individual exhaled volatile organic compound alone is specific for disease. Exhaled breath analysis techniques may be available to diagnose and monitor the diseases in home setting when their sensitivity and specificity are improved in the future.
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Hussain S, Laumbach R, Coleman J, Youssef H, Kelly-McNeil K, Ohman-Strickland P, Zhang J, Kipen H. Controlled exposure to diesel exhaust causes increased nitrite in exhaled breath condensate among subjects with asthma. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 54:1186-91. [PMID: 23001278 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31826bb64c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oxidative/nitrosative stress plays a role in the acute effects of diesel exhaust (DE) on subjects with asthma. METHODS In this crossover study, 16 subjects with mild to moderate asthma were exposed to clean filtered air or diluted DE (300 μg/m as PM2.5) for 1 hour with intermittent exercise. RESULTS Airway hyperreactivity increased 24 hours after exposure to DE compared with clean filtered air (PC20, 14.9 mg/mL vs 19.7 mg/mL; P = 0.012). Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate was elevated immediately after diesel exposure (P = 0.052) and remained elevated 4 and 24 hours after exposure. CONCLUSIONS After exposure to DE, subjects with asthma demonstrated increased airway hyperreactivity and obstruction. Increased nitrite in exhaled breath condensate, in the absence of increased exhaled nitric oxide, suggests a noninflammatory oxidative stress mechanism by which DE affects the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Hussain
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Liu HC, Lu MC, Lin YC, Wu TC, Hsu JY, Jan MS, Chen CM. Differences in IL-8 in serum and exhaled breath condensate from patients with exacerbated COPD or asthma attacks. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 113:908-14. [PMID: 25530067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method that can be used to monitor the inflammatory status of patients with chronic airway diseases. We aimed to study differences in cytokine expression between patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and patients with asthma attacks. METHODS Using a custom-made device and methods based on American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) recommendations, EBC samples were collected from nine COPD patients, 12 asthma patients and 10 healthy individuals. Cytokine concentrations in serum and EBC were measured via commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS Of four cytokines measured in EBC [interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-17, IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], only IL-8 was significantly higher in COPD than in asthma patients (5.27 ± 0.18 vs. 4.36 ± 0.34 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Moreover, COPD patients had higher serum IL-8 than asthma patients (10.57 ± 0.55 vs. 5.15 ± 0.24 pg/mL, p < 0.001). No significant correlation between serum and EBC cytokine concentrations was observed in each subgroup of patients. CONCLUSION Compared with patients with asthma attacks, patients with exacerbated COPD had increased IL-8 expression in both serum and EBC. These results suggest that IL-8 may be more important in airway and systemic inflammation in COPD exacerbations than in asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Chung Liu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Lu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chin Wu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Benfotiamine counteracts smoking-induced vascular dysfunction in healthy smokers. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:968761. [PMID: 23091724 PMCID: PMC3471443 DOI: 10.1155/2012/968761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Smoking induces endothelial dysfunction (ED) mainly by exacerbating oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Benfotiamine, a thiamine prodrug with high bioavailability, prevents nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction in rats. It remained unknown whether this effect also occurs in humans. Methods. Therefore, 20 healthy volunteers (mean age: 38 years) were investigated twice, 7–10 days apart in a randomized, cross-over, and investigator-blinded design. Vascular function was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery and by measurements of the soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1. Investigations were performed after an overnight fast as well as 20 minutes after one cigarette smoking. On another day, the same procedure was applied following a 3-day oral therapy with benfotiamine (1050 mg/day). Ten patients were randomized to start with smoking alone, and ten started with benfotiamine. Results. Results are expressed as (mean ± SEM). Smoking acutely induced a decrease in FMD by 50% (∗∗P < 0.001 versus baseline) an effect significantly reduced by benfotiamine treatment to 25%∗§ (∗P < 0.05 versus baseline, §P < 0.05 versus smoking alone). Smoking-induced elevation in sVCAM-1 was also prevented by benfotiamine. The endothelium-independent vasodilatation remained unaltered between days. Conclusion. In healthy volunteers, smoking blunts vascular function mirrored by a decrease in FMD and an increase in sVCAM-1. Short-term treatment with benfotiamine significantly reduces these effects, showing protective vascular properties.
