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Ahlén L, Holmøy IH, Sogstad ÅM, Jensen TK, Frosth S, Rosander A, Fjeldaas T. Bovine Digital Dermatitis: Treponema spp. on trimming equipment and chutes - effect of washing and disinfection. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:261. [PMID: 38890626 PMCID: PMC11184789 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious bovine foot disease causing reduced animal welfare and negative economic consequences for the farmer. Treponema spp. are the most important causative agents. Studies indicate that trimming equipment can transfer DD-associated treponemes between cows. The aim of this observational study in 22 DD-positive Norwegian dairy herds was to investigate the risk of transferring Treponema spp. with trimming equipment and chutes after claw trimming, and after washing and disinfection. Swabs from the trimming equipment and chutes were collected from nine different locations, at five different time points. Bacterial DNA was extracted from 647 swabs and analysed by qPCR for Treponema spp. In addition, 172 swabs taken immediately after trimming, were analysed by a multiplex qPCR targeting T. phagedenis, T. pedis and T. medium/vincentii. Biopsy sampling from DD lesions was performed on cows in the same herds during trimming. Altogether 109 biopsies were analysed by FISH for confirmation of the DD diagnosis and identification of Treponema phylotypes (PTs). RESULTS High numbers of Treponema spp. were detected from all nine locations on the trimming equipment and chutes immediately after trimming, and T. phagedenis was detected on two or more locations in all but two herds, 1 and 19. There was a decline in the amount of Treponema spp. after washing and disinfection. The belly belt, the cuff, and the footrest on the chute had the highest proportion of positive samples after disinfection. The belly belt had the highest copy numbers of all nine locations (median = 7.9, max = 545.1). No Treponema spp. was detected on the hoof knives after disinfection. Treponema phagedenis, T. pedis, and Treponema phylotype 3 (T. refringens) were detected by FISH analysis of the biopsies. Treponema phagedenis was detected in biopsies from all herds except 1 and 19. CONCLUSION This study shows that DD-associated Treponema spp. were present on the trimming equipment and chutes after trimming cows in DD-positive herds. Washing and disinfection reduced the load of Treponema spp. However, large differences in Treponema spp. between different locations were documented. High copy numbers on the grinder and the chute after disinfection, indicates that sufficient cleaning and disinfection of these locations is difficult, and that passive transfer of DD-associated treponemes (viable or not) is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ahlén
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway
| | | | - Tim Kåre Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Sara Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, Uppsala, SE- 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, Uppsala, SE- 750 07, Sweden
| | - Terje Fjeldaas
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway
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Dias AP, Orsel K, De Buck J. Quantifying and mapping digital dermatitis-associated bacteria in lesion and nonlesion body sites and dairy farm environment. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3252-3268. [PMID: 38135044 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The source of infection of digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious lameness condition, is still uncertain. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify potential reservoirs of DD bacteria in dairy cattle body sites with different stages of the disease and farm environments. We collected skin swabs from 85 dairy cows from 5 herds, 3 with and 2 without DD, from foot, hock, and udder cleft skin (with lesions or not), saliva, urine, and feces. We also obtained environmental samples. Real-time quantitative PCR targeted Treponema phagedenis, Treponema medium, Treponema pedis, Porphyromonas levii, Bacteroides pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Fusobacterium mortiferum. Digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. were exclusively detected in DD-affected herds in DD-foot and other skin lesions, healthy skin, saliva, and environmental samples. In contrast, the non-Treponema spp. were found in samples from both DD-negative and affected herds. As expected, DD lesions had higher bacterial loads than healthy skin. Interestingly, similar counts were observed in udder cleft lesions, indicating a potential opportunistic behavior on compromised skin. None of the targeted species were detected in fecal samples, but P. levii, B. pyogenes, and F. necrophorum were detected in urine. All 7 species were detected in saliva, although in low quantities. No associations were observed between the presence of each bacterial species in DD lesions and urine; however, there was an association between the presence of DD-Treponema spp. in lesions and saliva, hock, and udder skin. Feces and urine do not seem to be a DD bacteria primary source, but saliva and other skin lesions may play a role. Longitudinal studies would improve our understanding of DD-associated bacteria's transient or persistent presence in these sites. Investigating the sources of DD-associated bacteria will guide future interventions to minimize bacterial shedding and transmission, ultimately more effectively reducing bacterial load, transmission, and sources of infection in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Dias
