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Tavsanli ME, Zeynalova A, Seckin M. The effect of pharyngeal structures on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2024; 28:849-857. [PMID: 38135771 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-023-02973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by complete or partial cessation of breathing during sleep. The tongue is suggested as a possible anatomical site causing airway obstruction. However, the role of other pharyngeal structures in the development of OSA remains unclear. We designed a study using both the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the oxygen saturation measurements to assess the severity of OSA. We aimed to identify critical anatomical structures of the upper airway that correlate with the severity of OSA and to evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers to detect possible OSA in patients without overt symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included participants referred to the neurology outpatient clinic from the check-up unit. Participants were grouped as controls, mild, moderate, or severe OSA according to the AHI. A cranial MRI with a field of view (FOV) encompassing the upper airway structures was obtained from all participants. The areas of the tongue and the uvula were measured on the sagittal images by drawing the boundaries of the tissues manually. The posterior air space (PAS) area was evaluated from regions of interest in five parallel planes. RESULTS Of 105 participants, 30 were controls, 27 had mild, 25 had moderate, and 23 had severe OSA. The moderate and severe OSA groups did not differ in oxygen saturation levels during sleep. Therefore, patients with moderate and severe OSA were combined into one group (moderate/severe OSA). The area of the tongue was significantly larger in the moderate/severe OSA group compared to the control group. Both the tongue and the uvula areas showed a significant positive correlation with the AHI. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the tongue and uvula have prominent roles in the severity of OSAS. It may be useful to measure these structures with MRI to screen for at-risk individuals without overt OSA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Emir Tavsanli
- Electroneurophysiology Department, Vocational School of Health Services, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Acibadem Taksim Hastanesi, İnönü Mah, Nizamiye Cad No 9/1, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Amalya Zeynalova
- Radiology Department, Acibadem Taksim Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Seckin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tabellion M, Schneider JLFG, Linsenmann CC, Lisson JA. Comparison of PAS and adenoids in patients with and without maxillary micrognathia before orthodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:252. [PMID: 38627272 PMCID: PMC11021280 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniofacial anomalies are widely discussed as predisposing factors of breathing disorders. Since many more cofactors exist, this study investigated the association between maxillary micrognathia and morphological changes of posterior airway space and adenoids in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cephalometric radiographs of n = 73 patients were used for data acquisition. The patients were divided into two groups according to certain skeletal characteristics: maxillary micrognathia (n = 34, 16 female, 18 male; mean age 10.55 ± 3.03 years; defined by a SNA angle < 79°) and maxillary eugnathia (n = 39, 19 female, 20 male; mean age 10.93 ± 3.26 years; defined by a SNA angle > 79°). The evaluation included established procedures for measurements of the maxilla, posterior airway space and adenoids. Statistics included Kolmogorov-Smirnov-, T- and Mann-Whitney-U-Tests for the radiographs. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The cephalometric analysis showed differences in the superior posterior face height and the depth of the posterior airway space at palatal level among the two groups. The depth of the posterior airway space at mandibular level was the same for both groups, just as the size of the area taken by adenoids in the nasopharynx. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal anomalies affect the dimension of the posterior airway space. There were differences among the subjects with maxillary micrognathia and these with a normal maxilla. However, the maxilla was only assessed in the sagittal direction, not in the transverse. This study showed that the morphology of the maxilla relates to the posterior airway space whereas the adenoids seem not to be affected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Maxillary micrognathia is significantly associated with a smaller depth of the posterior airway space at the palatal level compared to patients with maxillary eugnathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Tabellion
- Department of Orthodontics, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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Li P, Laudato M, Mihaescu M. Time-Dependent Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulations of a Simplified Human Soft Palate. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1313. [PMID: 38002437 PMCID: PMC10669192 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep-related disorder. It is characterized by recurrent partial or total collapse of pharyngeal upper airway accompanied by induced vibrations of the soft tissues (e.g., soft palate). The knowledge of the tissue behavior subject to a particular airflow is relevant for realistic clinic applications. However, in-vivo measurements are usually impractical. The goal of the present study is to develop a 3D fluid-structure interaction model for the human uvulopalatal system relevant to OSA based on simplified geometries under physiological conditions. Numerical simulations are performed to assess the influence of the different breathing conditions on the vibrational dynamics of the flexible structure. Meanwhile, the fluid patterns are investigated for the coupled fluid-structure system as well. Increasing the respiratory flow rate is shown to induce larger structural deformation. Vortex shedding induced resonance is not observed due to the large discrepancy between the flow oscillatory frequency and the natural frequency of the structure. The large deformation for symmetric breathing case under intensive respiration is mainly because of the positive feedback from the pressure differences on the top and the bottom surfaces of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, FLOW, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marco Laudato
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, FLOW, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Liao FC, Zhang T, Huang XP, Sangwatanakul J, Li HY, Zhou N. Correlation analysis of upper airway morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and anatomically small retruded mandibles. Cranio 2023; 41:416-422. [PMID: 33355036 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2020.1864165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between upper airway morphology and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with anatomically small retruded mandibles. METHODS Fifty-two patients with small retruded mandibles underwent polysomnography and airway computed tomography. The airway morphology parameters and sleep assessment were compared between the patients with or without OSA. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with OSA, according to polysomnography, had a higher distance between the hyoid bone and mandibular plane (HMP), lateral dimension (LAT)/anteroposterior dimension (AP), but lower minimum cross-sectional area (mCSA), AP, surface area, volume, avgCSA, and airway uniformity (U). The apnea-hypopnea index had negative correlations with mCSA, AP, surface area, volume, avgCSA, and U, and had a positive correlation with HMP and LAT/AP. CONCLUSION OSA is common among patients with small retruded mandibles and is associated with a more compressed upper airway shape and longer HMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chun Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Ping Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jirayus Sangwatanakul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Chang JL, Goldberg AN, Alt JA, Alzoubaidi M, Ashbrook L, Auckley D, Ayappa I, Bakhtiar H, Barrera JE, Bartley BL, Billings ME, Boon MS, Bosschieter P, Braverman I, Brodie K, Cabrera-Muffly C, Caesar R, Cahali MB, Cai Y, Cao M, Capasso R, Caples SM, Chahine LM, Chang CP, Chang KW, Chaudhary N, Cheong CSJ, Chowdhuri S, Cistulli PA, Claman D, Collen J, Coughlin KC, Creamer J, Davis EM, Dupuy-McCauley KL, Durr ML, Dutt M, Ali ME, Elkassabany NM, Epstein LJ, Fiala JA, Freedman N, Gill K, Boyd Gillespie M, Golisch L, Gooneratne N, Gottlieb DJ, Green KK, Gulati A, Gurubhagavatula I, Hayward N, Hoff PT, Hoffmann OM, Holfinger SJ, Hsia J, Huntley C, Huoh KC, Huyett P, Inala S, Ishman SL, Jella TK, Jobanputra AM, Johnson AP, Junna MR, Kado JT, Kaffenberger TM, Kapur VK, Kezirian EJ, Khan M, Kirsch DB, Kominsky A, Kryger M, Krystal AD, Kushida CA, Kuzniar TJ, Lam DJ, Lettieri CJ, Lim DC, Lin HC, Liu SY, MacKay SG, Magalang UJ, Malhotra A, Mansukhani MP, Maurer JT, May AM, Mitchell RB, Mokhlesi B, Mullins AE, Nada EM, Naik S, Nokes B, Olson MD, Pack AI, Pang EB, Pang KP, Patil SP, Van de Perck E, Piccirillo JF, Pien GW, Piper AJ, Plawecki A, Quigg M, Ravesloot MJ, Redline S, Rotenberg BW, Ryden A, Sarmiento KF, Sbeih F, Schell AE, Schmickl CN, Schotland HM, Schwab RJ, Seo J, Shah N, Shelgikar AV, Shochat I, Soose RJ, Steele TO, Stephens E, Stepnowsky C, Strohl KP, Sutherland K, Suurna MV, Thaler E, Thapa S, Vanderveken OM, de Vries N, Weaver EM, Weir ID, Wolfe LF, Tucker Woodson B, Won CH, Xu J, Yalamanchi P, Yaremchuk K, Yeghiazarians Y, Yu JL, Zeidler M, Rosen IM. International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1061-1482. [PMID: 36068685 PMCID: PMC10359192 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation and interpretation of the literature on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) allows for consolidation and determination of the key factors important for clinical management of the adult OSA patient. Toward this goal, an international collaborative of multidisciplinary experts in sleep apnea evaluation and treatment have produced the International Consensus statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (ICS:OSA). METHODS Using previously defined methodology, focal topics in OSA were assigned as literature review (LR), evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBR-R) formats. Each topic incorporated the available and relevant evidence which was summarized and graded on study quality. Each topic and section underwent iterative review and the ICS:OSA was created and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS The ICS:OSA addresses OSA syndrome definitions, pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors for disease, screening methods, diagnostic testing types, multiple treatment modalities, and effects of OSA treatment on multiple OSA-associated comorbidities. Specific focus on outcomes with positive airway pressure (PAP) and surgical treatments were evaluated. CONCLUSION This review of the literature consolidates the available knowledge and identifies the limitations of the current evidence on OSA. This effort aims to create a resource for OSA evidence-based practice and identify future research needs. Knowledge gaps and research opportunities include improving the metrics of OSA disease, determining the optimal OSA screening paradigms, developing strategies for PAP adherence and longitudinal care, enhancing selection of PAP alternatives and surgery, understanding health risk outcomes, and translating evidence into individualized approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolie L. Chang