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Plasma and exhaled breath condensate nitrite-nitrate level in relation to environmental exposures in adults in the EGEA study. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:169-75. [PMID: 22750238 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the associations between biological markers in the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and four environmental exposures among subjects examined in the second survey (2003-2007) of the French Epidemiological study on Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA). Total nitrite and nitrate (NO(2)(-) /NO(3)(-)) levels were measured both in plasma and in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in 949 adults. Smoking, diet and exposure to chlorine products were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated by using geostatistical models. All estimates were obtained with generalized estimating equations for linear regression models. Median levels of NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) were 36.3 μM (1st-3rd quartile: 25.7, 51.1) in plasma and 2.0 μmol/mg proteins (1st-3rd quartile 0.9, 3.9) in EBC. After adjustment for asthma, age, sex and menopausal status, plasma NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) level increased with leafy vegetable consumption (above versus below median=0.04 (95%CI: 0.001, 0.07)) and decreased in smokers (versus non/ex-smokers=-0.08 (95%CI: -0.11, -0.04). EBC NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) level decreased in smokers (-0.08 (95%CI: -0.16, -0.001)) and with exposure to ambient O(3) concentration (above versus below median=-0.10 (95%CI: -0.17, -0.03)). Cured meat, chlorine products, PM(10) and NO(2) concentrations were not associated with NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) levels. Results suggest that potential modifiable environmental and behavioral risk factors may modify NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) levels in plasma and EBC according to the route of exposure.
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Malinovschi A, Janson C, Högman M, Rolla G, Torén K, Norbäck D, Olin AC. Bronchial responsiveness is related to increased exhaled NO (FE(NO)) in non-smokers and decreased FE(NO) in smokers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35725. [PMID: 22563393 PMCID: PMC3338521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Both atopy and smoking are known to be associated with increased bronchial responsiveness. Fraction of nitric oxide (NO) in the exhaled air (FE(NO)), a marker of airways inflammation, is decreased by smoking and increased by atopy. NO has also a physiological bronchodilating and bronchoprotective role. OBJECTIVES To investigate how the relation between FE(NO) and bronchial responsiveness is modulated by atopy and smoking habits. METHODS Exhaled NO measurements and methacholine challenge were performed in 468 subjects from the random sample of three European Community Respiratory Health Survey II centers: Turin (Italy), Gothenburg and Uppsala (both Sweden). Atopy status was defined by using specific IgE measurements while smoking status was questionnaire-assessed. MAIN RESULTS Increased bronchial responsiveness was associated with increased FE(NO) levels in non-smokers (p = 0.02) and decreased FE(NO) levels in current smokers (p = 0.03). The negative association between bronchial responsiveness and FE(NO) was seen only in the group smoking less <10 cigarettes/day (p = 0.008). Increased bronchial responsiveness was associated with increased FE(NO) in atopic subjects (p = 0.04) while no significant association was found in non-atopic participants. The reported interaction between FE(NO) and smoking and atopy, respectively were maintained after adjusting for possible confounders (p-values<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the interactions of the relationship between FE(NO) and bronchial responsiveness with smoking and atopy, suggesting different mechanisms behind atopy- and smoking-related increases of bronchial responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
The collection and analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may be useful for the management of patients with chronic respiratory disease at all ages. It is a promising technique due to its apparent simplicity and non-invasiveness. EBC does not disturb an ongoing respiratory inflammation. However, the methodology remains controversial, as it is not yet standardized. The current diversity of the methods used to collect and preserve EBC, the analytical pitfalls and the high degree of within-subject variability are the main issues that hamper further development into a clinical useful technique. In order to facilitate the process of standardization, a simplified schematic approach is proposed. An update of available data identified open issues on EBC methodology. These issues were then classified into three separate conditions related to their influence before, during or after the condensation process: (1) pre-condenser conditions related to subject and/or environment; (2) condenser conditions related to condenser equipment; and (3) post-condenser conditions related to preservation and/or analysis. This simplified methodological approach highlights the potential influence of the many techniques used before, during and after condensation of exhaled breath. It may also serve as a methodological checklist for a more systematical approach of EBC research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rosias
- Department of Paediatrics, Orbis Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.
