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Cohen JE, Amalia B, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Masanga BC, Pankow JF. Eugenol, menthol and other flavour chemicals in kreteks and 'white' cigarettes purchased in Indonesia. Tob Control 2024; 33:637-640. [PMID: 37094935 PMCID: PMC11503103 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavoured tobacco products are not restricted in Indonesia, a country with about 68 million adults who smoke. Most use clove-mixed tobacco cigarettes ('kreteks'); non-clove ('white') cigarettes are also available. Although the use of flavour chemicals has been identified by WHO as promoting tobacco use, little has been reported for Indonesia about the levels of flavourants in either kreteks or 'white cigarettes'. METHODS 22 kretek brand variants and nine 'white' cigarette brand variants were purchased in Indonesia during 2021/2022; one of the kretek packs contained three colour-coded variants, giving a total sample number of 24 for the kreteks. Chemical analyses gave the mg/stick (=mg/(filter+rod)) values for 180 individual flavour chemicals that included eugenol (a clove-flavoured compound), four other clove-related compounds and menthol. RESULTS Eugenol was present at significant levels in all 24 kreteks (2.8-33.8 mg/stick), but was essentially absent in all of the cigarettes. Menthol was present in 14 of 24 kreteks, with levels ranging from 2.8 to 12.9 mg/stick, and in five of the nine cigarettes, with levels ranging from 3.6 to 10.8 mg/stick. Other flavour chemicals were also found in many of the kretek and cigarette samples. CONCLUSIONS In this small sample, we found numerous variations of flavoured tobacco products offered by multinational and national companies in Indonesia. Given the body of evidence that flavours make tobacco products more appealing, regulation of clove-related compounds, menthol and other flavour chemicals should be considered in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Cohen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Beladenta Amalia
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Braden C Masanga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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2
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Walker-Franklin I, Onyenwoke RU, Leung T, Huang X, Shipman JG, Kovach A, Sivaraman V. GC/HRMS Analysis of E-Liquids Complements In Vivo Modeling Methods and can Help to Predict Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26641-26650. [PMID: 38911720 PMCID: PMC11191570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for disease development, with the user inhaling various chemicals known to be toxic. However, many of these chemicals are absent before tobacco is "burned". Similar, detailed data have only more recently being reported for the e-cigarette with regards to chemicals present before and after the e-liquid is "vaped." Here, zebrafish were dosed with vaped e-liquids, while C57-BL/6J mice were vaped using nose-cone only administration. Preliminary assessments were made using e-liquids and GC/HRMS to identify chemical signatures that differ between unvaped/vaped and flavored/unflavored samples. Oxidative stress and inflammatory immune cell response assays were then performed using our in vivo models. Chemical signatures differed, e.g., between unvaped/vaped samples and also between unflavored/flavored e-liquids, with known chemical irritants upregulated in vaped and unvaped flavored e-liquids compared with unflavored e-liquids. However, when possible respiratory irritants were evaluated, these agents were predominantly present in only the vaped e-liquid. Both oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were induced by a menthol-flavored but not a tobacco-flavored e-liquid. Thus, chemical signatures differ between unvaped versus vaped e-liquid samples and also between unflavored versus flavored e-liquids. These flavors also likely play a significant role in the variability of e-liquid characteristics, e.g., pro-inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob U. Onyenwoke
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- Biomanufacturing
Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - TinChung Leung
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- The
Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina
Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The
Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina
Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Shipman
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Alex Kovach
- RTI
International, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27704, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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3
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Yulianti Y, Adawiyah DR, Herawati D, Indrasti D, Andarwulan N. Identification of antioxidant and flavour marker compounds in Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica brewed coffee processed using different postharvest treatment methods. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1165-1179. [PMID: 38562591 PMCID: PMC10981654 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-024-05948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This research aims to predict the presence of marker compounds that differentiate tubruk brew from coffee beans with different postharvest processing. This research also aims to predict compounds correlating with antioxidant activity and sensory flavour attributes. This research used Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica coffee beans, which were processed with three different postharvest processing (honey, full-washed and natural), roasted at medium level, and brewed using the tubruk method. Each brew was analyzed for chemical profiles using LC-MS and GC-MS, antioxidant analysis using the DPPH IC50 and FRAP methods, and sensory analysis for flavour using the QDA and SCAA methods for cupping scores. OPLS-DA analysis revealed the presence of marker compounds from each brew, and the dried fruit flavour attribute was to be an inter-process marker. After that, OPLS analysis showed marker compounds that correlate to antioxidant activity and flavour attributes. Rhaponticin is thought to be one of the marker compounds in natural coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method (IC50); prunin is thought to be one of the marker compounds for full-washed coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the activity antioxidants of FRAP method. Triacetin, which is thought to be a marker compound in natural brewed coffee, correlates with fruity flavour. 