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Bell J, Crosby-Durrani HE, Blowey RW, Carter SD, Evans NJ. Survival of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes in conditions relevant to the host and farm environment. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102766. [PMID: 37479021 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), a painful infectious foot disease in dairy cattle, endemic in many countries worldwide, causes substantial economic and welfare impacts. Treponema spp. are considered key to BDD pathogenesis. To aid infection reservoir identification and control measure development, survival of BDD treponemes was investigated in different temperatures (4, 12, 20, 37, 45 and 60 °C), pH values (5-9.0), dairy cattle faeces and bedding types: straw shavings, sand, sand containing 5% lime (w/w) and recycled manure solids (RMS). METHODS A turbidity microplate methodology was adapted to measure pH impact on growth. Survival of BDD treponemes for the different conditions were assessed by sub-cultures of microcosms over different time points. RESULTS BDD treponemes remained viable between 4 and 37 °C and pH 5.5 and 9.0 under anaerobic conditions. In sterile faecal microcosms, incubated aerobically at 12 °C, BDD treponemes remained viable for a median of 1 day (15 min - 6 day range). Variation in duration of survival and ability to grow was observed between phylogroups and strains. In aerobic microcosms, T. phagedenis T320A remained viable for the full 7 days in sand, 6 days in sawdust, 5 days in RMS, but was not viable after 15 min in straw or sand containing 5% (w/w) lime. CONCLUSIONS Treponeme survival conditions identified here should enhance future BDD infection reservoir surveys and enable control measures. Of note, straw or sand containing 5% (w/w) lime should be assessed in BDD field trials. Finally, these data indicate BDD treponemes exhibit characteristics of facultative anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bell
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley E Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Roger W Blowey
- Gloucester Veterinary Consultancy Ltd, Appithorne, Minsterworth, Gloucester, GL2 8JG, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Dias AP, De Buck J. Detection and quantification of bacterial species DNA in bovine digital dermatitis lesions in swabs and fine-needle aspiration versus biopsies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1040988. [PMID: 36467632 PMCID: PMC9716103 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital Dermatitis (DD) is a polymicrobial disease characterized by ulcerative lesions on the heel bulb of cattle and for which, despite being reported almost 50 years ago, information on the causative agent is still lacking. Tissue biopsies are regularly collected to identify bacterial presence-absence and their relative abundance in the microbiome, with sufficient evidence for the high abundance of species of Treponema spp. and other anaerobes in lesions. However, it is unclear what the potential of less-invasive sampling methods is for bacterial detection and quantification. This study aimed to test whether less-invasive sampling techniques, such as swabs and fine-needle aspiration (FNA), can be a convenient alternative to tissue biopsies in detecting and quantifying seven DD-associated bacteria in active, ulcerative DD lesions by qPCR. Twenty-two M2 DD lesions were collected using corresponding swabs, aspirates, and biopsies from dairy cows. Presence/absence and quantities of Treponema phagedenis, Treponema medium, Treponema pedis, Porphryromonas levii, Bacteroides pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Fusobacterium mortiferum were correlated, and Bland-Altman plot, McNemar's test, and Cohen's kappa coefficient were used to calculate the agreement among the methods. The quantities of all species were larger in swabs and smaller in aspirates compared to biopsies; however, the differences in bacterial enumeration observed between biopsies and swabs were smaller than in biopsies and aspirates. A strong correlation was observed between the quantity of T. pedis, T. medium, P. levii, and F. mortiferum in biopsies, swabs, and FNA. Yet, T. phagedenis presented the smallest difference between biopsies and swabs, followed by T. pedis and T. medium. In conclusion, swabs, aspirates, and biopsies were equal in their capacity to detect Treponema species based on the good agreement for bacteria presence/absence, with a more limited agreement for the other anaerobes, which were more often present in M2 lesions swabs by qPCR. Bacterial numbers were higher in swabs and lower in aspirates compared to biopsies, with the amounts of treponemes in swabs being closer to biopsies than in aspirates to biopsies. Therefore, aspirates were less suitable for bacterial quantification in DD lesions compared to the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Ahlén L, Holmøy IH, Nødtvedt A, Sogstad ÅM, Fjeldaas T. A case-control study regarding factors associated with digital dermatitis in Norwegian dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:19. [PMID: 35964105 PMCID: PMC9375421 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious bovine foot disease causing painful lesions, lameness, and reduced animal welfare. Previous studies indicate a complex aetiology of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare DD negative and DD positive herds to identify factors associated with DD in Norwegian dairy herds by analysing data obtained in a questionnaire and data recorded in the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System (NDHRS). The questionnaire was e-mailed to the owners of all 380 herds recorded with DD in 2019 and to 1530 randomly selected herds with no recordings of DD. Altogether 559 dairy herds were included in the final study population, of which 113 was classified as DD positive (≥ one cow recorded with DD in NDHRS) and 446 as DD negative. When stratified by housing system, the ratio between DD positive and negative herds was 108/281 in free stalls and 5/165 in tie stalls. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model the association between potential risk factors and variables related to the detection and diagnosis of DD, and the outcome in the free-stall population. Geographical area (county) was included in the model as a random effect. Results In the final study population 108/113 (96%) of the DD positive herds were housed in free stalls versus 5/113 (4%) in tie stalls. The free-stall herds’ DD status was associated with purchase of cattle during the last 5 years (baseline: 0 animals, OR = 2.30 for category 12–27 animals, OR = 4.34 for 28–52 animals, and OR = 5.39 for ≥ 53 animals). The DD status was also associated with claw trimming frequency (Baseline: 1 < 2/year, OR = 0.41 for category < 1/year, and OR = 4.09 for ≥ 3/year), whether the claw trimming was done by a certified professional trimmer or not (baseline: ≤ 90% of the cows, OR = 3.98 for category ≥ 90% of the cows), cleaning of feet in the chute before trimming (baseline: no cleaning, OR = 1.98 for category cleaning), and alley flooring (baseline: slatted floor, OR = 2.36 for category solid floor). Conclusions Digital dermatitis was far more frequent in Norwegian dairy herds housed in free stalls versus those housed in tie stalls. In the free-stall herds purchase of cattle, increasing trimming frequency, use of certified professional trimmer, cleaning of the feet in the chute, and solid flooring in the alleys were associated with increased odds of recorded DD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13028-022-00635-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ahlén