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Liza Ashbrook
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Indu Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurits S. Boon
- Sidney Kimmel Medical Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pien Bosschieter
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Itzhak Braverman
- Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera Technion, Faculty of Medicine, Hadera, Israel
| | - Kara Brodie
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ray Caesar
- Stone Oak Orthodontics, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yi Cai
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susmita Chowdhuri
- Wayne State University and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter A. Cistulli
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Claman
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob Collen
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Eric M. Davis
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Mohan Dutt
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mazen El Ali
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirat Gill
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Lea Golisch
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Arushi Gulati
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Paul T. Hoff
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver M.G. Hoffmann
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Hsia
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colin Huntley
- Sidney Kimmel Medical Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjana Inala
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meena Khan
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Alan Kominsky
- Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meir Kryger
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Derek J. Lam
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Atul Malhotra
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Joachim T. Maurer
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M. May
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ron B. Mitchell
- University of Texas, Southwestern and Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brandon Nokes
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Allan I. Pack
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Quigg
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Armand Ryden
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Firas Sbeih
- Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiyeon Seo
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neomi Shah
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Soose
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Erika Stephens
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Erica Thaler
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sritika Thapa
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nico de Vries
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ian D. Weir
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Josie Xu
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilene M. Rosen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Molnár V, Molnár A, Lakner Z, Tárnoki DL, Tárnoki ÁD, Jokkel Z, Kunos L, Tamás L. The prognostic role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in obstructive sleep apnoea based on lateral oropharyngeal wall obstruction. Sleep Breath 2023; 27:319-328. [PMID: 35353290 PMCID: PMC9992078 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-022-02597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the prognostic value of the lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW)-based obstruction and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) prediction using ultrasound (US) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). METHODS One hundred patients with and without OSA were enrolled, according to overnight polysomnography. The LPW thickness (LPWT) was measured using a Philips Ingenia 1.5 T MRI device, and US measurements were carried out at rest and during Müller's manoeuvre (MM) with a Samsung RS85 device. The obstruction was localised under drug-induced sleep endoscopy. RESULTS Significantly greater LPWT using MRI was observed in the OSA group compared to the control group, while US results showed a significant difference only in the case of LPWT during MM on the left side. Obese patients presented significantly higher LPWT values. A significant correlation between BMI and LPWT was observed. Men presented significantly higher LPWT MRI values and left-sided LPWT using US compared to women. LPWT and AHI parameters were significantly correlated. The severity of LPW obstruction correlated with LPWT, while the LPW collapse significantly correlated with AHI. The severity of LPW collapse differed depending on the AHI values. Using US LPWT values and anthropometric parameters, a 93% effectiveness in OSA prognostication and 89% in LPWT-based obstruction were detected. MRI detected OSA in 90% and LPW-based obstruction in 84%. US successfully detected LPW-based collapse severity in 67%. CONCLUSION US LPWT measurements were helpful in detecting OSA and LPWT-based obstruction. These examinations may be useful for surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Molnár
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36., 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Molnár
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36., 1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Lakner
- Faculty of Food Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zsófia Jokkel
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - László Tamás
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36., 1083, Budapest, Hungary
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Al-Abed M, Watenpaugh D, Behbehani K. In Situ Investigation of Upper Airway Occlusion in Sleep Disordered Breathing Using Ultrasonic Transducer Arrays. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:121. [PMID: 36671956 PMCID: PMC9856011 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel application of ultrasound for the real-time, non-invasive investigation of occlusion of the upper airway during events of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. It is hypothesized that ultrasonic pulses applied to the neck during apneic events produce spectral and temporal features that can detect apnea occurrence. Theoretical models of ultrasound propagation and an in vitro test were conducted to test this hypothesis in both transmission and reflection modes. Complete specifications and technical details of the system design and fabrication, which is mounted on each subject's neck, are presented, including the methodology. Nine patients (seven male and two female, mean age of 42 years, with a range of 25 to 56 years, and body mass index 37.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) were recruited for a full night study, which included simultaneous nocturnal polysomnography for the validation of the results. Nine temporal features and four spectral features were extracted from the envelope of the received pulse waveform. These were used to compute 26 metrics to quantify the changes in the ultrasonic waveforms between normal breathing and apneic events. The statistical analysis of the collected ultrasonic data showed that at least two or more of the proposed features could detect apneic events in all subjects. The findings establish the feasibility of the proposed method as a cost-effective and non-invasive OSAHS screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Abed
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
- Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Donald Watenpaugh
- College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Khosrow Behbehani
- College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Airway morphology and its influence on OSA severity and surgical intervention: a retrospective study. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoj-2022-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The aim was to assess the relationship between airway morphology and surgical intervention in a cohort of patients presenting with increased body mass index (BMI) and a confirmed diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). A secondary aim was to revisit the relationship between morphology and OSA severity.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of pre-operative maxillofacial 3D-CT scans of thirty-two patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA who received treatment from an ear nose and throat specialist (ENT). Lateral cephalograms were imported into Quick Ceph Studio (Quick Ceph Systems Inc, San Diego, CA, USA) after which linear and angular measurements of selected hard and soft tissues were obtained. 3D-CT images were loaded into the software program 3dMDVultus (3dMD) which permitted 3D visualisation of the airway. Measurements were repeated 3 times on the images of six patients after an interval of two weeks to establish the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-examiner accuracy and reliability. Logistic regression was applied to determine the relationships between morphology, OSA and surgical treatments.
Results: A positive correlation was found between age and the apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI). Morphological measurements of the airway did not exhibit a positive relationship with OSA severity. Posterior airway space at the level of the uvula and tongue, the length of the soft palate and position of the hyoid bone were significantly associated with BMI. No variables were found to be correlated with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) surgery. Notwithstanding, airway length and posterior airway space at the level of the uvula tip were significantly associated with tongue channelling.
Conclusions: Radiographic airway assessment is an invaluable and opportunistic tool for screening OSA but requires judicial use in its prescription and interpretation. There is little correlation between OSA severity and airway morphology and between surgical intervention and morphology. Additional factors need to be considered before a treatment modality is considered and is best managed in a multidisciplinary setting.