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Exposure of healthy subjects with emissions from a gas metal arc welding process: part 3—biological effect markers and lung function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:39-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hakim F, Hellou E, Goldbart A, Katz R, Bentur Y, Bentur L. The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system. Chest 2011; 139:775-781. [PMID: 21030492 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited data on the acute effects of water-pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as water-pipe smoking (WPS), on cardiopulmonary parameters. This study evaluated the acute effects of a single 30-min session of WPS on carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, pulmonary function test results, vital signs, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) levels, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) cytokine levels in volunteers in a domestic, open-air, group smoking setting. METHODS This prospective study evaluated the above-noted outcome parameters before and after 30 min of WPS. The primary outcome parameter was the change in COHb levels. RESULTS Forty-five volunteers (30 men, 15 women), aged 32.35 ± 15.33 years, were recruited. After one session of WPS, the COHb levels rose significantly, from 1.47% ± 0.57% (median 1.4) to 9.47% ± 5.52% (median 7.4), P < .001. Systolic and diastolic BP levels significantly increased after smoking (systolic, 119.52 ± 12.07 mm Hg vs 131.98 ± 17.8 mm Hg; diastolic, 74.84 ± 7.89 mm Hg vs 82.98 ± 12.52 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001). Heart rates increased from 80.39 ± 9.92 beats/min to 95.59 ± 17.41 beats/min, P < .001; and respiratory rates increased from 14.36 ± 1.63 breaths/min to 16.68 ± 2.24 breaths/min, P < .001. There were decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, Feno levels, percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood, and 8-isoprostane levels in EBC. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that one session of WPS causes acute biologic changes that might result in marked health problems. It adds to the limited evidence that WPS is harmful and supports interventions to control the continuing global spread of WPS, especially among youth. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01157832; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed Hakim
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elias Hellou
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviv Goldbart
- The Department of Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rina Katz
- Department of Immunology, Haifa, Israel; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yedidia Bentur
- The Israel Poison Information Center, Haifa, Israel; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lea Bentur
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Ćalušić AL, Varnai VM, Macan J. Acute effects of smoking and food consumption on breath condensate pH in healthy adults. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:92-100. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.521616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veda M. Varnai
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Lee JS, Shin JH, Lee JO, Lee KM, Kim JH, Choi BS. Levels of Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Retired Coal Miners. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:329-37. [PMID: 24278541 PMCID: PMC3834506 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled inorganic dusts, such as coal, can cause inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs, known as pneumoconiosis. Diagnosis of pneumoconiosis depends on morphological changes by radiological findings and functional change by pulmonary function test (PFT) . Unfortunately, current diagnostic findings are limited only to lung fibrosis, which is usually irreversibly progressive. Therefore, it is important that research on potential and prospective biomarkers for pneumoconiosis should be conducted prior to initiation of irreversible radiological or functional changes in the lungs. Analytical techniques using exhaled breath condensate (EBC) or exhaled gas are non-invasive methods for detection of various respiratory diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers, such as EBC pH or fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) , and pneumoconiosis among 120 retired coal miners (41 controls and 79 pneumoconiosis patients) . Levels of EBC pH and FENO did not show a statistically significant difference between the pneumoconiosis patient group and pneumoconiosis patients with small opacity classified by International Labor Organization (ILO) classification. The mean concentration of FENO in the low percentage FEV1 (< 80%) was lower than that in the high percentage (80% ≤) (p = 0.023) . The mean concentration of FENO in current smokers was lower than that in non smokers (never or past smokers) (p = 0.027) . Although there was no statistical significance, the levels of FENO in smokers tended to decrease, compared with non smokers, regardless of pneumoconiosis. In conclusion, there was no significant relationship between the level of EBC pH or FENO and radiological findings or PFT. The effects between exhaled biomarkers and pneumoconiosis progression, such as decreasing PFT and exacerbation of radiological findings, should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Lee