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Terje Fjeldaas
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
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de Jong E, Frankena K, Orsel K. Risk factors for digital dermatitis in free-stall-housed, Canadian dairy cattle. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e19. [PMID: 34377496 PMCID: PMC8330421 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive analysis of the relation between digital dermatitis (DD) and cow and herd characteristics in Canadian dairies is currently lacking. METHODS A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using 12,260 cow records from 62 dairy farms to assess association between 27 cow and herd-level variables, and presence of DD. RESULTS The odds for a cow to have at least 1 DD lesion were higher in first-parity cows and those in later lactation (≥45 days in milk). Housing cows on a concrete base was associated with higher odds (OR 2.24) for DD when bedding was added once a week or less. Bedding the concrete base more frequently reduced odds for DD. Wood shavings or other bedding types were more positively associated with DD (OR 2.31 and 1.87, respectively) compared to sawdust. Also, the odds of DD were lower on farms with a scraping manure frequency of every 2 h compared to less frequent scraping (OR 0.54). CONCLUSION Nine risk factors for DD were identified and quantified, with stall base, bedding type, and manure scraping frequency associated with lower odds of DD. DD prevalence could be reduced by implementing management practices for first-parity cows, as they had higher odds of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Department of Production Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Klaas Frankena
- Adaptation Physiology GroupWageningen Institute of Animal SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
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Staton GJ, Angell JW, Grove-White D, Clegg SR, Carter SD, Evans NJ, Duncan JS. Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis: A Novel Bacterial Etiology and Lesion Pathogenesis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722461. [PMID: 34631855 PMCID: PMC8496452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is a severe and common infectious foot disease of sheep and a significant animal welfare issue for the sheep industry in the UK and some European countries. The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are incompletely understood. In this longitudinal, experimental study, CODD was induced in 18 sheep, and for the first time, the clinical lesion development and associated microbiological changes in CODD affected feet are described over time, resulting in a completely new understanding of the etiopathogenesis of CODD. The majority of CODD lesions (83.9%) arose from pre-existing interdigital dermatitis (ID) and/or footrot (FR) lesions. All stages of foot disease were associated with high levels of poly-bacterial colonization with five pathogens, which were detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR): Treponema medium, Treponema phagedenis, Treponema pedis, Dichelobacter nodosus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Temporal colonization patterns showed a trend for early colonization by T. phagedenis, followed by F. necrophorum and D. nodosus, T. medium, and then T. pedis, D. nodosus was present at significantly higher predicted mean log10 genome copy numbers in FR lesions compared to both ID and CODD, while Treponema species were significantly higher in CODD and FR lesions compared to ID lesions (p < 0.001). Treatment of CODD-affected sheep with two doses of 10 mg/kg long acting amoxicillin resulted in a 91.7% clinical cure rate by 3 weeks post-treatment; however, a bacteriological cure was not established for all CODD-affected feet. The study found that in an infected flock, healthy feet, healed CODD feet, and treated CODD feet can be colonized by some or all of the five pathogens associated with CODD and therefore could be a source of continued infection in flocks. The study is an experimental study, and the findings require validation in field CODD cases. However, it does provide a new understanding of the etiopathogenesis of CODD and further supportive evidence for the importance of current advice on the control of CODD; namely, ensuring optimum flock control of footrot and prompt isolation and effective treatment of clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Staton
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W Angell
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.,Wern Vets CYF, Department of Research and Innovation, Unit 11, Lon Parcwr Industrial Estate, Ruthin, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Clegg
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Duncan
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Vidmar M, Hodnik JJ, Starič J. Review of guidelines for functional claw trimming and therapeutic approach to claw horn lesions in cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:476. [PMID: 34553277 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lameness is one of the most pressing health and welfare problems in cattle, especially on dairy farms. The most common cause of lameness is claw pathology, often due to lack of appropriate functional claw trimming. Functional claw trimming restores the physiological shape of the claws and distributes weight properly between the claws and over the claw weight-bearing surface. It also allows closer examination of the claws for early signs of pathology. The methods of functional claw trimming described in the previous century are still applicable today, considering some recent findings on the subject. It is essential not to over-trim the claws and to maintain strict hygiene of the trimming tools. Claw horn pathology in the early stages is usually treated effectively by therapeutic claw trimming alone. The stoic nature of cattle and their natural tendency to hide pain often result in delayed treatment of claw diseases, leading to more advanced stages of disease/pathology associated with higher-grade lameness. This situation often leads to the development of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia requiring multimodal treatment. Because claw horn diseases are multifactorial, veterinarians and others involved in animal management must be familiar with the preventive measures available to improve claw health in a cattle herd. Further research to improve claw horn quality and effectively control/prevent claw infections without polluting the environment or negatively affecting worker and animal health is still needed. This article reviews the latest knowledge on functional claw trimming and treatment of the most common claw horn diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vidmar