3-acetylpyridine, as a marker in honey-brewed coffee, correlates with nutty flavour. Even though there are differences in dominant flavours, the cupping score shows the brew is categorized as a specialty. This research shows that different post-harvest processing processes influence the compound profile, antioxidant activity and flavour attributes of Tubruk brewed coffee. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05948-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulianti Yulianti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- South-East Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, Jl. Ulin No.1 IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gorontalo University, Gorontalo, 96211 Indonesia
| | - Dede Robiatul Adawiyah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- South-East Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, Jl. Ulin No.1 IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Dian Herawati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- South-East Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, Jl. Ulin No.1 IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Dias Indrasti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- South-East Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, Jl. Ulin No.1 IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Nuri Andarwulan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- South-East Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, Jl. Ulin No.1 IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
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Mus S, Barrientos I, Vidaña-Pérez D, Monzon J, Barnoya J, Page MK, Block AC, Goniewicz ML, O’Connor RJ, Thrasher JF. Chemicals in Cigarette Flavor Capsules From Guatemala and Mexico. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:545-551. [PMID: 37930843 PMCID: PMC11033577 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global market share for cigarettes with flavor capsules has grown exponentially over the last decade, particularly in Latin America. When smoking, consumers crush a liquid capsule in the filter that flavors the smoke. Little is known about the chemical constituents of the liquids in capsules or their potential health risks. METHODS Based on consumer data and availability in Mexico and Guatemala, 31 flavor capsule brands were purchased (19 and 12, respectively) in 2020. Since some cigarettes included multiple capsules in a stick (up to 2) or pack (up to 4), the final analytic sample included 50 capsules. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent Technologies, Inc). RESULTS The qualitative analysis detected 296 compounds (range = 9-67 per capsule), and all capsules contained menthol. Among the compounds detected in more than half the sample were limonene, menthone, benzaldehyde, eucalyptol, and triacetin. Traces of nicotine were found in 22% of the capsules. In the quantitative analysis, menthol concentrations were 33 times greater than the next most common compound (limonene). Benzyl alcohol and vanillin were also found in high concentrations. Comparing same-brand varieties across countries showed substantial variability in the concentration of menthol and other compounds. CONCLUSIONS Menthol is an omnipresent constituent in capsule cigarettes, perhaps because of its anesthetizing and reinforcing addictive properties. Other compounds found are toxic, potentially carcinogenic, and may enhance addictiveness. Variance in the presence and concentrations of such compounds highlights the importance of product standards to regulate capsule content. IMPLICATIONS This study evaluated the chemical content of capsule cigarettes from two Latin American countries that have two of the highest market shares for capsule cigarettes worldwide. Compared to other studies, our assessment included brand varieties from two countries to compare the differences in chemical content by country. Our results yield that menthol is found in all capsules, and that other chemicals found may prolong nicotine exposure and therefore reinforce the addictive properties of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mus
- Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, UNICAR, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Inti Barrientos
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Desirée Vidaña-Pérez
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - José Monzon
- Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, UNICAR, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Joaquin Barnoya
- Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, UNICAR, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Michelle K Page
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashleigh C Block