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
| | - Joung Oh Lee
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
| | - Kyung Myung Lee
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Ansan Workers’ Compensation Hospital, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
| | - Byung-Soon Choi
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, COMWEL, Ansan 426-858, Korea
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Lin JL, Thomas PS. Current perspectives of oxidative stress and its measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2010; 7:291-306. [PMID: 20673039 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2010.496818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking, the principal aetiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the developed countries, delivers and generates oxidative stress within the lungs. This imbalance of oxidant burden and antioxidant capacity has been implicated as an important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of COPD. Oxidative processes and free radical generation orchestrate the inflammation, mucous gland hyperplasia, and apoptosis of the airway lining epithelium which characterises COPD. Pivotal oxidative stress/pro-inflammatory molecules include reactive oxygen species such as the superoxides and hydroxyl radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines including leukotrienes, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and activated transcriptional factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein 1. The lung has a large reserve of antioxidant agents such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase to counter oxidants. However, smoking also causes the depletion of antioxidants, which further contributes to oxidative tissue damage. The downregulation of antioxidant pathways has also been associated with acute exacerbations of COPD. The delivery of redox-protective antioxidants may have preventative and therapeutic potential of COPD. Although these observations have yet to translate into common clinical practice, preliminary clinical trials and studies of animal models have shown that interventions to counter this oxidative imbalance may have potential to better manage COPD. There is, thus, a need for the ability to monitor such interventions and exhaled breath condensate is rapidly emerging as a novel and noninvasive approach in the sampling of airway epithelial lining fluid which could be used for repeated analysis of oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Lih Lin
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic-related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203:107-12. [PMID: 20716291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked exposure to traffic-related air pollutants to increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evidence from human, animal, and in vitro studies supports an important role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiological pathways underlying the adverse health effects of air pollutants. In controlled-exposure studies of animals and humans, emissions from diesel engines, a major source of traffic-related air pollutants, cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation that is mediated by redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Assessment of human responses to traffic-related air pollution under realistic conditions is challenging due to the complex, dynamic nature of near-roadway exposure. Noninvasive measurement of biomarkers in breath and breath condensate may be particularly useful for evaluating the role of oxidative stress in acute responses to exposures that occur in vehicles or during near-roadway activities. Promising biomarkers include nitric oxide in exhaled breath, and nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde, and F2-isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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Zetterquist W, Marteus H, Hedlin G, Alving K. Increased exhaled nitrite in children with allergic asthma is not related to nitric oxide formation. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 2:166-74. [PMID: 20298325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2008.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitrite sampled from the upper airways could originate from inflammation-induced nitric oxide (NO), as reports of elevated nitrite in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from asthmatics suggest, but also through bacterial action in the pharyngo-oral tract. OBJECTIVES To correlate EBC nitrite and nitrate to exhaled NO (FENO, fraction of expired NO) and other markers of disease activity in children with allergic asthma and thereby further investigate their role and origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS EBC was collected from 27 asthmatic subjects (ages 6-17 years, all immunoglobulin E-positive for aeroallergens) and 21 age-matched non-atopic healthy controls for fluorometric analysis of nitrite and nitrate. These markers were compared with measurements of FENO, blood eosinophil count (EOS), methacholine reactivity (PD(20)) and baseline spirometry. RESULTS EBC nitrite, in contrast to nitrate, was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the asthmatic children. They also had increased levels of FENO (P < 0.001) and EOS (P < 0.001) along with decreased PD(20) (P < 0.001) and FEV1/FVC (P < 0.01). However, there was no correlation between EBC nitrite and FENO (r = 0.05) or any other marker of disease activity in the asthmatic children, whereas between the other markers correlations could be established. CONCLUSION EBC nitrite is elevated in childhood asthma but the lack of correlation to FENO and other markers, together with simultaneously normal levels of nitrate, make its origin as a metabolite of inflammation-induced NO questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Zetterquist