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J J Hodnik
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Starič
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Duncan JS, Angell JW, Grove-White D, Walsh TR, Seechurn N, Carter S, Evans N. Impact of research on contagious ovine digital dermatitis on the knowledge and practices of UK sheep farmers and veterinarians. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e674. [PMID: 34192349 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is a common foot disease of sheep which causes a severe form of lameness and can be difficult to control. Recent research has provided evidence-based guidance on diagnosis, treatment and farm management control. The aim of this study was to determine the uptake of this guidance on the knowledge and practices of UK sheep farmers and veterinarians and identify priorities for future research. METHODS Data were collected in 2019-2020 by electronic surveys of UK sheep veterinarians and farmers distributed through sheep industry organisations and social media. RESULTS Two hundred eight-four sheep farmers and 77 veterinarians responded to the surveys. Fifty-two per cent of farmers and 70% of vets considered that their management of CODD had improved as a direct result of recent research evidence on the disease. The principle areas improved for both sectors were biosecurity advice and use of antibiotic treatments. Farmers and veterinarians reported that the priorities for future research should be in therapeutics, vaccine development and the understanding of disease transmission. CONCLUSION There has been strong uptake of recent evidence-based veterinary medicine by farmers and veterinarians for the management of CODD, particularly in the areas of biosecurity and responsible antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Duncan
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Joseph W Angell
- Department of Research and Innovation, Wern Veterinary Surgeons, Ruthin, UK
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Tessa R Walsh
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, The University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Nicola Seechurn
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Stuart Carter
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, The University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Nicolas Evans
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Institute of Infection, The University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
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Gillespie AV, Carter SD, Blowey RW, Staton GJ, Walsh TR, Evans NJ. Measuring the impact of bovine digital dermatitis research on knowledge and practice of biosecurity during cattle foot-trimming. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:60-63. [PMID: 33602363 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This research communication reports the results from questionnaires used to identify the impact of recent research into the disinfection of cattle foot-trimming equipment to prevent bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) transmission on (a) biosecurity knowledge and (b) hygiene practice of foot health professionals. An initial questionnaire found that more than half of participating farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers were not considering hand or hoof-knife hygiene in their working practices. The following year, after the release of a foot-trimming hygiene protocol and a comprehensive knowledge exchange programme by the University of Liverpool, a second survey showed 35/80 (43.8%) farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers sampled considered they were now more aware of the risk of spreading BDD during foot- trimming. Furthermore, 36/80 (45.0%) had enhanced their hygiene practice in the last year, impacting an estimated 1383 farms and 5130 cows trimmed each week. Participants who reported having seen both the foot-trimming hygiene protocol we developed with AHDB Dairy and other articles about foot-trimming hygiene in the farming and veterinary press, were significantly more likely to have changed their working practices. Difficulties accessing water and cleaning facilities on farms were identified as the greatest barrier to improving biosecurity practices. Participants' preferred priority for future research was continued collection of evidence for the importance and efficacy of good foot-trimming hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V Gillespie
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Staton
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Tessa R Walsh
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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Thibodeaux RJ, Brady JA, Maryak CCK, Swiger SL, Jones BW. Short communication: Screening stable flies and house flies as potential vectors of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:977-980. [PMID: 33189292 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is a bacterial infection that causes lesions above the heel bulbs on cattle hooves, and several bacterial species from the genus Treponema are suspected to be causative agents of this polymicrobial condition. Transmission of the bacteria to healthy cows is understudied, particularly with regard to potential insect vectors. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine if flies captured from a dairy farm known to have digital dermatitis are contaminated with Treponema bacteria. The DNA-based assays did not detect any Treponema phagedenis from stable flies and house flies collected at a dairy experiencing an outbreak of digital dermatitis. Other potential means of bacterial transmission are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Thibodeaux
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402
| | - J A Brady
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville 76401
| | | | - S L Swiger
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Stephenville 76401
| | - B W Jones
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville 76401.
