1
|
Zhang H, Liu M, Fan W, Sun S, Fan X. The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach. Front Public Health 2022; 10:994745. [PMID: 36159313 PMCID: PMC9489838 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has become one of the leading causes of death in humans and animals. Current research suggests that the transmission of MTBC in the environment indirectly transmit to humans and animals with subsequent impact on their wellbeing. Therefore, it is of great significance to take One Health approach for understanding the role of MTBC in not only the interfaces of humans and animals, but also environment, including soil, water, pasture, air, and dust, etc., in response to the MTBC infection. In this review, we present the evidence of MTBC transmission from environment, as well as detection and control strategies in this interface, seeking to provide academic leads for the global goal of End Tuberculosis Strategy under multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborations.
Collapse
|
2
|
Konold T, Dale J, Spiropoulos J, Simmons H, Godinho A. Case of TB in a sheep caused by
Mycobacterium bovis
with transmission to another sheep and a steer in the same building. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - James Dale
- Bacterial Characterisation Group (TB Genotyping)Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Hugh Simmons
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Ana Godinho
- School of MedicineUniversity of Minho Life and Health Sciences Research InstituteBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate LaboratoryUniversidade do Minho Instituto de Investigacao em Ciencias da Vida e SaudeGuimarãesPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Birch CPD, Goddard A, Tearne O. A new bovine tuberculosis model for England and Wales (BoTMEW) to simulate epidemiology, surveillance and control. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:273. [PMID: 30176863 PMCID: PMC6122770 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, widespread in England and Wales. It has high incidence towards the South West of England and Wales, with much lower incidence to the East and North. A stochastic simulation model was developed to simulate M. bovis transmission among cattle, transfer by cattle movements and transmission from environmental reservoirs (often wildlife and especially badgers). It distinguishes five surveillance streams, including herd tests, pre-movement testing and slaughter surveillance. The model thereby simulates interventions in bTB surveillance and control, and generates outputs directly comparable to detailed disease records. An anonymized version of the executable model with its input data has been released. The model was fitted to cattle bTB records for 2008-2010 in a cross-sectional comparison, and its projection was compared with records from 2010 to 2016 for validation. RESULTS The fitted model explained over 99% of the variation among numbers of breakdowns in four defined regions and surveillance streams in 2010. It classified 7800 (95% confidence interval c. 5500 - 14,000) holdings within high incidence regions as exposed to infectious environmental reservoirs, out of over 31,000 cattle holdings identified as potentially exposed to such sources. The model was consistent with previous estimates of low M. bovis transmission rate among cattle, but cattle to cattle transmission was clearly required to generate the number of cattle cases observed. When projected to 2016, the model as fitted to 2010 continued to match the distribution of bTB among counties, although it was notable that the actual distribution of bTB in 2010 was itself a close match for its distribution in 2016. CONCLUSIONS The close model fit demonstrated that cattle movements could generate breakdowns as observed in low incidence regions, if persistent environmental reservoirs such as wildlife maintained infection levels in the high incidence regions. The model suggests that environmental reservoirs may be a challenge for control, because, although many holdings are exposed to infection from wildlife or the environment, they are a minority of holdings. Large impacts on disease in wildlife will be required to avoid each individual transmission event to cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P. D. Birch
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| | - Ashley Goddard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| | - Oliver Tearne
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Performativity and a microbe: Exploring Mycobacterium bovis and the political ecologies of bovine tuberculosis. BIOSOCIETIES 2018; 14:179-204. [PMID: 32226469 PMCID: PMC7100403 DOI: 10.1057/s41292-018-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the bacterium responsible for causing bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle, displays what I call ‘microbial performativity’. Like many other lively disease-causing microorganisms, it has an agency which is difficult to contain, and there is a need for fresh thinking on the challenges of dealing with this slippery and indeterminate microbe. As a practising veterinary scientist who side-stepped mid-career into a parallel training in the social sciences to view bTB from an alternative perspective, I create an interdisciplinary coming-together where veterinary science converges with a political ecology of (animal) health influenced by science and technology studies (STS) and social science and humanities scholarship on performativity. This suitably hybridized nexus creates a place to consider the ecologies of a pathogen which could be considered as life out of control. I consider what this means for efforts to eradicate this disease through combining understandings from the published scientific literature with qualitative interview-based fieldwork with farmers, veterinarians and others involved in the statutory bTB eradication programme in a high incidence region of the UK. This study demonstrates the value of life scientists turning to the social sciences to re-view their familiar professional habitus—challenging assumptions, and offering alternative perspectives on complex problems.