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard J O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Kyriakos CN, Erinoso O, Driezen P, Thrasher JF, Katanoda K, Quah ACK, Tabuchi T, Perez CDA, Seo HG, Kim SY, Nordin ASA, Hairi FM, Fong GT, Filippidis FT. Prevalence and perceptions of flavour capsule cigarettes among adults who smoke in Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Mexico: findings from the ITC surveys. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083080. [PMID: 38642995 PMCID: PMC11033647 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global market of flavour capsule cigarettes (FCCs) has grown significantly over the past decade; however, prevalence data exist for only a few countries. This study examined prevalence and perceptions of FCCs among adults who smoke across five countries. METHODS Cross-sectional data among adults who smoked cigarettes came from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Surveys-Brazil (2016/2017), Japan (2021), Republic of Korea (2021), Malaysia (2020) and Mexico (2021). FCCs use was measured based on reporting one's usual/current brand or favourite variety has flavour capsule(s). Perceptions of the harmfulness of one's usual brand versus other brands were compared between those who used capsules versus no capsules. Adjusted logistic regression models examined correlates of FCC use. RESULTS There were substantial differences in the prevalence of FCC use among adults who smoke across the five countries: Mexico (50.3% in 2021), Republic of Korea (31.8% in 2021), Malaysia (26.5% in 2020), Japan (21.6% in 2021) and Brazil (6.7% in 2016/2017). Correlates of FCC use varied across countries. Capsule use was positively associated with being female in Japan and Mexico, younger age in Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia, high education in Brazil, Japan and Mexico, non-daily smoking in Republic of Korea, and having plans to quit in Japan and Republic of Korea. There was no consistent pattern of consumer perceptions of brand harmfulness. CONCLUSION Our study documented the high prevalence of FCCs in some countries, pointing to the need to develop and implement regulatory strategies to control these attractive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kyriakos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pete Driezen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kota Katanoda
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center Japan, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina de Abreu Perez
- National School of Public Health Sérgio Arouca, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hong Gwan Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- National Tobacco Control Center, Korean Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin
- Nicotine Addiction Research Group, Centre of Addiction Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farizah Mohd Hairi
- Nicotine Addiction Research Group, Centre of Addiction Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- School of Public Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filippos T Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
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6
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Cohen JE, Czaplicki L, Crespi E, Brown JL, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Masanga BC, Pankow JF. Menthol and Other Flavor Chemicals in Cigarettes from Vietnam and the Philippines. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:385-391. [PMID: 37578845 PMCID: PMC10882432 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco product flavors can increase product appeal, adolescent initiation and experimentation, and difficulty quitting. Flavored tobacco products are not restricted in Vietnam or the Philippines despite the high smoking prevalence among those 15 years of age and older (24% and 23%, respectively). There are no published reports to our knowledge on the levels of flavor chemicals in the cigarettes sold in these two countries. METHODS Cigarettes were purchased in Vietnam (32 brand variants) and the Philippines (19 brand variants) during 2020. Chemical analyses gave the mg/filter, mg/rod, and mg/stick (= mg/(filter + rod)) values for 180 individual flavor chemicals. Values were calculated for menthol, clove-related compounds, and "other flavor chemicals" (OFCs). RESULTS Five flavor groupings were found among the brand variants purchased in Vietnam: menthol + OFCs (n = 15), OFCs only (n = 8), nonflavored (n = 7), menthol + OFCs with a clove flavorant (n = 1) and menthol only (n = 1). Three flavor groupings were found among the brand variants purchased in the Philippines: menthol + OFCs (n = 10), nonflavored (n = 5), and menthol only (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS A range of flavored cigarette products are being offered by tobacco companies in Vietnam and the Philippines, presumably to maximize cigarette sales. Regulation of flavor chemicals should be considered in these two countries. IMPLICATIONS Article 9 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), ratified by both Vietnam and the Philippines, states that "there is no justification for permitting the use of ingredients, such as flavoring agents, which help make tobacco products attractive." Flavors increase product appeal, adolescent initiation and experimentation, and difficulty quitting. These analyses found that cigarettes purchased in Vietnam and the Philippines contained menthol and other flavor chemicals. Tobacco companies are offering multiple flavor chemical profiles and nominally nonflavored versions in these countries; regulation of flavor chemicals should be considered in these two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Cohen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control (IGTC), Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren Czaplicki
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control (IGTC), Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Crespi
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control (IGTC), Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control (IGTC), Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA
| | - Braden C Masanga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA
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Moodie C, Thrasher JF, Barnoya J, Mejia R, Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Zavaleta A, Chaloupka F. Tobacco Industry Claims About Transformation are Inconsistent With Combustible Cigarette Innovations: The Case of Flavor Capsule Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1891-1895. [PMID: 36149828 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joaquin Barnoya