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gube M, Ebel J, Brand P, Göen T, Holzinger K, Reisgen U, Kraus T. Biological effect markers in exhaled breath condensate and biomonitoring in welders: impact of smoking and protection equipment. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 83:803-11. [PMID: 20130903 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of welding as well as the impact of smoking and protection measures on biological effect markers in exhaled breath condensate. Additionally, biomonitoring of chromium, aluminium and nickel in urine was performed to quantify internal exposure. METHODS Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine samples of 45 male welders and 24 male non-exposed control subjects were collected on Friday pre-shift and after 8 h of work post-shift. In EBC, biological effect markers such as malondialdehyde, nitrite, nitrate, 3-nitrotyrosine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, proline, H(2)O(2) and pH-value were measured while aluminium, nickel, and chromium were measured in the urine samples. RESULTS Although internal exposure to aluminium, nickel and chromium in this study was low, welders showed significantly increased concentrations of all these parameters at baseline compared to non-exposed controls. Moreover, welders had higher nitrate concentrations in EBC at baseline and after shift. Nitrate concentration was considerably lower after shift if personal protection equipment was used. H(2)O(2) was increased only when subjects smoked during shift. CONCLUSION It has been shown that welding-associated long-term and short-term health effects could be detected in a population of welders. The results also showed that using personal protection equipment is of high importance and H(2)O(2) may be an effect marker associated with smoking rather than with welding fumes, while nitrate in EBC seems to be sensitive to welding fume exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Rihák V, Zatloukal P, Chládková J, Zimulová A, Havlínová Z, Chládek J. Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 24:317-22. [PMID: 20872566 PMCID: PMC6647737 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite and nitrate are exhaled in droplets of an aerosol during breathing and can be assayed in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as markers of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Using HPLC with fluorescence detection, nitrite and nitrate were assayed in EBC of 14 atopic patients with mild-to-moderate stable asthma, 18 atopic asthmatics with exacerbation, 14 COPD patients without exacerbation, 18 patients with exacerbated COPD, 13 patients with active IPF, and in 29 healthy subjects. RESULTS The geometric mean [exp(mean±SD)] EBC concentrations of nitrite (micromol/l) in patients with asthma [5.1(2.1-12.3)], exacerbation of asthma [5.1(2.8-9.6)], exacerbation of COPD [5.3(3.2-8.7)], and with IPF [5.5(2.9-10.2)] were higher (P<0.05) compared with those of healthy subjects [2.9(1.6-5.3)] and patients with stable COPD [3.0(1.3-6.7)]. Nitrite concentration increased with decreased lung function of patients with asthma (r(s)=-0.31, P<0.02). Presumably owing to the contamination of the EBC sample with nitrate during collection, nitrate levels were highly variable among healthy subjects and higher compared with all groups of patients. CONCLUSION EBC nitrite is a suitable marker of nitrossative stress in adult patients with lung diseases but cannot differentiate controlled and exacerbated asthma. Further improvements to the methods of EBC collection and sample handling are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Rihák
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Regional Thomas Bata Hospital, Havlíckovo nábrezí, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zatloukal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Faculty Hospital Bulovka and Postgraduate Medical Institute, Budínova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Chládková
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zimulová
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Regional Thomas Bata Hospital, Havlíckovo nábrezí, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Havlínová
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chládek