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Takeuchi A, Hyodoh H, Matoba K, Murakami M, Kudo K, Minowa K. Evaluation of oral air space volume in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using clinical and postmortem CT imaging. Oral Radiol 2021; 38:29-36. [PMID: 33743131 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) induces upper airway occlusion and may cause sudden death during sleep. This study sought to clarify the relationship between oral air space volume and OSAS onset, which is influenced by multiple factors, such as jawbone, dentition morphology, and oral soft-tissue volume. METHODS (1) 50 subjects from deceased cases were divided into two groups: OSAS (25 subjects) and controls (25 subjects). (2) 28 subjects from clinical cases were divided into two groups: OSAS (9 subjects) and controls (19 subjects). In all cases, the Computed Tomography (CT) images of the facial region were obtained, and four parameters of oral area volume were analyzed in deceased and clinical cases, and comparisons and analyses were performed between OSAS and control cases. In addition, the efficiency of measurement of these parameters was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in OSAS. RESULTS (1) In deceased cases, oral soft-tissue volume (OSV), oral air-space volume (OAV), and the ratio of OAV to OSV (%air) showed a significant correlation. (2) In clinical cases, OAV and %air showed a significant correlation. In both postmortem and clinical images, a small %air value indicates a high risk of developing OSAS and a high probability of OSAS-related sudden death. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that the %air is an index to evaluate OSAS by CT imaging of the oral region. OSAS may be indicated when the %air value is ≦ 16.0% in deceased cases and ≦ 6.6% in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takeuchi
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hyodoh
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matoba
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Murakami
- International Relations Office, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Minowa
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,, N13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan.
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Hsu YB, Lan MY, Huang YC, Huang TT, Lan MC. The correlation between drug-induced sleep endoscopy findings and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 48:434-440. [PMID: 33039197 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the relationship between anthropometric data, drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings, and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS From August 2016 to August 2017, a total of 147 surgically naïve adult patients with OSA underwent DISE. Factors that were analyzed included anthropometric data and DISE findings. RESULTS When anthropometric data and DISE findings were analyzed with AHI by univariate analysis, the results showed that Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, concentric collapse of the velum, lateral oropharyngeal collapse, and anterior-posterior collapse of the tongue base were considered potentially independent predictors (p = 0.024, p < 0 .001, p < 0 .001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0 .001, respectively, by Spearman correlation). When all important factors were evaluated in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, BMI, lateral oropharyngeal collapse, and anterior-posterior collapse of the tongue base were identified as significant predictors for the severity of OSA. The final model was listed as below: AHI score = 2.19 BMI + 7.56 Oropharynx/Lateral degree + 8.23 Tongue base/ Anterior-Posterior degree - 40.59. CONCLUSION By analyzing anthropometric data and DISE findings with AHI score, the results indicated that BMI, lateral oropharyngeal collapse, and anterior-posterior collapse of the tongue base were important factors associated with the severity of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Bin Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Lan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Tsun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Lan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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11
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Cao R, Zhang MJ, Zhou YT, Liu YJ, Wang HH, Zhang QX, Shi YW, Li JC, Wong TS, Yin M. The dorsal and the ventral side of hypoglossal motor nucleus showed different response to chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats. Sleep Breath 2020; 25:325-330. [PMID: 32562172 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study neurochemical reactions to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in the hypoglossal nucleus (HN) of rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12) were randomly divided into two groups (the CIH and the control group). The CIH rats were housed in a hypoxic chamber with the fraction of oxygen volume alternating between 21% and 5% by providing air for 60 s and then providing nitrogen for 60 s from 8:30 am to 16:30 pm each day for 35 days. The control group was housed in a cabin with normal oxygen levels. We studied the expression of c-fos protein, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) positive terminals, and its 2A receptors in hypoglossal nuclei by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of c-fos, 5-HT positive terminals, and accordingly 5-HT 2A receptors in the CIH group were significantly higher than that in the controls (p < 0.05). The ventral side of the HN showed a clearly higher expression of 5-HT and its 2A receptors than the dorsal side (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION There were 2 responses of the HN to CIH. First, CIH induced a higher expression of 5-HT positive terminals and its 2A receptors, and second, this reaction was much more evident in ventral side than in the dorsal side. We postulate that these responses may serve to be a protective and compensatory mechanism for CIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min-Juan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yun-Tao Zhou
- Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qin-Xin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ya-Wen Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia-Chen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Thian-Sze Wong
- Division of Head and Neck, the department of surgery, the faculty of medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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GÖRGÜLÜ FF, YALIM SD. Value Of Cephalometric And Volumetric Measurements Performed By Multi-Level Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography In Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.706059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Inhalation Airflow Dynamics in a Human Pharyngeal Airway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051556. [PMID: 32121245 PMCID: PMC7084933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a computational and experimental study of steady inhalation in a realistic human pharyngeal airway model. To investigate the intricate fluid dynamics inside the pharyngeal airway, the numerical predicted flow patterns are compared with in vitro measurements using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) approach. A structured mesh with 1.4 million cells is used with a laminar constant flow rate of 10 L/min. PIV measurements are taken in three sagittal planes which showed flow acceleration after the pharynx bend with high velocities in the posterior pharyngeal wall. Computed velocity profiles are compared with the measurements which showed generally good agreements with over-predicted velocity distributions on the anterior wall side. Secondary flow patterns on cross-sectional slices in the transverse plane revealed vortices posterior of pharynx and a pair of secondary flow vortexes due to the abrupt cross-sectional area increase. Finally, pressure and flow resistance analysis demonstrate that greatest pressure occurs in the superior half of the airway and maximum in-plane pressure variation is observed at the velo-oropharynx junction, which expects to induce a high tendency of airway collapse during inhalation. This study provides insights of the complex fluid dynamics in human pharyngeal airway and can contribute to a reliable approach to assess the probability of flow-induced airway collapse and improve the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
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14
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Lun HM, Zhu SY, Hu Q, Liu YL, Wei LS. Sonographic Assessment of Oropharynx Movement During Deep Breathing. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2906-2914. [PMID: 31474385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.07.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the feasibility of ultrasonography in detecting the oropharynx movement during deep breathing and to quantitatively analyze oropharynx airway lumen changes during deep breathing. The motions of oropharynx were monitored, and sonographic measurements of airway lumen were obtained during deep breathing in 448 healthy volunteers. Adequate visualization of oropharynx movement was obtained on all healthy volunteers. The anterior-posterior (AP) diameters and AP/transverse (T) diameter ratios were greater at the end of deep inspiration than that at the end of deep expiration for each sex (p < 0.01). The anterior-posterior dimensional changes were greater than lateral airway dimensional changes each sex (p < 0.05). Ultrasonography could provide realistic impression of the process on the oropharynx movement during deep breathing and perform the quantitative analysis of the oropharynx airway lumen changes during deep breathing. The results were encouraging and supported the utility of ultrasonography in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Mei Lun
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Shang-Yong Zhu
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qiao Hu
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yao-Li Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li-Si Wei
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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15
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Hossen A. A new simple efficient classification technique for severity of sleep apnea with mathematical model and interpretation. Technol Health Care 2019; 27:389-406. [DOI: 10.3233/thc-181541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Metz JE, Attarian HP, Harrison MC, Blank JE, Takacs CM, Smith DL, Gozal D. High-Resolution Pulse Oximetry and Titration of a Mandibular Advancement Device for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Neurol 2019; 10:757. [PMID: 31379712 PMCID: PMC6650535 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To determine whether utilizing high-resolution pulse oximetry is a viable method for evaluating the successful titration of oral appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Methods: Of 136 consecutive potentially eligible OSA patients, 133 were fitted with mandibular advancement devices (MADs), and 101 completed all phases of treatment. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the appliances were adjusted based on three-nights with a high-resolution pulse oximeter during sleep and associated software after each adjustment. Results: Significant improvements in OSA severity were apparent in patients at all disease severity levels. High-resolution pulse oximetry provided reliable guidance in the titration process of mandibular advancement therapy. In 67 subjects (66.3%), a respiratory event index of <5 events/hour was achieved. Conclusions: OSA can be effectively treated with a MAD at any severity level, and high-resolution pulse oximetry provides critical information to guide oral appliance titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Metz
- The Metz Center for Sleep Apnea, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hrayr P Attarian
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Research Lab, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - James E Blank