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Proyección, Rafael Landívar University, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Raul Mejia
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alfonso Zavaleta
- Information and Education Center for the Prevention of Drug Abuse (CEDRO), Lima, Peru
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Peruvian Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Frank Chaloupka
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Amalia B, Nguyen N, Welding K, Clegg Smith K, Cohen JE. Another day, another tobacco company's devious behaviour: cutout health warning labels on Indonesian cigarette packs. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058239. [PMID: 37852756 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beladenta Amalia
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Nguyen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Welding
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Clegg Smith
- Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Kyriakos CN, Zatoński MZ, Filippidis FT. Flavour capsule cigarette use and perceptions: a systematic review. Tob Control 2023; 32:e83-e94. [PMID: 34607888 PMCID: PMC10086486 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review on flavour capsule cigarettes aims to examine prevalence, correlates of use, behaviours and perceptions of these products globally. DATA SOURCES A search of original, peer-reviewed research without restrictions in publication year, population, study design or language, using a combination of cigarette and capsule terms was conducted across four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus), indexed until 30 April 2021. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they presented original, human subjects research on flavour capsule cigarettes. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data on main outcome results and assessed risk of bias using a validated quality assessment tool (QATSDD). DATA SYNTHESIS Of 842 unduplicated database records and four studies from citation searching screened, 20 studies were included in the review. Studies reported data from 2009 to 2019 across eight countries, the majority of which used cross-sectional or focus group study designs. Current capsule use among smokers was highest in Chile and Mexico (40%) and was associated with younger age, and in some countries, with being female. Capsule cigarettes are perceived as tasting better, being smoother on the throat, more fun to smoke, and more attractive compared with non-capsule cigarettes, particularly among susceptible non-smokers and non-daily smokers. CONCLUSION Findings call for the adoption of comprehensive tobacco control policies that account for flavour capsules and similar iterations, which can increase appeal through flavours and innovative features. Continued monitoring and research of these products is critical, with particular attention to low-income and middle-income countries, which make up a disproportionately larger share of the capsule market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kyriakos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mateusz Zygmunt Zatoński
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Filippos T Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Kyriakos CN, Zatoński MZ, Filippidis FT. Marketing of flavour capsule cigarettes: a systematic review. Tob Control 2023; 32:e103-e112. [PMID: 35042725 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to identify marketing elements of flavour capsule variants (FCVs), cigarettes that release flavour when a capsule(s) embedded in the filter is crushed. DATA SOURCES A search of original research without restrictions in publication year, population, study design or language using a combination of cigarette and capsule terms was conducted across four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus), indexed until 13 December 2021, along with a citation search. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they presented original research relevant to marketing features of FCVs. DATA EXTRACTION One author performed data extraction and coded outcomes based on '4Ps' of marketing mix theory: product, place, price and promotion. The second author conducted a cross-check. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 2436 unduplicated database records and 30 records from other sources, 40 studies were included in the review. Studies were published between 2009 and 2021. Study methodologies primarily included content analysis of cigarette packs/sticks, review of tobacco industry documents and content analysis of advertising information. Findings suggest FCVs are marketed using a mix of strategies, particularly characterised by product innovation, timing market launches around tobacco policies, point-of-sale advertising and packaging to communicate a high-tech, customisable and flavourful product. CONCLUSION Findings illuminate the marketing strategies of FCVs that are likely driving their global growth, particularly among young people and in low and middle-income countries. Comprehensive tobacco control regulations are needed to close loopholes and curb industry efforts to circumvent existing policies in order to mitigate uptake of FCVs and other product innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kyriakos
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Mateusz Zygmunt Zatoński
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Filippos T Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