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12
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Gillespie AV, Carter SD, Blowey RW, Staton GJ, Evans NJ. Removal of bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponemes from hoof knives after foot-trimming: a disinfection field study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:330. [PMID: 32917195 PMCID: PMC7488572 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is an infectious foot disease found commonly in dairy herds. Foot-trimming is an important husbandry procedure for reducing the ensuing lameness; however, epidemiological, and microbiological studies have identified this as a risk activity for transmitting BDD. Three disinfectants have previously been identified in laboratory work as effective for removing viable BDD-associated Treponema spp., from hoof knife blades. The present study enrolled 133 dairy cattle with BDD lesions, and swabbed hoof knife blades before and after foot-trimming, and after knife disinfection with one of three disinfectants (1:100 FAM30®, 2% Virkon® and 2% sodium hypochlorite) to assess their efficacy under field conditions. Results Detection of BDD treponeme phylogroup DNA was undertaken by direct PCR of swabs, and viable treponemes were detected by PCR of swab cultures after 6 weeks’ incubation. Where hoof knives did not contact the lesion, BDD-associated treponemes were detected after foot-trimming in 12/22 (54.5%) cases by direct PCR and 1/22 (4.5%) cases by PCR of cultured organisms. Where contact was made with the lesion, 111/111 (100%) samples taken after trimming were positive by direct PCR and 47/118 (39.8%) were positive by culture PCR. Viable organisms were identified in cultures from lesion stages M2, M3, M4 and M4.1. No viable organisms were detected after disinfection of hoof knives. Conclusions Hoof knives post-trimming were frequently contaminated with BDD-associated treponeme DNA. Viable organisms were identified in cultures whether contact had been made between hoof knife and lesion or not, although contact clearly increased the frequency of detection of viable organisms. The three disinfectants tested were effective for removing viable organisms. The disinfection protocol used in this study should therefore be considered reliable for adoption as standard industry practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gillespie
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
| | - S D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - R W Blowey
- Wood Veterinary Group, 125 Bristol Road, Gloucester, GL2 4NB, UK
| | - G J Staton
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - N J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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13
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Sadiq MB, Ramanoon SZ, Mansor R, Syed-Hussain SS, Shaik Mossadeq WM. Claw Trimming as a Lameness Management Practice and the Association with Welfare and Production in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1515. [PMID: 32867064 PMCID: PMC7552284 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lameness resulting from claw lesions remains a pressing welfare issue in dairy cows. Claw trimming (CT) is a common practice for prevention and management of clinically lame cows. This review summarizes the results of studies that have investigated various claw trimming (CT) methods, their application in lameness management, and associations with the welfare and production of dairy cows. The papers included in this review fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: published in peer review journal or book chapter within the last 20 years (1999-2019), written in English, and focused on the application of CT for lameness management and the association with either welfare or production variables. Databases used included Google scholar, Web of Science and PubMed. A total of 748 records were assessed and 61 papers were eligible for inclusion and the main objectives and results were used to categorize the results under six topics: CT techniques, association between CT and claw overgrowth/specific claw lesions, timing and frequency of CT, association between CT and behavioral variables, association between CT and physiological parameters, and association between CT and production. The literature findings showed the existence of various CT methods with the common types including the Dutch Five-step, White Line, White Line Atlas, and Kansas techniques. There is data paucity on the efficacy of these techniques in lameness management; however, the slight procedural difference yields varying sole thicknesses and presentations which may influence their prophylactic use. Results regarding the impact of CT on welfare and production were discussed in relation to potential short and long-term benefits. Depending on the lesion type and severity level, CT may induce immediate painful sensation, stress, changes in lying down activities and reduction in milk yield, but the positive impacts were more evident at later stages of lactation following improvement in locomotion score. The majority of the reviewed studies were lacking a detailed description of CT techniques and claw health of the studied animals; thus, reducing the strength of demonstrating CT-related benefits. However, electronic recording of claw health data during every CT visit provides the basis for monitoring hoof health and could assist in curtailing some of these challenges. To elucidate CT-related benefits, certain areas requiring further research were highlighted such as ascertaining the appropriate timing for preventive CT and identifying cows that will benefit more from such intervention during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Babatunde Sadiq
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.B.S.); (R.M.)
- Centre of Excellence (Ruminant), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.B.S.); (R.M.)
- Centre of Excellence (Ruminant), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Rozaihan Mansor
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.B.S.); (R.M.)
- Centre of Excellence (Ruminant), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Salmah Syed-Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mastura Shaik Mossadeq
- Centre of Excellence (Ruminant), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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14
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Tegtmeyer PC, Staton GJ, Evans NJ, Rohde J, Punsmann TM, Ganter M. First cases of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Germany. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:46. [PMID: 32854737 PMCID: PMC7457254 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is a significant disease of the ovine foot characterised by severe lameness and progressive separation of the hoof horn capsule from the underlying tissue. Similar to bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), pathogenic members of the genus Treponema including the Treponema medium phylogroup, Treponema phagedenis phylogroup and Treponema pedis are frequently found together in CODD lesions. To date, CODD was only described in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In northern Germany, cases of an unusually severe lameness presented in a sheep flock that had been affected by footrot for several years. These cases were non-responsive to conventional footrot therapies, with some sheep exhibiting substantial lesions of the claw horn that resulted in horn detachment. Lesion swab samples were collected from both clinically affected and asymptomatic animals. In all clinically affected sheep, CODD-associated Treponema phylogroups were detected by polymerase chain reaction. This is the first report of CODD in Germany and mainland Europe, indicating a wider geographic spread than previously considered. In cases of severe lameness attributed to claw lesions in sheep that fail to respond to footrot treatment, CODD should be considered irrespective of geographic location.