- The Metz Center for Sleep Apnea, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Dale L Smith
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Olivet Nazarene University, Bourbonnais, IL, United States
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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17
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Ouyang L, Yi L, Wang L, Tang Q, Yang X, Li S. Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with laryngeal cancer after supracricoid or vertical partial laryngectomy. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 48:26. [PMID: 31159872 PMCID: PMC6545678 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-019-0347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether partial laryngectomy is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the effect of different partial laryngectomy methods on OSA. Method A prospective study was carried out involving 40 patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) (24) or vertical partial laryngectomy (VPL) (16) for carcinoma of the larynx. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation determined by polysomnography (PSG), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated in patients before surgery, on the day of tracheal tube removal and three months later. In patients who developed apnea, laryngoscopy, Muller’s test, computer tomography (CT) and dynamic sleep magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed to assess the location of airway stenosis and collapse. Results The AHI (P<0.001) increased and the lowest oxygen saturation (P<0.001), ESS score (P<0.001) and BMI (P=0.017) decreased after extubation compared with before surgery. Three months after extubation, the same changes were found in AHI (P<0.001) and the lowest oxygen saturation (P<0.001), but the ESS score (P<0.001) increased compared with that preoperatively. The AHI in the SCPL group was significantly higher than that in the VPL group post-operatively (P=0.010), while the miniSpO2 in the SCPL group was lower than that of the VPL group (P=0.022). Laryngoscopy showed that the patients with partial excision of the larynx had a narrowed retropalatal and retrolingual space post-operatively. Muller's test showed the collapse of the retropalatal and retrolingual space, and the CT scan showed that the tongue root was positioned lower in the SCPL group. Compared with the retropalatal and retrolingual space in the expiratory phase according to dynamic sleep MRI, the space in the inspiratory phase was clearly decreased. Conclusion Laryngeal function preservation surgery for laryngeal cancer results in the occurrence of OSA by altering the anatomical structure of the larynx and pharynx. OSA was more severe in patients undergoing SCPL than in patients undergoing VPL. The effect of partial laryngectomy on OSA may be related to the surgical method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglai Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Kwan BCH, Jugé L, Gandevia SC, Bilston LE. Sagittal Measurement of Tongue Movement During Respiration: Comparison Between Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:921-934. [PMID: 30691918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tongue makes up the anterior pharyngeal wall and is critical for airway patency. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to study pharyngeal muscle function in pharyngeal disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Tagged MRI and ultrasound studies have separately revealed ∼1 mm of anterior tongue movement during inspiration in healthy patients, but these modalities have not been directly compared. In the study described here, agreement between ultrasound and MRI in measuring regional tongue displacement in 21 healthy patients and 21 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea was evaluated. We found good consistency and agreement between the two techniques, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.82) for anteroposterior tongue motion during inspiration. Ultrasound measurements of posterior tongue displacement were 0.24 ± 0.64 mm greater than MRI measurements (95% limits of agreement: 1.03 to -1.49). This may reflect the higher spatial and temporal resolution of the ultrasound technique. This study confirms that ultrasound is a suitable method for quantifying inspiratory tongue movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C H Kwan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gupta A, Kumar R, Bhattacharya D, Thukral BB, Suri JC. Craniofacial and upper airway profile assessment in North Indian patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Lung India 2019; 36:94-101. [PMID: 30829241 PMCID: PMC6410591 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_303_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upper airway imaging can often identify the anatomical risk factors for sleep apnea and provide sufficient insight into the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods We conducted a case-control, observational study at a tertiary care hospital in North India. All cases and controls underwent lateral cephalometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for craniofacial and upper airway evaluation. Only the cases had polysomnography testing for confirmation of OSA and assessing the severity of disease. Results Forty cases and an equal number of matched controls were recruited. On X-ray cephalometry, it was observed that the cases had a significantly larger hyoid mandibular distance and soft palate length; and shorter mandibular length. The MRI cephalometric variables were significantly different, the soft palate length, tongue length, and submental fat were longer while the retropalatal and retroglossal distance was shorter amongst the cases. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the cephalometric parameters and the indices of severity of OSA. An increased hyoid mandibular distance and soft palate length, and a decrease in the lower anterior facial height were found to be predictive of severe OSA (Apnea-Hypopnea Index ->30/h). An increased hyoid mandibular distance, soft palate length, and the tongue length and a reduced mandibular length were found to be predictive of need for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) pressures of ≥15 cm H2O. There were significant differences between the cephalometric parameters of the Indian OSA patients and patients from other ethnicities reported in the literature. Conclusions OSA patients had a significantly smaller upper airway compared to age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls and cephalometric variables correlated with the indices of OSA severity. The cephalometric assessment was also predictive of severe OSA and the need for higher pressures of CPAP. This indicates the important role of upper airway anatomy in the pathogenesis of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipak Bhattacharya
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - B B Thukral
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jagdish Chander Suri
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Prediction of tongue obstruction observed from drug induced sleep computed tomography by cephalometric parameters. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 46:384-389. [PMID: 30262210 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate potential role of cephalometric measurements to predict tongue base obstruction as observed on drug Induced Sleep Computed Tomography (DIS-CT). METHODS Study included 35 patients with moderate to severe sleep apnea who underwent DIS-CT & cephalometric examination to assess tongue base obstruction. RESULTS Statistically significant difference was noted for SNA angle & Mandibular posterior airway space (PAS) among groups with total tongue obstruction versus Non-total tongue obstruction identified on DIS-CT. CONCLUSION Lateral cephalogram can be used as a standard screening tool with commonly used skeletal and soft tissue parameters to predict the possibility of tongue collapse/obstruction during sleep in patient with moderate to severe OSAS.
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Al-Abed M, Antich P, Watenpaugh DE, Behbehani K. Phantom study evaluating detection of simulated upper airway occlusion using piezoelectric ultrasound transducers. Comput Biol Med 2017; 89:325-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Dultra FKAA, Tavares A, Dultra JDA, Salles C, Crusoé-Rebelo IM, Barbosa I, Souza-Machado A. Pharyngeal airspace of asthmatic individuals and those suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Study by CBCT. Eur J Radiol 2017; 95:342-348. [PMID: 28987691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the oropharyngeal space of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and asthma by means of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included individuals with OSA and asthma (n=10), with OSA and without asthma (n=6), asthmatics without OSA (n=6) and healthy individuals (n=25). All patients were evaluated by a pneumologist and submitted to a nocturnal polysomnogram. Participants underwent CBCT examinations using an I-CAT® device (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, U.S.A.) and all images were exported to Dolphin Image 3D® software. Cephalometric measurements were taken, as well as measurements of length (C), volume (VOL), sagittal area (SA) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA); an evaluation was made of the format and contour of the upper airway in three dimensions, with p<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS In the results of the present study, a statistically significant difference was found between VOL, SA and MCA (p=0.011; p=0.009; p=0.010) with reduced elevated values among the OSA+Asthma, OSA, Asthma and Control groups. Significant differences were seen between the linear (AP), cross-sectional (TR) and mean transverse area (TA) measurements in the group of patients with OSA and asthma as compared to the control group. In the control group, the greatest narrowing of the airway was observed either in the retroglossal or retropalatal area, while more patients in the experimental groups showed narrowing in the retropalatal area. CONCLUSION The condition of OSA+asthma was associated with a substantial reduction in upper airway measurements in comparison to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Karoline Araújo Alves Dultra
- Metropolitan Union of Education and Culture (UNIME), PhD in Processes of Organs and Systems and Master in Dentistry - Bahia Federal University (UFBA), Rua Barão de Loreto, Edf Barão de Coubertin, n. 519, Graça, Bahia, 40150270, Brazil.
| | - Alana Tavares
- Orthodontics - Bahia Federal University (UFBA),Masters' Student in Odontology and Health - UFBA, Rua Priscila Dultra, n. 1229, Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, 42700000, Brazil.
| | - Joaquim de Almeida Dultra
- State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), PhDs' Student in Odontology and Health - UFBA, Master in Dentistry, Rua Barão de Loreto, Edf Barão de Coubertin, n. 519, Graça, Bahia, 40150270, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Salles
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSPD), Preceptor at University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, PhD in Medicine and Health, Master in Internal Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Av. Professor Magalhães net, 1541, Hospital da Bahia, sala 2010, Pituba, Salvador, Bahia, 41810011, Brazil.
| | - Iêda Margarida Crusoé-Rebelo
- Bahia Federal University (UFBA), Specialist in Radiology, PhD and Master in Dentistry at UFBA, Avenida Araújo Pinho, n. 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110140, Brazil.
| | - Inessa Barbosa
- Orthodontics - Bahia Federal University (UFBA), PhDs' student and Master in Odontology and Health - UFBA, Avenida Araújo Pinho, n. 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110140, Brazil.
| | - Adelmir Souza-Machado
- Sciences and Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), PhD and Master in Medicine and Health at UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n priemiro andar, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40500020, Brazil.