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Kerber PJ, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Powers M, Peyton DH. Effects of E-Cigarette Flavor Enhancing Capsules on Inhalable Aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:8-13. [PMID: 36490387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The flavor of inhaled e-cigarette aerosols may be augmented using crushable flavor capsules added to e-cigarettes. For example, Puff Krush contains breakable flavor capsules in a sorbent material. The capsules are crushed, and then, aerosol passes through the saturated sorbent material before inhalation. Herein, we used NMR and GC-MS to identify the capsule medium chain triglyceride (MCT) solvent and flavorants in selected Puff Krush flavor capsules and then determined which molecules from the capsule transfer into aerosols. MCTs from the Puff Krush were not found in the aerosols, and ∼50% of Puff Krush flavorants transferred into the aerosol upon vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kerber
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Marley Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - David H Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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12
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Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V, Onyenwoke RU. E-cigarette Flavors, Sensory Perception, and Evoked Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2194-2209. [PMID: 36480683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory experiences evoked by flavors encompass a number of unique sensations that include olfactory stimuli (smell), gustatory stimuli (taste, i.e., salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami (also known as "savoriness")), and chemesthesis (touch). As such, the responses evoked by flavors are complex and, as briefly stated above, involve multiple perceptive mechanisms. The practice of adding flavorings to tobacco products dates back to the 17th century but is likely much older. More recently, the electronic cigarette or "e-cigarette" and its accompanying flavored e-liquids emerged on to the global market. These new products contain no combustible tobacco but often contain large concentrations (reported from 0 to more than 50 mg/mL) of nicotine as well as numerous flavorings and/or flavor chemicals. At present, there are more than 400 e-cigarette brands available along with potentially >15,000 different/unique flavored products. However, surprisingly little is known about the flavors/flavor chemicals added to these products, which can account for >1% by weight of some e-liquids, and their resultant chemosensory experiences, and the US FDA has done relatively little, until recently, to regulate these products. This article will discuss e-cigarette flavors and flavor chemicals, their elicited responses, and their sensory effects in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States.,Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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13
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Omaiye EE, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Ethyl maltol, vanillin, corylone and other conventional confectionery-related flavour chemicals dominate in some e-cigarette liquids labelled 'tobacco' flavoured. Tob Control 2022; 31:s238-s244. [PMID: 36328460 PMCID: PMC9664106 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been linked to the abundance of flavoured products that are attractive to adolescents and young adults. In the last decade, e-cigarette designs have evolved through four generations that include modifications in battery power, e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) reservoirs and atomiser units. E-liquids have likewise evolved in terms of solvent use/ratios, concentration and number of flavour chemicals, use of nicotine salts and acids, the recent increased use of synthetic cooling agents and the introduction of synthetic nicotine. Our current objective was to evaluate and compare the evolving composition of tobacco-flavoured e-liquids over the last 10 years. METHODS Our extensive database of flavour chemicals in e-liquids was used to identify trends and changes in flavour chemical composition and concentrations. RESULTS Tobacco-flavoured products purchased in 2010 and 2011 generally had very few flavour chemicals, and their concentrations were generally very low. In tobacco-flavoured refill fluids purchased in 2019 and Puff Bar Tobacco e-cigarettes, the total number and concentration of flavour chemicals were higher than expected. Products with total flavour chemicals >10 mg/mL contained one to five dominant flavour chemicals (>1 mg/mL). The most frequently used flavour chemicals in tobacco e-liquids were fruity and caramellic. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for continuous surveillance of e-liquids, which are evolving in often subtle and harmful ways. Chemical constituents of tobacco flavours should be monitored as they clearly can be doctored by manufacturers to have a taste that would appeal to young users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Omaiye
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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14
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Yassine A, El Hage R, El-Hellani A, Salman R, Talih S, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A, Saliba N. Did JUUL alter the content of menthol pods in response to US FDA flavour enforcement policy? Tob Control 2022; 31:s234-s237. [PMID: 36328458 PMCID: PMC9641543 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The JUUL electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) remains popular in the USA and has a big prevalence among youth. In response to the popularity of JUUL and similar devices among youth, the US Food and Drug Administration issued in February 2020 an enforcement policy to remove all flavoured cartridge/pod-based e-cigarettes from the market except for tobacco and menthol. Subsequent studies showed that some users of the now-removed flavoured JUUL pods (especially cool mint) switched to menthol-flavoured JUUL pods with similar satisfaction. Methods We quantified menthol, nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerol (VG) in JUUL pod samples (Menthol, Classic Menthol and Cool Mint) that were purchased in 2017, 2018 and 2020 (only Menthol) to evaluate composition differences before and after the enforcement policy. We also analysed the samples to detect other cooling agents using a screening gas chromatography-mass spectrometry headspace method that we developed for this purpose. Results Menthol concentration was significantly higher in 2020 products than in products from prior years. Moreover, other cooling agents varied across pods. The PG/VG volume ratio was 27/63 in all pods examined. Conclusion This study highlights how regulations intended to reduce e-cigarette prevalence among youth may influence changes in tobacco product characteristics in ways that regulators may not have foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Yassine