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Bruce CT, Zhao D, Yates DH, Thomas PS. L-arginine reverses cigarette-induced reduction of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic smokers. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 18:9-16. [PMID: 19838638 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-009-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complex mechanisms regulate nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Cigarette smoking decreases fractional exhaled NO (FE(NO)), while asthmatic inflammation increases FE(NO). To assess whether the smoking-induced decrease in FE(NO) levels was reversible, asthmatic and non-asthmatic smokers inhaled the NO synthase (NOS) substrate, L-arginine. Aminoguanidine, a relatively selective Type II NOS inhibitor, was used also to assess the role of NOS subtypes in these changes of FE(NO). METHODS The study was a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in two parts. Part I: smoking asthmatic and non-asthmatic smoking subjects smoked one cigarette and then inhaled nebulised L-arginine or L-alanine (control). Spirometry, FE(NO), nasal NO (FN(NO)), FE(CO), were measured for 4 h. Part II: subjects inhaled nebulised aminoguanidine prior to an identical protocol as in Part I. Change in FE(NO) was assessed as area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Part I: In asthmatic smokers, cigarette smoking followed by L-arginine caused a significant median increase in AUC of 29.2(17)% FE(NO) change/hour (p = 0.04), which did not occur in non-asthmatic smokers (baseline FE(NO) 12.7(7.1-18) vs. 6.7(4-9.2) ppb, respectively). Part II: Aminoguanidine prior to smoking caused a significant fall in FE(NO) in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic smokers. L-arginine showed significant reversal of this effect in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects. CONCLUSIONS In asthmatic smokers, L-arginine increases FE(NO) after cigarette smoking but not in non-asthmatic smokers. The decrease in FE(NO) after aminoguanidine and subsequent partial reversal by L-arginine in both groups, suggests that Type II NOS contributes to the FE(NO) in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Bruce
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and POWH Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Louhelainen N, Rytilä P, Haahtela T, Kinnula VL, Djukanović R. Persistence of oxidant and protease burden in the airways after smoking cessation. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9:25. [PMID: 19473482 PMCID: PMC2697135 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke related lung diseases, but longitudinal effects of smoking cessation on oxidant markers in the airways are unknown. METHODS This study included 61 smokers; 21 with chronic bronchitis or COPD, 15 asthmatics and 25 asymptomatic smokers followed up for 3 months after smoking cessation. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), sputum neutrophil counts, sputum 8-isoprostane, nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were investigated at baseline and 1 and 3 months after smoking cessation. RESULTS After 3 months 15 subjects had succeeded in quitting of smoking and in these subjects symptoms improved significantly. Unexpectedly, however, sputum neutrophils increased (p = 0.046) after smoking cessation in patients with chronic bronchitis/COPD. At baseline, the other markers did not differ between the three groups so these results were combined for further analysis. Sputum 8-isoprostane declined significantly during the follow-up at 3 months (p = 0.035), but levels still remained significantly higher than in non-smokers. The levels of FeNO, nitrotyrosine and MMP-8 did not change significantly during the 3 months after smoking cessation. CONCLUSION Whilst symptoms improve after smoking cessation, the oxidant and protease burden in the airways continues for months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Louhelainen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Rytilä
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Liu L, Poon R, Chen L, Frescura AM, Montuschi P, Ciabattoni G, Wheeler A, Dales R. Acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function, airway inflammation, and oxidative stress in asthmatic children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:668-74. [PMID: 19440509 PMCID: PMC2679614 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms, lung function decrements, and hospitalizations. However, there is little information about the influence of air pollution on lung injury. OBJECTIVE In this study we investigated acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function and airway oxidative stress and inflammation in asthmatic children. METHODS We studied 182 children with asthma, 9-14 years of age, for 4 weeks. Daily ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) were monitored from two stations. Once a week we measured spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and determined thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostane--two oxidative stress markers--and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breath condensate. We tested associations using mixed-effects regression models, adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS Interquartile-range increases in 3-day average SO2 (5.4 ppb), NO2 (6.8 ppb), and PM(2.5) (5.4 microg/m3) were associated with decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity, with changes being -3.