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Park JE, Bae SH, Choi YJ, Choi WC, Kim HW, Lee UL. The structural changes of pharyngeal airway contributing to snoring after orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 39:22. [PMID: 28824888 PMCID: PMC5544661 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-017-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-jaw surgery including mandibular and maxillary backward movement procedures are commonly performed to correct class III malocclusion. Bimaxillary surgery can reposition the maxillofacial bone together with soft tissue, such as the soft palate and the tongue base. We analyzed changes of pharyngeal airway narrowing to ascertain clinical correlations with the prevalence of snoring after two-jaw surgery. METHODS A prospective clinical study was designed including a survey on snoring and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) in class III malocclusion subjects before and after bimaxillary surgery. We conducted an analysis on changes of the posterior pharyngeal space find out clinical correlations with the prevalence of snoring. RESULTS Among 67 subjects, 12 subjects complained about snoring 5 weeks after the surgical correction, and examining the 12 subjects after 6 months, 6 patients complained about the snoring. The current findings demonstrated the attenuation of the largest transverse width (LTW), anteroposterior length (APL), and cross-sectional area (CSA) following bimaxillary surgery given to class III malocclusion patients, particularly at the retropalatal level. The average distance of maxillary posterior movements were measured to be relatively higher (horizontal distance 3.9 mm, vertical distance 2.6 mm) in case of new snorers. CONCLUSIONS This study found that bimaxillary surgery could lead to the narrowing of upper airway at the retropalatal or retroglossal level as well as triggering snoring in subjects with class III malocclusion. Based on the current clinical findings, we also found that upper airway narrowing at retropalatal level may contribute to increasing the probability of snoring and that polysonography may need to be performed before orthognathic surgery in subjects with class III malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Hye Bae
- Department of orthodontics, Estar dental clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Cheul Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ui-Lyong Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Li WY, Gakwaya S, Saey D, Sériès F. Assessment of tongue mechanical properties using different contraction tasks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:116-125. [PMID: 28408696 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate upper airway (UA) dilator muscle function may play an important role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To date, tongue mechanical properties have been assessed mainly using protrusion protocol with conflicting results. Performance during elevation tasks among patients with OSA remains unknown. This study aimed at assessing tongue muscle strength, strength stability, endurance time, fatigue indices, and total muscle work, using elevation and protrusion tasks with repetitive isometric fatiguing contractions in 12 normal plus mild, 17 moderate, and 11 severe patients with OSA, and to assess the influence of body mass index (BMI) and age. Endurance time was longer in protrusion than elevation task (P = 0.01). In both tasks, endurance time was negatively correlated with baseline value of strength coefficient of variation (P < 0.01). Compared with other groups, patients with moderate OSA had the lowest total muscle work for protrusion (P = 0.01) and shortest endurance time (P = 0.04), regardless of the type of task. Additionally, in patients with moderate-severe OSA, the total muscle work for both tasks was lower in nonobese compared with obese (P < 0.05). Total muscle work for protrusion was positively correlated with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) in obese subjects (P < 0.01). Endurance time was shorter (P < 0.01) and recovery time longer (P = 0.02) in the old compared with young subjects. In conclusion, the tongue is more prone to fatigue during the elevation task and in patients with moderate OSA. Obesity appeared to prevent alteration of tongue mechanical properties in patients with OSA. Baseline strength stability and endurance were related, illustrating the role of central neuromuscular output in tongue resistance to fatigue.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess and compare tongue function using both elevation and protrusion tasks with repetitive isometric fatiguing contractions in subjects with different OSA status. Tongue mechanical performance seemed to differ between protrusion and elevation tasks and depend on the severity of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Li
- Unité de Recherche en Pneumologie, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and.,The 1st Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shen Yang City, Liao Ning Province, China
| | - Simon Gakwaya
- Unité de Recherche en Pneumologie, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Didier Saey
- Unité de Recherche en Pneumologie, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Frédéric Sériès
- Unité de Recherche en Pneumologie, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
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Lambeth C, Amatoury J, Wang Z, Foster S, Amis T, Kairaitis K. Velopharyngeal mucosal surface topography in healthy subjects and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:482-491. [PMID: 28008099 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00764.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic pharyngeal anatomical abnormalities are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of upper airway (UA) obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Microscopic changes in the UA mucosal lining of OSA subjects are reported; however, the impact of these changes on UA mucosal surface topography is unknown. This study aimed to 1) develop methodology to measure UA mucosal surface topography, and 2) compare findings from healthy and OSA subjects. Ten healthy and eleven OSA subjects were studied. Awake, gated (end expiration), head and neck position controlled magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the velopharynx (VP) were obtained. VP mucosal surfaces were segmented from axial images, and three-dimensional VP mucosal surface models were constructed. Curvature analysis of the models was used to study the VP mucosal surface topography. Principal, mean, and Gaussian curvatures were used to define surface shape composition and surface roughness of the VP mucosal surface models. Significant differences were found in the surface shape composition, with more saddle/spherical and less flat/cylindrical shapes in OSA than healthy VP mucosal surface models (P < 0.01). OSA VP mucosal surface models were also found to have more mucosal surface roughness (P < 0.0001) than healthy VP mucosal surface models. Our novel methodology was utilized to model the VP mucosal surface of OSA and healthy subjects. OSA subjects were found to have different VP mucosal surface topography, composed of increased irregular shapes and increased roughness. We speculate increased irregularity in VP mucosal surface may increase pharyngeal collapsibility as a consequence of friction-related pressure loss.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A new methodology was used to model the upper airway mucosal surface topography from magnetic resonance images of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and healthy adults. Curvature analysis was used to analyze the topography of the models, and a new metric was derived to describe the mucosal surface roughness. Increased roughness was found in the obstructive sleep apnea vs. healthy group, but further research is required to determine the functional effects of the measured difference on upper airway airflow mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lambeth
- Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Jason Amatoury
- Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ziyu Wang
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Sheryl Foster
- Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence Amis
- Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristina Kairaitis
- Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cabral M, de Queiroz Ribeiro LRB, Cardeal CM, Bittencourt MAV, Crusoé-Rebello IM, Souza-Machado A. Evaluation of the oropharynx in class I and II skeletal patterns by CBCT. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 21:27-31. [PMID: 27888363 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-016-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the dimensions of the oropharynx and its shape in the minimum cross-sectional area, in individuals with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns, using three-dimensional CBCT images. METHODS Forty-two cone-beam computed tomography images of grown individuals were evaluated. The images were divided according to the patient's skeletal patterns. The dimensions of the oropharyngeal airway space were determined using the Dolphin Imaging software. RESULTS The volume and the minimum cross-sectional area were greater in patients with a Class I skeletal pattern, with a median difference of 5379 mm3 and 86.8 mm2, respectively. The anteroposterior and lateral diameters in the minimum cross-sectional area were also higher in Class I individuals (2.3 and 6.0 mm, respectively), but the ratio between them was not different. CONCLUSIONS The volume and the minimum cross-sectional area of the oropharynx, as well as the anteroposterior and lateral diameters, are lower in individuals with a class II skeletal pattern than in individuals with a class I skeletal pattern. There was no difference in the shape of the oropharynx in healthy individuals with different skeletal patterns.
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Kecik D. Three-dimensional analyses of palatal morphology and its relation to upper airway area in obstructive sleep apnea. Angle Orthod 2016; 87:300-306. [PMID: 27622701 DOI: 10.2319/051116-377.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between palatal morphology and pharyngeal airway morphology in patients who have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and compare with a nonsnoring and nonapneic control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional maxillary dental cast measurements from 25 OSA patients (6 women, 19 men) with a mean age of 41.5 (4.8) years, and 25 control group participants (14 women, 11 men) without any symptom of OSA with a mean age of 38.3 (3.7) were correlated with an analysis of pharyngeal area evaluated with lateral cephalograms. Intermolar and intercanine widths and palatal volumes were calculated on the dental casts, and the upper airway area measurements were performed on lateral cephalograms. RESULTS OSA patients had smaller oropharyngeal volume and upper airway when compared with controls (P < .001). Palatal area measurements were significantly smaller in OSA (P < .001). OSA patients had significantly narrower maxilla with smaller intermolar and intercanine widths (P < .001). A positive correlation was found between the palatal morphology and pharyngeal dimensions. CONCLUSIONS A significant correlation exists between palatal morphology and pharyngeal airway.