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rola Salman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Soha Talih
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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15
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Yogeswaran S, Shaikh SB, Manevski M, Chand HS, Rahman I. The role of synthetic coolants, WS-3 and WS-23, in modulating E-cigarette-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1700-1709. [PMID: 36518479 PMCID: PMC9742959 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a substantial rise in e-cigarette (e-cig) use or vaping in the past decade, prompting growing concerns about their adverse health effects. Recently, e-cig manufacturers have been using synthetic cooling agents, like WS-23 and WS-3, to provide a cooling sensation without the "menthol taste". Studies have shown that aerosols/vapes generated by e-cigs can contain significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, studies investigating the role of synthetic coolants in modulating ROS levels generated by e-cigs are lacking. This study seeks to understand how synthetic coolants, e-cig additives that have become increasingly prevalent in e-liquids sold in the United States (US), impact acellular ROS production from e-liquid aerosols as well as cellular ROS levels from pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to these e-liquids. To further explain, our study aims to understand whether the addition of WS-3 and WS-23 to e-liquid base and e-liquid base with nicotine significantly modifies generated acellular ROS levels within aerosolized e-liquids, as well as cellular ROS within BEAS-2B cells treated with these same e-liquids. Aerosols were generated from e-liquids with and without synthetic coolants through a single-puff aerosol generator; subsequently, acellular ROS was semi-quantified in H2O2 equivalents via fluorescence spectroscopy. Our acellular ROS data suggest that adding WS-3 to e-liquid base (PG:VG), regardless of nicotine content, has a minimal impact on modifying e-cig generated acellular ROS levels. Additionally, we also measured cellular ROS in lung epithelial cells using both e-liquids containing and not containing synthetic coolants via the CellROX Green fluorescent sensor. Similar comparable results were found in BEAS2B cells though ROS was increased by WS-3 and WS-23 treated in e-cig nicotine groups. Altogether, our data suggest that neither the addition of WS-23 nor WS-3 to e-liquid base solution, with and without nicotine, significantly modifies e-cig generated acellular ROS levels within aerosolized e-liquids and cellular ROS levels within treated BEAS-2B cells. Together, our data provide insight into whether synthetic coolants added to e-liquids could impact vaping-induced oxidative stress in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaiesh Yogeswaran
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sadiya Bi. Shaikh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marko Manevski
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Hitendra S. Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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16
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Chaiton MO, Cunningham R, Hagen L, Dubray J, Borland T. Taking global leadership in banning menthol and other flavours in tobacco: Canada's experience. Tob Control 2022; 31:202-211. [PMID: 35241589 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Measures to ban or restrict menthol and other flavours in tobacco products are under consideration or newly implemented in an increasing number of jurisdictions across the world. As one of the world leaders, Canada's experience in successfully developing and implementing such measures can be instructive for other jurisdictions. This paper explores the history of how Canada was able to implement tobacco flavour bans including menthol, examines some of the challenges and presents lessons learnt for other jurisdictions. The crucial motivation for these bans emerged from surveillance data showing high rates of flavoured tobacco use by youth, including menthol cigarette smoking, that was publicised by non-governmental organisations. Further data showed that early legislation in 2009 contained loopholes (cigar size exemptions and menthol exemptions) that limited the benefits of the legislation. Leadership by the provinces created an environment in which the federal ban on menthol ingredients in 2017 was a clear and obvious step to ensure implementation across the country. The Canadian measures have been successful at reducing the use of flavoured tobacco including menthol cigarettes and facilitating smoking cessation. Lessons learnt include the downsides of exemptions, the lack of a contraband issue (despite an existing supply in Canada), the benefits of availability of youth flavour prevalence data and the success of subnational regulations to advance national regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Chaiton
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Les Hagen
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- ASH Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jolene Dubray
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracey Borland
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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