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15
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Controlling the spread of bovine digital dermatitis. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:140. [PMID: 32063247 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029920000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Gillespie A, Carter SD, Blowey RW, Evans N. Survival of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes on hoof knife blades and the effects of various disinfectants. Vet Rec 2019; 186:67. [PMID: 31744926 PMCID: PMC7029245 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a painful infectious foot disease of cattle, and much evidence implicates a pathogenic role for treponemes. This study measured the survival of BDD treponemes on hoof knife blades and tested the efficacy of relevant disinfectants under laboratory conditions. Methods Two strains of BDD treponemes were applied to hoof knife blades under aerobic conditions. Swabs were taken at different time points (10 minutes, one hour, two hours, four hours and 18 hours) and again after 20-second disinfection time with one of five disinfectants. Swabs were used directly for nested PCR to detect treponemes or inoculated for anaerobic growth, and subsequently examined using phase contrast microscopy and PCR. Results BDD treponeme DNA was detectable by nested PCR at all survival time points, and these organisms were culturable from hoof knives for two hours after exposure under aerobic conditions in the laboratory. Three of the five disinfectants—1 per cent volume per volume (v/v) FAM30®, 2 per cent weight per volume (w/v) Virkon® or 2 per cent (v/v) sodium hypochlorite—were effective at preventing visible growth of treponemes following 20-seconds contact, and 1 per cent (v/v) FAM30® also prevented detection of treponemes by PCR. Conclusion Treponeme viability of two hours under aerobic conditions suggests BDD treponemes could be transmitted between cows on hoof knives. It is therefore important to apply a disinfection protocol during foot-trimming; the authors have identified three common disinfectants that may be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillespie
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Evans
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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17
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Potential transmission routes of Dichelobacter nodosus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:20-24. [PMID: 29685216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Footrot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus is a highly contagious bacterial disease affecting the claw of sheep and the main cause of lameness in these animals. It is not only an economic burden but also a serious animal welfare issue. More information about the transmission of D. nodosus is needed for effective footrot control programs. We therefore determined the prevalence of D. nodosus in sheep presented at shows and markets where commingling of animals occurs. Furthermore, possible transmission vectors during foot trimming were investigated and trimming knife decontamination protocols evaluated. Sheep at six markets and four shows were sampled and tested for the presence of D. nodosus by real-time PCR. Different vectors, such as trimming knives were tested by real-time PCR and for viable D. nodosus by culture. The prevalence of virulent D. nodosus in sheep presented at shows and markets ranged from 1.7% to 100%. Regions with an ongoing control program showed significantly lower prevalence. After trimming, positive real-time PCR and culture results were obtained from the knives, the hands of the claw trimmers as well as removed claw horn material whereas boots were only positive by real-time PCR. In conclusion, markets and shows pose a risk for transmission of D. nodosus. The risk of transmission is particularly high during claw trimming and recommended measures to limit this risk include wiping the knife with a disinfection towel, wearing and changing gloves after every sheep, as well as proper disposal of trimmed and infectious horn.
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18
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Yang DA, Laven RA, Heuer C, Vink WD, Chesterton RN. Farm level risk factors for bovine digital dermatitis in Taranaki, New Zealand: An analysis using a Bayesian hurdle model. Vet J 2018; 234:91-95. [PMID: 29680401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of a cross-sectional study of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in 60,455 cows across 224 herds, in Taranaki, a region of the North Island of New Zealand, from September 2014 to February 2015, questionnaires from 114 farms were analysed to identify the key management practices which affect the probability of a farm being affected by BDD and the prevalence of an individual cow being affected on affected farms. The data from the questionnaires were analysed using a Bayesian hurdle model. Two factors were identified as being associated with farm level infection status: (1) milking parlour type; farms which had rotary platforms were more likely to be recorded as having BDD than those which had herringbone parlours (odds ratio, OR, 3.19; 95% probability interval, PI, 1.31-8.51); and (2) young stock movement; farms whose young stock were reared on farms alongside heifers from other farms had a higher odds of being BDD positive than farms where heifers were kept separate (OR 4.15; 95% PI 1.39-15.27). Two factors were associated with an increase in the prevalence of BDD within affected farms: (1) farms which used outside staff to trim feet had a higher prevalence of BDD (prevalence ratio, PR, 3.13; 95% PI 1.25-7.29) than farms which did not use outside staff; and (2) farms examined in spring (September to November) had a higher prevalence of BDD (PR 2.16; 95% PI 1.05-4.43) than farms examined in summer (December to February).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - R A Laven
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - W D Vink
- Operations Branch Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
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19
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A pilot study on surgical trimming impact on severely overgrown claws in sheep: Behavioral, physiological, and ruminal function aspects. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Duncan J, Grove‐White D, Angell J. Understanding contagious ovine digital dermatitis. IN PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.j4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Wilson-Welder JH, Nally JE, Alt DP, Palmer MV, Coatney J, Plummer P. Experimental Transmission of Bovine Digital Dermatitis to Sheep: Development of an Infection Model. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:245-257. [PMID: 29145798 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817736572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is an infectious cause of lameness primarily affecting cattle but also described in sheep, goats, and wild elk. Digital dermatitis is a polymicrobial infection, involving several Treponema species and other anaerobic bacteria. Although the exact etiology has not been demonstrated, a number of bacterial, host, and environmental factors are thought to contribute to disease development. To study host-bacterial interactions, a reproducible laboratory model of infection is required. The objective of this study was to demonstrate key aspects of bovine digital dermatitis lesions in an easy-to-handle sheep model. Crossbred sheep were obtained from a flock free of hoof disease. Skin between the heel bulb and dewclaw was abraded before wrapping to emulate a moist, anaerobic environment. After 3 days, abraded areas were inoculated with macerated lesion material from active bovine digital dermatitis and remained wrapped. By 2 weeks postinoculation, experimentally inoculated feet developed erosive, erythematous lesions. At 4 weeks postinoculation, microscopic changes in the dermis and epidermis were consistent with those described for bovine digital dermatitis, including erosion, ulceration, hyperkeratosis, ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes, and the presence of neutrophilic infiltrates. Silver staining of lesion biopsy sections confirmed that spirochetes had penetrated the host epidermis. The model was then perpetuated by passaging lesion material from experimentally infected sheep into naïve sheep. This model of bovine digital dermatitis will allow for future novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms of infection, as well as the development of improved diagnostic methods and therapeutics for all affected ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Wilson-Welder