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Tsui WK, Yang Y, Cheung LK, Leung YY. Distraction osteogenesis as a treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4674. [PMID: 27603361 PMCID: PMC5023883 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To conduct a systematic review to answer the clinical question "What are the effectiveness of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) and its complications to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)?". METHODS A systematic search including a computer search with specific keywords, reference list search, and manual search were done. Relevant articles on MDO were assessed and selected in 3 rounds for final review based on 5 predefined inclusion criteria and followed by a round of critical appraisal. Different types of distraction and their treatment outcomes of OSAS were recorded with standardized form and analyzed. RESULTS Twelve articles were included in the final review. A total of 256 patients aged 7 days to 60 years were treated with either external or internal MDO, with a mean follow-up period of 6 to 37 months. The average distraction distance of 12 to 29 mm was achieved with various distraction protocols. The success rate for adult patients was 100%, and cure rates were ranged from 82% to 100%. The definition of success or cure for OSAS in children or infants was not defined. Therefore, there were no clearly reported success or cure rates for children/infants in the included studies. However, all studies reported that these patients showed significant improvement in OSAS, with many of them who avoided tracheostomy or had the tracheostomy decannulated. The complication rates were ranged from 0% to 21.4%, with most being from local wound infections or neurosensory disturbances. CONCLUSION This systematic review showed that MDO was effective in resolving OSAS in adults with retrognathic mandible. MDO also showed promising results in infants or children with OSAS. From the results of this systematic review, we recommend to define the criteria of success or cure for OSAS surgery in children and infants. We also recommend setting up randomized controlled trials to compare MDO with traditional maxillomandibular advancement surgery for OSAS patients and to provide a better evidence on the success and complication rates of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People Republic of China
| | | | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Correspondence: Dr Yiu Yan Leung, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2/F, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, People Republic of China (e-mail: )
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Tikku T, Khanna R, Sachan K, Agarwal A, Srivastava K, Lal A. Dimensional and volumetric analysis of the oropharyngeal region in obstructive sleep apnea patients: A cone beam computed tomography study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:396-404. [PMID: 27857764 PMCID: PMC5090997 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.192273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a potentially life-threatening condition in which there is a periodic cessation of breathing (for 10 sec or longer) that occurs during sleep in the presence of inspiratory effort. The aim of the study was to assess volumetric and dimensional differences between OSA patients and normal individuals in the upright posture. MATERIAL AND METHOD The present study was conducted on CBCT scans of 32 patients who were divided into two groups -Group I (control group) and Group II (OSA subjects). Group I consisted of 16 patients with normal airway with ESS score from 2 to 10, STOP BANG Questionnaire score of <3 and who had undergone CBCT for various diagnostic reasons. Group II had patients with ESS score >10, STOP BANG Questionnaire score of > 3, AHI index >5. Linear and angular parameters, volume and minimum cross-section area (MCA) of oropharyngeal airway, anteroposterior length and lateral width at MCA was compared amongst the groups. RESULTS The oropharyngeal volume, MCA, and the anteroposterior and lateral width of the airway at MCA of the OSA subjects was significantly lesser than that of normal subjects. The length of both soft palate and tongue was significantly more in Group II. The angle between the nasopharyngeal airway and the oropharyngeal airway was significantly more obtuse in Group II. CONCLUSION The reduction in oropharyngeal volume in OSA patients could be attributed to different anatomical and pathophysiological factors that were corroborated with the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Tikku
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Khanna
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Sachan
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Agarwal
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamna Srivastava
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anubha Lal
- Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Boutet C, Abdirahman Mohamed Moussa S, Celle S, Laurent B, Barthélémy JC, Barral FG, Roche F. Supra-Epiglottic Upper Airway Volume in Elderly Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157720. [PMID: 27336305 PMCID: PMC4919063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Small upper airway measurements areas and high body mass index are recognized risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in non-elderly populations; however, there is limited information regarding elderly patients. We evaluated whether upper airway volume is associated with OSAS and OSAS treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and whether BMI is correlated with upper airway volume and measurements in elderly subjects. Methods In 60 volunteers aged 75.58±0.9 years: 20 OSAS, 20 OSAS chronically treated with CPAP, and 20 controls, semi-automatic segmentation, retropalatal distance and transverse diameter of the supra-epiglottic upper airway were evaluated using 3DT1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Anteroposterior to transverse diameter ratio was defined as retropalatar diameter/transverse diameter. Results There were no significant differences in supra-epiglottic upper airway volume between OSAS, CPAP treated patients, and controls. There were significant differences in retropalatal distance and anteroposterior to transverse diameter ratio between OSAS, CPAP treated patients, and controls (P = 0.008 and P<0.0001 respectively). There was a significant correlation between body mass index and retropalatal distance (P<0.05) but not with supra-epiglottic upper airway volume. Conclusion In elderly subjects, OSAS and body mass index are not associated with changes in supra-epiglottic upper airway volume but are associated with modification of pharynx shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Boutet
- Inserm U1059, Univ Lyon, Department of Radiology, Pole IMOFON, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sébastien Celle
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Clinical Physiology and VISAS Center, Pole NOL, CHU and Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, COMUE Lyon Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bernard Laurent
- Neurology/Neuropsychology, Center Memory of Resources and Research Unit, Pain Center, North Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Central Integration of Pain, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Claude Barthélémy
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Clinical Physiology and VISAS Center, Pole NOL, CHU and Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, COMUE Lyon Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabrice-Guy Barral
- Department of Radiology, Pole IMOFON, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Clinical Physiology and VISAS Center, Pole NOL, CHU and Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, COMUE Lyon Saint-Etienne, France
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Abstract
In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and heart failure, conditions characterized by fluid overload, both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) are highly prevalent. This observation suggests that fluid overload may be a unifying mechanism in the pathogenesis of both OSA and CSA in these conditions. An overnight rostral fluid shift from the legs to the neck and lungs has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of OSA and CSA, respectively, in various different patient populations. This article reviews the evidence that supports a role for fluid overload and overnight fluid shift in the pathogenesis of sleep apnea in ESRD. The diagnosis, epidemiology, and clinical features of sleep apnea in patients with ESRD also are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen D Lyons
- Sleep Research Laboratory of the University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Sleep Medicine and Circadian Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - T Douglas Bradley
- Sleep Research Laboratory of the University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Sleep Medicine and Circadian Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher T Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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M'saad S, Yangui I, Feki W, Abid N, Bahloul N, Marouen F, Chakroun A, Kammoun S. [The syndrome of increased upper airways resistance: What are the clinical features and diagnostic procedures?]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:1002-15. [PMID: 26525135 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The upper airway resistance syndrome "UARS" is a poorly defined entity, often described as a moderate variant of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. It is associated with respiratory effort-related arousal, absence of obstructive sleep apnea, and absence of significant desaturation. It is a relatively common condition that predominantly affects non-obese young adults, with no predominance in either sex. The degree of upper airway collapsibility during sleep of patients with UARS is intermediate between that of normal subjects and that of patients with mild-to-moderate sleep apnea syndrome. Craniofacial and palatal abnormalities are often noted. Patients frequently complain of a functional somatic syndrome, especially daytime sleepiness and chronic fatigue. Polysomnography with esophageal pressure measurements remains the gold standard diagnostic test. The absence of any neurological abnormality gives UARS a good prognosis and it is potentially reversible if treated early. However, some studies suggest that untreated UARS has an increased risk of arterial hypertension. It can also evolve into obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M'saad
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - I Yangui
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - W Feki
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - N Abid
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - N Bahloul
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - F Marouen
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - A Chakroun
- Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - S Kammoun
- Service de pneumo-allergologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
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Armalaite J, Lopatiene K. Lateral teleradiography of the head as a diagnostic tool used to predict obstructive sleep apnea. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 45:20150085. [PMID: 26234535 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) assess the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and craniofacial, pharyngeal anatomy and (2) to submit the recommendations for clinicians for increasing the sensitivity in the diagnostics of OSA. METHODS A review of the relevant literature linking OSA in adults with cephalometric analysis was performed. In total, 11 articles with similar procedural criteria were selected. The data were analysed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (Biostat Inc., Englewood, NJ) and Statistica 12.0 (StatSoft Inc., Dell Software, Tulsa, OK). RESULTS Adults with OSA did not show statistically significant differences in the sagittal and vertical skeletal planes in comparison with the controls (p > 0.05). The patients with OSA had soft palate length, width and area increased accordingly by 4.21, 1.99 mm and 0.86 cm(2), tongue area increased by 2.02 cm(2), the upper posterior pharyngeal space (SPAS) and lower posterior pharyngeal space reduced accordingly by 4.53 and 1.32 mm, mandibular plane to the hyoid bone (MP-H) distance increased by 4.14 mm compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The SPAS parameter of the patients with OSA did not show statistically significant differences between the studies, with the mean value being 5.69 mm. CONCLUSIONS Analysed cephalometric data totally supported the concept of soft-tissue abnormalities in subjects with OSA, skeletal-only halfway; MP-H and SPAS being the most reliable parameters. Increased MP-H may serve as a predictor when differentiating normal subjects and patients with OSA. Reduced SPAS width could be a prognostic parameter for suspecting OSA. These two values should be kept in mind by dentists and can also be used as a simple auxiliary method by physicians; nevertheless, it is still underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juste Armalaite