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), -5.8 to -0.3], -2.8% (95% CI, -4.8 to -0.8), and -3.0% (95% CI, -4.7 to -1.2), respectively. SO2, NO2, and PM(2.5) were associated with increases in TBARS, with changes being 36.2% (95% CI, 15.7 to 57.2), 21.8% (95% CI, 8.2 to 36.0), and 24.8% (95% CI, 10.8 to 39.4), respectively. Risk estimates appear to be larger in children not taking corticosteroids than in children taking corticosteroids. O3 (5.3 ppb) was not associated with health end points. FeNO, 8-isoprostane, and IL-6 were not associated with air pollutants. CONCLUSION Air pollution may increase airway oxidative stress and decrease small airway function of asthmatic children. Inhaled corticosteroids may reduce oxidative stress and improve airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Cruz MJ, Sánchez-Vidaurre S, Romero PV, Morell F, Muñoz X. Impact of age on pH, 8-isoprostane, and nitrogen oxides in exhaled breath condensate. Chest 2008; 135:462-467. [PMID: 19017879 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have addressed the effects of aging on levels of inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The aim of this study was to determine whether there are significant age-associated differences in pH, 8-isoprostane, and nitrogen oxide values in EBC from a population of healthy adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS EBC samples were obtained from 75 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 80 years and stratified into five groups according to age (n = 15): 18 to 29, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, and 60 to 80 years. The following were measured in the samples collected: pH before and after deaeration, nitrite, nitrate, and 8-isoprostane. Differences between the groups were assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Significant differences in deaerated pH (p < 0.0001) were found in the group of individuals 60 to 80 years of age as compared to the remaining groups. Significant differences were also found in 8-isoprostane levels between the younger and older groups (18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years of age; p = 0.006 and p = 0.034, respectively). There were no significant differences in nitrite or nitrate values between younger and older individuals. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that pH and 8-isoprostane levels in EBC show a relationship with age. Thus, values obtained in studies with control groups may require adjustment for these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Jesus Cruz
- Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias, Fisiologia, Immunologia, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Sánchez-Vidaurre
- Servei de Pneumologia Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Fisiologia, Immunologia, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo-Vicente Romero
- Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona; Servei de Pneumologia, Fisiologia, Immunologia, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Morell
- Servei de Pneumologia Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Fisiologia, Immunologia, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Muñoz
- Hospital de Bellvitge; and Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia, Immunologia, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rolla G, Bruno M, Bommarito L, Heffler E, Ferrero N, Petrarulo M, Bagnis C, Bugiani M, Guida G. Breath analysis in patients with end-stage renal disease: effect of haemodialysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:728-33. [PMID: 18837798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no agreement about exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) and its change after haemodialysis (HD) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. To comprehensively assess NO production in the respiratory system, NO metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) needs to be measured in addition to FE(NO), taking into account the influence on these markers of airway pH, which may be regulated by ammonia (NH3+), present in large amounts in the breath of ESRD patients and removed by HD. STUDY DESIGN FE(NO) and NO metabolites (NOx, NO2-,NO3- ), pH and NH3+ in EBC were measured in 12 ESRD patients, before and after HD. Twelve healthy subjects acted as controls. RESULTS FE(NO )values of ESRD patients were similar to normals, while EBC-NOx, NO2-, NH3+ and pH were significantly higher in ESRD patients compared to normals (EBC-NOx 12.3, range 11.1-41.9 microm vs. 9.4, range 4.6-10.9 microm, P = 0.007; NO2- 4.70, range 1.17-8.22 microm vs. 0.90, range 0.72-1.17 microm, P = 0.023; NH3+ 2340, range 1325-3922 microm vs. 660, range 406-872 microm, P < 0.001; pH 7.16, range 6.82-7.44 vs. 6.60, range 6.42-6.76, P = 0.004, respectively). HD caused a mild significant decrease of FE(NO), and normalization of NH3+, NOx, NO2- and pH. A significant positive relationship between EBC-pH and EBC-NH3+ before and after HD (r(2) = 0.65, P = 0.000) was observed, explaining higher than normal EBC-pH before HD, while no relationship was found between EBC-pH and FE(NO) or NO metabolites. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress, and not EBC-pH, is the most probable cause of increased NO metabolites in ESRD patients before HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rolla
- University of Turin, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ospedale Mauriziano, Largo Turati, Turin, Italy.