- 1 Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- 1 Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David P Alt
- 1 Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- 1 Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John Coatney
- 2 Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paul Plummer
- 2 Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,3 Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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22
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Orsel K, Plummer P, Shearer J, De Buck J, Carter SD, Guatteo R, Barkema HW. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:186-198. [PMID: 29124910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of bovine digital dermatitis (DD) in 1974, there is a large body of the literature published; however, effective prevention and control of the disease remain elusive. Although many aspects of the pathogenesis of DD have been investigated, even some of the most basic questions such as the aetiology of this disease remain under debate. Treponema spp. have been strongly associated with DD lesions and occur in abundance in advanced lesions; however, efforts to induce disease with pure cultures of these organisms have been largely underwhelming and inconsistent. Furthermore, although the disease has been presented for several decades, there is limited scientific evidence regarding effective treatment of DD. Apparent discrepancies between effectiveness in vitro and in vivo have challenged the scientific community to identify new potential treatment options. With no treatment resulting in a 100% cure rate, the current expectation is manageable control, but prospects for the eradication of the disease are unlikely using current approaches. In order to develop more effective approaches to control DD on-farm, there is a critical need for a deeper understanding regarding the causation, ecology, transmission and treatment of this disease. In this article, we attempt to provide insights into specific research needs related to DD in order to assist the industry, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and research sponsors with decision-making and identified research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Guatteo
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Plummer PJ, Krull A. Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 33:165-181. [PMID: 28579041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is a polybacterial disease process of dairy and beef cattle. Lesions are most commonly identified on the plantar aspect of the interdigital cleft of the hind limbs. Treponema spp are routinely present in large numbers of active lesions. Lesions are painful to the touch and can result in clinical lameness. The infectious nature generally results in endemic infection of cattle herds and management requires a comprehensive and integrated multipronged approach. This article provides current perspectives regarding management and treatment of digital dermatitis on dairy and beef cattle operations and provides a review for clinicians dealing with a clinical outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Plummer
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA USA.
| | - Adam Krull
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA USA
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24
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Oliveira VHS, Sørensen JT, Thomsen PT. Associations between biosecurity practices and bovine digital dermatitis in Danish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8398-8408. [PMID: 28803007 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between biosecurity and digital dermatitis (DD) was evaluated in 8,269 cows from a convenience sample of 39 freestall dairy herds. The hypothesis was that poor implementation of biosecurity was associated with higher within-herd prevalence of DD. All lactating cows were scored as negative or positive for DD at the hind legs during milking in the milking parlor. Information about biosecurity was obtained through questionnaires addressed to farmers, on-farm observations, and information from the Danish Cattle Database (www.seges.dk). These assessment tools covered potential infection sources of DD pathogens to susceptible cows (e.g., via animals, humans, manure, vehicles, equipment, and facilities). External and internal biosecurity measures were explanatory variables in 2 separate logistic regression models, whereas within-herd DD prevalence was the outcome. Overall DD prevalence among cows and herds were 24 and 97%, respectively; the within-herd DD prevalence ranged from 0 to 56%. Poor external biosecurity measures associated with higher prevalence of DD were recent animal purchase, access to pasture, lack of boots available for visitors, farm staff working at other dairy farms as well, hoof trimming without a professional attending, and animal transporters having access to cattle area. For internal biosecurity, higher DD prevalence were associated with infrequent hoof bathing, manure scraping less than 8 times a day, manure removal direction from cows to heifers, animal pens' exit without water hoses, manure-handling vehicle used in other activities, and water troughs contaminated with manure. These findings showed that improvements on biosecurity may be beneficial for controlling DD in dairy herds. The study is relevant for farmers facing problems with DD, as well as hoof trimmers, advisors, and veterinarians, who can use the results for optimized recommendations regarding biosecurity in relation to DD. Furthermore, our results might be considered by future studies investigating DD pathogen reservoirs and transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Jan T Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter T Thomsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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25
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Clegg S, Angell J, Grove-White D, Carter S, Duncan J, Evans N, Blowey R. Reducing lameness in sheep. Vet Rec 2017; 181:149. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.j3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Clegg
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Joseph Angell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Stuart Carter
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Jennifer Duncan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Nicholas Evans
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
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26
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Angell JW, Clegg SR, Grove-White DH, Blowey RW, Carter SD, Duncan JS, Evans NJ. Survival of contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD)-associated treponemes on disposable gloves after handling CODD-affected feet. Vet Rec 2017. [PMID: 28642342 PMCID: PMC5531218 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Angell