Collapse
|
5
|
Conlan AJK, Vordermeier M, de Jong MC, Wood JL. The intractable challenge of evaluating cattle vaccination as a control for bovine Tuberculosis. eLife 2018; 7:27694. [PMID: 29866255 PMCID: PMC5988428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) has been a long-term policy objective for countries where disease continues to persist despite costly test-and-slaughter programs. The potential use of vaccination within the European Union has been linked to a need for field evaluation of any prospective vaccine and the impact of vaccination on the rate of transmission of bTB. We calculate that estimation of the direct protection of BCG could be achieved with 100 herds, but over 500 herds would be necessary to demonstrate an economic benefit for farmers whose costs are dominated by testing and associated herd restrictions. However, the low and variable attack rate in GB herds means field trials are unlikely to be able to discern any impact of vaccination on transmission. In contrast, experimental natural transmission studies could provide robust evaluation of both the efficacy and mode of action of vaccination using as few as 200 animals. Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease of livestock and wildlife in many parts of the world. It also can spread to humans. In the United Kingdom (UK), infected cattle and badgers contribute to its spread. To control bovine tuberculosis, cattle are tested and infected animals are slaughtered. Badgers in areas near cattle are killed to keep their populations small and reduce the likelihood of them infecting cattle. These control strategies are very controversial. Testing and slaughtering cattle is expensive and many people object to badger culling. Developing a vaccine that would protect cattle against bovine tuberculosis is a potential alternative approach being investigated by the UK government. But such a vaccination is currently illegal in Europe because vaccinated animals may test positive for infection, creating confusion. Tests for bovine tuberculosis exist, but these DIVA (short for “Differentiates Infected from Vaccinated Animals”) tests are not yet licensed for use in the UK. The European Union (EU) said it would consider relaxing its laws against bovine tuberculosis vaccination if the UK government is able to prove a vaccine is effective on farms. Now, Conlan et al. show that the specific field trials recommended by the EU would have to be extremely large to show a benefit of vaccination. Mathematical models were used to calculate how many cattle herds a bovine tuberculosis vaccine study would need to show that it protects cattle from infection, reduces transmission of the disease, and saves farmers money. Conlan et al. show that a study including 100 herds would be large enough to prove the vaccine protected individual animals. But a trial would have to include 500 herds to show that vaccination saves farmers money. Because transmission of bovine tuberculosis is slow in the UK, trials on working farms are unlikely to be able to measure whether vaccination reduces the spread of the disease. Instead, Conlan et al. show that smaller, less expensive experiments in controlled settings would be able to estimate the effects of bovine tuberculosis vaccination on transmission. These results informed the UK government decision to delay farm-based studies of a bovine tuberculosis vaccine until a DIVA test is available. If vaccination and the use of a DIVA test can be proven to be effective enough to replace test and slaughter policies it could be a huge economic boon to farmers, particularly those in lower income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Kerr Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mart Cm de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - James Ln Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meermeier EW, Lewinsohn DM. Early clearance versus control: what is the meaning of a negative tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29904578 PMCID: PMC5974584 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13224.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of tuberculosis (TB) cannot reasonably be achieved by treatment of individual cases and will require an improved vaccine or immunotherapy. A challenge in developing an improved TB vaccine has been the lack of understanding what is needed to generate sterilizing immunity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Several epidemiological observations support the hypothesis that humans can eradicate Mtb following exposure. This has been termed early clearance and is defined as elimination of Mtb infection prior to the development of an adaptive immune response, as measured by a tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay. Here, we examine research into the likelihood of and possible mechanisms responsible for early clearance in household contacts of patients with active TB. We explore both innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung. Enhanced understanding of these mechanisms could be harnessed for the development of a preventative vaccine or immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Meermeier