- 1 Faculty of Odontology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Lopatiene
- 2 Clinic of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Shastri D, Tandon P, Nagar A, Singh A. Cephalometric norms for the upper airway in a healthy North Indian population. Contemp Clin Dent 2015; 6:183-8. [PMID: 26097352 PMCID: PMC4456739 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.156042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to obtain normative data for cephalometric measurements of the upper airway in the North Indian population. Design: Observational study. Setting: University department and teaching hospital out-patient clinic. Subjects and Methods: A total of 180 healthy patients were included out of which 90 were males (age range, 8-16 years), and 90 were females (age range, 8-16 years), with normal skeletal facial profile, no history of snoring, sleep apnea, upper airway disease, tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, obesity, or pathology in the pharynx. Twenty cephalometric airway measurements, including size of the tongue, soft palate, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and relative position of the hyoid bone and valleculae were obtained. Landmarks on cephalometric radiographs were digitized and measurements were made using a specially designed computer program. Error analysis of measurements was performed and comparison of measurements according to sex was made. Results: Significant sex dimorphism was seen for the majority of measurements, with the exception of minimal depth of the airway, oropharyngeal depth of the airway, and the soft palate angle with the hard palate. Conclusion: A minimum sagittal dimension of the upper airway was evident despite differences in measurements between sexes. Findings from this study should be a useful reference for the assessment of sleep apnea in the North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Shastri
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Tandon
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Nagar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:898-908. [PMID: 26112300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive and central sleep apnea are far more common in heart failure patients than in the general population and their presence might contribute to the progression of heart failure by exposing the heart to intermittent hypoxia, increased preload and afterload, sympathetic nervous system activation, and vascular endothelial dysfunction. There is now substantial evidence that supports a role for fluid overload and nocturnal rostral fluid shift from the legs as unifying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea in heart failure patients, such that the predominant type of sleep apnea is related to the relative distribution of fluid from the leg to the neck and chest. Despite advances in therapies for heart failure, mortality rates remain high. Accordingly, the identification and treatment of sleep apnea in patients with heart failure might offer a novel therapeutic target to modulate this increased risk. In heart failure patients with obstructive or central sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure has been shown to improve cardiovascular function in short-term trials but this has not translated to improved mortality or reduced hospital admissions in long-term randomized trials. Other forms of positive airway pressure such as adaptive servoventilation have shown promising results in terms of attenuation of sleep apnea and improvement in cardiovascular function in short-term trials. Large scale, randomized trials are required to determine whether treating sleep apnea with various interventions can reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Butterfield KJ, Marks PL, McLean L, Newton J. Pharyngeal airway morphology in healthy individuals and in obstructive sleep apnea patients treated with maxillomandibular advancement: a comparative study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 119:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lan M, Liu SYC, Lan M, Modi R, Capasso R. Lateral pharyngeal wall collapse associated with hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:2408-12. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Chin Lan
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University Medical CenterStanford California U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryTaipei Tzu Chi General HospitalNew Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryTzu Chi UniversityHualien Taiwan
| | - Stanley Y. C. Liu
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University Medical CenterStanford California U.S.A
| | - Ming‐Ying Lan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei Taiwan
- School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipei Taiwan
| | - Rahul Modi
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University Medical CenterStanford California U.S.A
| | - Robson Capasso
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryStanford University Medical CenterStanford California U.S.A
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Smith AM, Battagel JM. Non-apneic snoring and the orthodontist: radiographic pharyngeal dimension changes with supine posture and mandibular protrusion. J Orthod 2014; 31:124-31. [PMID: 15210928 DOI: 10.1179/146531204225020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the radiographic changes that occur in the pharynx and surrounding structures with alteration of posture from the upright to the supine position and the effect that mandibular protrusion whilst supine has on these dimensions. DESIGN Prospective cephalometric study. SETTING University Dental Hospital and School. SUBJECTS AND METHOD This prospective study involved 35 consecutively referred adults with proven non-apneic snoring. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained with the subjects upright in occlusion, supine in occlusion and supine with the mandible protruded to the maximum comfortable position. Radiographs were traced and digitized, and the pharyngeal dimensional changes and hyoid position were examined. Males and females were examined separately. RESULTS Radiographic pharyngeal dimensions were changed with altered posture, resulting in significant reductions in the minimum post-palatal (p<0.01) and post-lingual (p<0.05) airway measurements in the supine position. Mandibular protrusion whilst in the supine position produced increases in the functioning space for the tongue. CONCLUSION A supine posture results in significant reductions in pharyngeal airway measurements of non-apneic snorers. Mandibular protrusion whilst in the supine position produces an increase in the functioning space for the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Smith
- Orthodontic Department, Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, London Road, Derby, DE1 2QY, UK.
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Butterfield KJ, Marks PLG, McLean L, Newton J. Linear and volumetric airway changes after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 73:1133-42. [PMID: 25795186 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery is a well-established treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although many studies have assessed the efficacy of MMA in treating OSA, very few studies have quantified the magnitude of its changes to airway morphology. Therefore, the present study investigated the linear and volumetric morphologic changes that occur in the pharyngeal airway after treatment of OSA using MMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with OSA treated from May 2010 to February 2014 was performed. Each patient underwent preoperative clinical and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopic examinations. Pre- and postoperative polysomnograms, lateral cephalograms, and cone-beam computed tomography scans were acquired. The radiographic images were used to determine the linear and volumetric airway measurements. The time and magnitude of skeletal movement were used as the independent variables. The dependent variables included assessment of success or cure, apnea hypopnea index (AHI), cephalometric changes, Epworth score, rapid eye movement sleep, body mass index, and various airway morphologic parameters. RESULTS A total of 15 patients (13 men and 2 women) participated in the present study. The surgical success and cure rate was 73.33% and 40.00%, respectively. Statistically significant improvements were found in the airway total volume, minimal cross-sectional area, anteroposterior and lateral dimensions, airway index, airway length, posterior airway space morphology, AHI, and Epworth sleepiness score. CONCLUSIONS MMA is a highly successful surgical treatment of OSA that improves airway morphology and sleep quality. MMA results in a shorter and broader airway and associated improvements in the AHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Butterfield
- Chief, Division of Dentistry/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ottawa Hospital, and Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ottawa School of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Laurie McLean
- Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ottawa School of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Newton
- Research Assistant, Division of Dentistry/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lee CH, Kim DK, Kim SY, Rhee CS, Won TB. Changes in site of obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea patients according to sleep position: A DISE study. Laryngoscope 2014; 125:248-54. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.24825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul H. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Dong K. Kim
- Seoul; Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital
| | - So Y. Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- ChunCheon, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam South Korea
| | - Tae-Bin Won
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
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Velopharyngeal anatomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea versus normal subjects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 72:1350-72. [PMID: 24485981 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity can cause disturbed breathing and is one of the most significant risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the anatomic basis of OSA and, specifically, the anatomic mechanisms leading from obesity to OSA are still unclear. We examined the anatomic features of the velopharynx in patients with OSA versus those without in correlation with the body mass index (BMI), age, history of snoring, and OSA severity and re-evaluated the contribution of adding a frontal view to the cephalometric analysis of patients with OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lateral and frontal cephalometric measurements were taken to assess the velopharyngeal anatomic features of 306 men with various degrees of OSA and 64 men without OSA and without a history of snoring. The demographic, polysomnographic, and cephalometric features were compared. RESULTS The patients with OSA had an increased pharyngeal length, thicker velum, a thicker posterior pharyngeal wall, a reduced pharyngeal width, and a consequent narrowing of the pharyngeal lumen. As the BMI increased, the OSA severity increased. Also, in parallel, the velum and posterior pharyngeal wall thickness increased and the pharyngeal width decreased. Three types of velopharyngeal narrowing, with an increased occurrence in severe degrees of OSA, were identified: bottle shape, hourglass shape, and tube shape. These aerodynamically unfavorable changes might cause increased upper airway resistance, explaining the development of both OSA and hypoventilation syndrome in obese patients. CONCLUSIONS Velopharyngeal thickening and lumen narrowing were shown to be features of obese men with OSA. However, these features developed only above a threshold BMI value. The combination of frontal and lateral cephalometry is important for comprehensive evaluation of patients with OSA.