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Wright JL, Churg A. Short-term exposure to cigarette smoke induces endothelial dysfunction in small intrapulmonary arteries: analysis using guinea pig precision cut lung slices. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:1462-9. [PMID: 18356485 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00520.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension is not understood. We have previously shown that smoke rapidly and persistently, but discoordinately, upregulates gene expression of mediators that control vasoconstriction, vasoproliferation, and vasorelaxation in small intrapulmonary arteries. To investigate the possibility that smoke also induces endothelial dysfunction, a finding common to other forms of pulmonary hypertension, we exposed guinea pigs to smoke or air (control) daily for 2 wk and then prepared precision-cut lung slices. After exposure to endothelin-1, a vasoconstrictor, intra-acinar arteries in lung slices derived from smoke-exposed animals constricted more rapidly (greater constriction at a given concentration of endothelin) than did vessels from air-exposed animals. To examine relaxation responses, arteries were constricted with the vasoconstrictor U-46619 and then relaxed with progressively increasing doses of acetylcholine. Vessels from smokers had a delayed response to acetylcholine compared with vessels from controls. The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester reduced relaxation in both control and smoke-exposed arteries, whereas the NO donor sodium nitroprusside increased relaxation of the smoke-exposed arteries, confirming that endothelial dysfunction with decreased effective NO production is present. These findings show that precision cut lung slices can be used to examine the physiological effects of cigarette smoke on intra-acinar pulmonary arteries and indicate that even relatively short-term exposure to smoke produces endothelial dysfunction with a resulting tendency to earlier constriction and later relaxation in cigarette smokers. These changes may be important in the development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, University Hospital, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Hirsch J, Ware LB, Matthay MA. Pulmonary Proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Bohadana A, Michaely JP, Teculescu D, Wild P. Reproducibility of exhaled nitric oxide in smokers and non-smokers: relevance for longitudinal studies. BMC Pulm Med 2008; 8:4. [PMID: 18304367 PMCID: PMC2292677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is much interest in measuring fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in populations. We evaluated the reproducibility of FENO in healthy subjects and determined the number of subjects necessary to carry out a longitudinal survey of FENO in a population containing smokers and non-smokers, based on the assessed reproducibility. Methods The reproducibility of FENO was examined in 18 healthy smokers and 21 non-smokers. FENO was assessed once at 9 AM on five consecutive days; in the last day this measurement was repeated at 2 PM. Respiratory symptoms and medical history were assessed by questionnaire. The within- and between-session repeatability of FENO and log-transformed FENO was described. The power of a longitudinal study based on a relative increase in FENO was estimated using a bilateral t-test of the log-transformed FENO using the between-session variance of the assay. Results FENO measurements were highly reproducible throughout the study. FENO was significantly higher in males than females regardless of smoking status. FENO was positively associated with height (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.034), smoking (p < 0.0001) and percent FEV1/FVC (p < 0.001) but not with age (p = 0.987). The between-session standard deviation was roughly constant on the log scale. Assuming the between-session standard deviation is equal to its longitudinal equivalent, either 111 or 29 subjects would be necessary to achieve an 80% power in detecting a 3% or a 10% increase in FENO respectively. Conclusion The good reproducibility of FENO is not influenced by gender or smoking habits. In a well controlled, longitudinal study it should allow detecting even small increases in FENO with a reasonable population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Bohadana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, ERI 11, 54505 Vandoeuvre - lès-Nancy, France.
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