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gormley E, Corner LAL. Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection: the Badger Model As a Paradigm for Understanding Tuberculosis in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:247. [PMID: 29379792 PMCID: PMC5775213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis in animals is caused principally by infection with Mycobacterium bovis and the potential for transmission of infection to humans is often the fundamental driver for surveillance of disease in livestock and wild animals. However, with such a vast array of species susceptible to infection, it is often extremely difficult to gain a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of infection--a key component of the epidemiology in all affected species. This is important because the development of disease control strategies in animals is determined chiefly by an understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. The most revealing data from which to formulate theories on pathogenesis are that observed in susceptible hosts infected by natural transmission. These data are gathered from detailed studies of the distribution of gross and histological lesions, and the presence and distribution of infection as determined by highly sensitive bacteriology procedures. The information can also be used to establish the baseline for evaluating experimental model systems. The European badger (Meles meles) is one of a very small number of wild animal hosts where detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of M. bovis infection has been generated from observations in natural-infected animals. By drawing parallels from other animal species, an experimental badger infection model has also been established where infection of the lower respiratory tract mimics infection and the disease observed in natural-infected badgers. This has facilitated the development of diagnostic tests and testing of vaccines that have the potential to control the disease in badgers. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of how detailed knowledge of pathogenesis can be used to evaluate specific intervention strategies, and how the badger model may be a paradigm for understanding pathogenesis of tuberculosis in any affected wild animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bezos J, Casal C, Álvarez J, Roy A, Romero B, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Bárcena C, Díez A, Juste R, Gortázar C, Puentes E, Aguiló N, Martín C, de Juan L, Domínguez L. Evaluation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO 2 vaccine using a natural tuberculosis infection model in goats. Vet J 2017; 223:60-67. [PMID: 28671074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines against animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for improving the control and eradication of this disease, particularly in those species not subjected to compulsory eradication programmes. In this study, the protection conferred by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 experimental vaccine was evaluated using a natural infection model in goats. Twenty-six goats were distributed in three groups: (1) 10 goats served as a control group; (2) six goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with BCG; and (3) 10 goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with SO2. Four months after vaccination, all groups were merged with goats infected with Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, and tested over a 40 week period using a tuberculin intradermal test and an interferon-γ assay for mycobacterial reactivity. The severity of lesions was determined at post-mortem examination and the bacterial load in tissues were evaluated by culture. The two vaccinated groups had significantly lower lesion and bacterial culture scores than the control group (P<0.05); at the end of the study, the SO2 vaccinated goats had the lowest lesion and culture scores. These results suggest that the SO2 vaccine provides some protection against TB infection acquired from natural exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bezos
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Roy
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Bertos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Bárcena
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díez
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (SERIDA), Carretera Oviedo, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E Puentes
- BIOFABRI SL, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - N Aguiló
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - C Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - L de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vaccination of domestic animals against tuberculosis: Review of progress and contributions to the field of the TBSTEP project. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Alvarez J, Bezos J, de la Cruz ML, Casal C, Romero B, Domínguez L, de Juan L, Pérez A. Bovine tuberculosis: within-herd transmission models to support and direct the decision-making process. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S61-8. [PMID: 24875061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Use of mathematical models to study the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases is becoming increasingly common in veterinary sciences. However, modeling chronic infectious diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is particularly challenging due to the substantial uncertainty associated with the epidemiology of the disease. Here, the methodological approaches used to model bTB and published in the peer-reviewed literature in the last decades were reviewed with a focus on the impact that the models' assumptions may have had on their results, such as the assumption of density vs. frequency-dependent transmission, the existence of non-infectious and non-detectable stages, and the effect of extrinsic sources of infection (usually associated with wildlife reservoirs). Although all studies suggested a relatively low rate of within-herd transmission of bTB when test-and-cull programs are in place, differences in the estimated length of the infection stages, sensitivity and specificity of the tests used and probable type of transmission (density or frequency dependent) were observed. Additional improvements, such as exploring the usefulness of contact-networks instead of assuming homogeneous mixing of animals, may help to build better models that can help to design, evaluate and monitor control and eradication strategies against bTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Javier Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa de la Cruz