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. Control of pharyngeal patency is a complex process relating primarily to basic anatomy and the activity of many pharyngeal dilator muscles. The control of these muscles is regulated by a number of processes including respiratory drive, negative pressure reflexes, and state (sleep) effects. In general, patients with OSA have an anatomically small airway the patency of which is maintained during wakefulness by reflex-driven augmented dilator muscle activation. At sleep onset, muscle activity falls, thereby compromising the upper airway. However, recent data suggest that the mechanism of OSA differs substantially among patients, with variable contributions from several physiologic characteristics including, among others: level of upper airway dilator muscle activation required to open the airway, increase in chemical drive required to recruit the pharyngeal muscles, chemical control loop gain, and arousal threshold. Thus, the cause of sleep apnea likely varies substantially between patients. Other physiologic mechanisms likely contributing to OSA pathogenesis include falling lung volume during sleep, shifts in blood volume from peripheral tissues to the neck, and airway edema. Apnea severity may progress over time, likely due to weight gain, muscle/nerve injury, aging effects on airway anatomy/collapsibility, and changes in ventilatory control stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P White
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Koo SK, Choi JW, Myung NS, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Kim YJ. Analysis of obstruction site in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients by drug induced sleep endoscopy. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34:626-30. [PMID: 24011492 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed site, pattern and degree of obstruction in Korean male obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients by drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). We also investigated possible links between BMI, AHI and DISE findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine male patients underwent DISE. DISE findings were reported using our classification system in which modified 'VOTE classification' - obstruction type, site of obstruction, degree of obstruction and anatomical site contributing obstruction - was reported. Associations were analyzed among the results of the polysomnography, patients' characteristics and DISE finding. RESULTS Multilevel airway obstruction was found in 84.06% of patients and 15.94% had a unilevel obstruction. Among those with unilevel obstruction, 90.90% had retropalatal level obstruction and 9.10% had retrolingual level obstruction. Palate with lateral pharyngeal wall obstruction (49.28%) is the most common obstruction type of the retropalatal level and tongue with lateral pharyngeal wall (37.68%) is the most common obstruction type of the retrolingual level. Examining the relation between obstruction site according to body mass index (BMI) and severity of OSAS (apnea hypopnea index, AHI), the lateral pharyngeal wall had an increasing tendency associated with higher BMI and higher AHI. But the lateral pharyngeal wall of both levels was statistically significant associated with higher AHI. CONCLUSION The majority of the Korean male OSAS patients have multilevel obstruction and according to BMI and AHI, the DISE findings indicate that the lateral pharyngeal wall is the most important anatomical site contributing to obstruction regardless of the level at which the obstruction lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kweon Koo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Busan Saint Mary's Hospital, Busan, Korea.
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Simulation of upper airway occlusion without and with mandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea using fluid-structure interaction. J Biomech 2013; 46:2586-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mislik B, Hänggi MP, Signorelli L, Peltomäki TA, Patcas R. Pharyngeal airway dimensions: a cephalometric, growth-study-based analysis of physiological variations in children aged 6-17. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:331-9. [PMID: 24058163 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjt068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess pharyngeal airway dimensions and physiological changes based on lateral cephalometric radiographs from healthy untreated children aged 6-17 years. MATERIALS/METHODS The sample consisted of 880 lateral cephalograms (412 females and 468 males) of the Zurich Craniofacial Growth Study. Statistical analyses on cephalometric measurements of airway dimensions (distances 'p': shortest distance between soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall and 't': shortest distance between tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall) and craniofacial parameters were performed. To disclose differences between different age groups, a Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. The influence of gender on 'p' and 't' was analysed by a Mann-Whitney U-test for each age group separately. The Spearman correlation was computed in order to investigate associations between craniofacial parameters. Variables associated with 'p' and 't' were chosen for multiple regression model investigation. RESULTS The results demonstrated high interindividual variations. A slight influence of age on 'p' (P = 0.034) could be attested (+1.03 mm) but not on 't' (P = 0.208). With the exception of the 9-year age group, no significant differences between the genders were found. Correlation analysis revealed several statistically significant correlations between 't' or 'p' and antero-posterior cephalometric variables. All correlation coefficients were, however, very low and the adjusted coefficient of determination also revealed the regression model to be very weak. CONCLUSIONS The high interindividual variations of 'p' and 't' render the use of reference values problematic. Contrary to other craniofacial structures, neither age-related changes nor sexual dimorphism were found for 'p' and 't'. Any associations to antero-posterior cephalometric characteristics seem low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mislik
- *Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Hänggi
- *Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Signorelli
- *Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo A Peltomäki
- **Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Raphael Patcas
- *Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland,
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Effect of the velopharynx on intraluminal pressures in reconstructed pharynges derived from individuals with and without sleep apnea. J Biomech 2013; 46:2504-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Salama S, Kamel E, Omar A, Makhlouf HA, Farghaly S. Role of sleep endoscopy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography incidental findings between patients with moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea and mild obstructive sleep apnea/healthy patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 114:373-81. [PMID: 22862979 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the incidental radiographic findings in the maxillofacial structures and the pharyngeal airway between subjects with moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and mild OSA/healthy subjects using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. STUDY DESIGN A total of 53 subjects with moderate/severe OSA (with a Respiratory Disturbance Index [RDI] ≥ 15 events/h) and 33 mild OSA/healthy subjects (RDI < 15), based on ambulatory somnographic assessment, were recruited. Supine CBCTs were taken and sent for radiological report. The incidental findings were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS Moderate/severe subjects had larger prevalence of conchae bullosa, hypertrophic turbinates, hypertrophic tonsils, elongated or posteriorly placed soft palate, narrower airway, enlarged tongue, and focal calcifications, although no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS CBCT is useful in identifying maxillofacial and airway anomalies that could interfere with normal breathing; however, no significant difference was found in prevalence of incidental findings between subjects with moderate/severe OSA and mild OSA/healthy subjects. Further studies are necessary to generalize our results.
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Shin LK, Holbrook AB, Capasso R, Kushida CA, Powell NB, Fischbein NJ, Pauly KB. Improved sleep MRI at 3 tesla in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1261-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis K. Shin
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Palo Alto California USA
| | | | - Robson Capasso
- Department of Otolaryngology; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Clete A. Kushida
- Department of Psychiatry; Stanford University Center of Excellence for Sleep Disorders; Stanford California USA
| | - Nelson B. Powell
- Department of Otolaryngology; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | | | - Kim Butts Pauly
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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