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Domingo M, Vidal E, Marco A. Pathology of bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S20-9. [PMID: 24731532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic granulomatous caseous-necrotising inflammatory process that mainly affects the lungs and their draining lymph nodes (Ln.). The pathological changes associated with bTB infection reflect the interplay between the host defence mechanisms and the mycobacterial virulence factors and the balance between the immunologic protective responses and the damaging inflammatory processes. Inhalation is the most common infection route and causes lesions of the nasopharynx and lower respiratory tract, including its associated lymph nodes. The initial infection (primary complex) may be followed by chronic (post-primary) tuberculosis or may be generalised. Goat tuberculosis often produces liquefactive necrosis and caverns, similarly to human TB. The assessment of the severity of TB lesions is crucial for vaccine trials. Semi-quantitative gross lesion scoring systems have been developed for cattle, but imaging technology has allowed the development of more standardised, objective, and quantitative methods, such as multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), which provides quantitative measures of lesion volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Anatomia I Sanitat Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.
| | - E Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Marco
- Departament de Anatomia I Sanitat Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Waters WR, Maggioli MF, McGill JL, Lyashchenko KP, Palmer MV. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:113-32. [PMID: 24636301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioneer studies on infectious disease and immunology by Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Von Behring, Nocard, Roux, and Ehrlich forged a path for the dual-purpose with dual benefit approach, demonstrating a profound relevance of veterinary studies for biomedical applications. Tuberculosis (TB), primarily due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, is an exemplary model for the demonstration of this concept. Early studies with cattle were instrumental in the development of the use of Koch's tuberculin as an in vivo measure of cell-mediated immunity for diagnostic purposes. Calmette and Guerin demonstrated the efficacy of an attenuated M. bovis strain (BCG) in cattle prior to use of this vaccine in humans. The interferon-γ release assay, now widely used for TB diagnosis in humans, was developed circa 1990 for use in the Australian bovine TB eradication program. More recently, M. bovis infection and vaccine efficacy studies with cattle have demonstrated a correlation of vaccine-elicited T cell central memory (TCM) responses to vaccine efficacy, correlation of specific antibody to mycobacterial burden and lesion severity, and detection of antigen-specific IL-17 responses to vaccination and infection. Additionally, positive prognostic indicators of bovine TB vaccine efficacy (i.e., responses measured after infection) include: reduced antigen-specific IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-4, and MIP1-α responses; reduced antigen-specific expansion of CD4(+) T cells; and a diminished activation profile on T cells within antigen stimulated cultures. Delayed type hypersensitivity and IFN-γ responses correlate with infection but do not necessarily correlate with lesion severity whereas antibody responses generally correlate with lesion severity. Recently, serologic tests have emerged for the detection of tuberculous animals, particularly elephants, captive cervids, and camelids. B cell aggregates are consistently detected within tuberculous lesions of humans, cattle, mice and various other species, suggesting a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of TB. Comparative immunology studies including partnerships of researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in both man and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bovine TB: test sensitivity at all cost? Vet Rec 2013; 172:216. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.f1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
Conlan AJK, McKinley TJ, Wood JLN. Letters. Vet Rec 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.e7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. K. Conlan
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB1 3AX
| | - T. J. McKinley
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB1 3AX
| | - J. L. N. Wood
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB1 3AX
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Complex dynamics. Vet Rec 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.e7345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|