- University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill,, Liverpool, UK
| | - S R Clegg
- University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill,, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - S D Carter
- University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill,, Liverpool, UK
| | - J S Duncan
- University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill,, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Evans
- University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill,, Liverpool, UK
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Microbiota Analysis of an Environmental Slurry and Its Potential Role as a Reservoir of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00244-17. [PMID: 28363959 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00244-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, very little information exists regarding what role the environmental slurry may play as an infection reservoir and/or route of transmission for bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a disease which is a global problem in dairy herds. To investigate whether DD-related bacteria belong to the indigenous microbiota of the dairy herd environment, we used deep amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in 135 slurry samples collected from different sites in 22 dairy farms, with and without DD-infected cows. Both the general bacterial populations and digital dermatitis-associated Treponema were targeted in this study. The results revealed significant differences in the bacterial communities between the herds, with only 12 bacterial taxa shared across at least 80% of all the individual samples. These differences in the herd microbiota appeared to reflect mainly between-herd variation. Not surprisingly, the slurry was dominated by ubiquitous gastrointestinal bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae Despite the low relative abundance of spirochetes, which ranged from 0 to 0.6%, we were able to detect small amounts of bacterial DNA from DD-associated treponemes in the slurry. However, the DD-associated Treponema spp. were detected only in samples from herds with reported DD problems. These data indicate that treponemes involved in the pathogenesis of DD are not part of the normal environmental microflora in dairy herds without clinical DD and, consequently, that slurry is not a primary reservoir of infection.IMPORTANCE Bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a dermal disease which causes lameness in dairy cattle, is a serious problem worldwide. To control this disease, the infection reservoirs and transmission routes of DD pathogens need to be clarified. The dairy herd slurry may be a pathogen reservoir of DD-associated bacteria. The rationale for the present study was, therefore, to examine whether DD-associated bacteria are always present in slurry or if they are found only in DD-afflicted herds. The results strongly indicated that DD Treponema spp. are not part of the indigenous slurry and, therefore, do not comprise an infection reservoir in healthy herds. This study applied next-generation sequencing technology to decipher the microbial compositions of environmental slurry of dairy herds with and without digital dermatitis.
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Dickins A, Clark CCA, Kaler J, Ferguson E, O'Kane H, Green LE. Factors associated with the presence and prevalence of contagious ovine digital dermatitis: A 2013 study of 1136 random English sheep flocks. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:86-93. [PMID: 27435650 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, a questionnaire was used to gather data on risks for introduction, and factors associated with prevalence, of contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD). There were 1136 (28.4%) usable responses from 4000 randomly selected sheep farmers in England. CODD was present in 58% (662) of flocks, with a reported prevalence of CODD lesions of 2.3%. The geometric mean period prevalence of all lameness was 4.2% and 2.8% in CODD positive and negative flocks respectively. Factors associated with a greater risk of presence of CODD were purchasing replacement ewes, not always checking the feet of sheep before purchase, not isolating purchased sheep, foot bathing returning ewes, foot trimming the flock more than twice in the year all compared with not doing these activities and increasing log10 flock size. Farmers who vaccinated sheep with Footvax™ were less likely to report presence of CODD. Factors associated with increasing prevalence of CODD lesions were not always checking the feet of purchased sheep, flocks that mixed with other flocks and sheep that left the farm for summer grazing and later returned. In addition, flocks where farmers followed the current recommended managements for control of footrot, had a lower prevalence of CODD whilst those who used foot bathing and where feet bled during routine foot trimming had a higher prevalence of CODD. The prevalence of CODD decreased with each log10 increase in flock size. We conclude that CODD is an infectious cause of lameness in sheep of increasing importance in GB. Introduction is linked to poor biosecurity with one likely source of the pathogen being introduction of or mixing with infected sheep. As with footrot, prevalence of CODD was lower in flocks where farmers focused on individual treatment to manage lameness and avoided foot bathing and trimming feet. We conclude that most of the currently recommended biosecurity and treatment approaches to control footrot in GB are also effective for control of CODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dickins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Corinna C A Clark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Holly O'Kane
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Laura E Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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The gastrointestinal tract as a potential infection reservoir of digital dermatitis-associated treponemes in beef cattle and sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7460-9. [PMID: 26276110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01956-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) is an important cause of lameness in dairy cattle worldwide. It has now been reported in beef cattle and also sheep (contagious ovine digital dermatitis [CODD]). Three Treponema phylogroups are consistently isolated from lesions, Treponema medium-like, Treponema phagedenis-like, and Treponema pedis. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and feces are suggested sites of treponemal infection in dairy cattle; however, isolation of DD-associated treponemes from these areas has previously failed. This study surveyed gingival tissues, rectal tissues, and feces of beef cattle and sheep for the molecular presence (PCR) and isolation of the three cultivable DD-treponeme phylogroups. Of the sheep gingival (n = 40) and rectal (n = 40) tissues, 1/40 gingival tissues was positive for DD-associated treponemes (T. pedis), as were 3/40 rectal tissues (one containing T. medium-like and two containing T. pedis). No DD-associated treponeme DNA was amplified from beef cattle rectal tissues (n = 40); however, 4/40 beef gingival tissues were positive for DD-associated treponemes (all containing T. phagedenis-like). A T. phagedenis-like DD-associated treponeme was isolated from the rectal tissue of a CODD symptomatic sheep. Beef cattle (n = 41) and sheep (n = 79) feces failed to amplify DD-associated Treponema DNA. Twenty-two treponemes were isolated from sheep feces; however, upon phylogenetic analysis, these clustered with the considered nonpathogenic treponemes. This study detected DD-associated treponemes in the GI tract tissues of sheep and beef cattle and successfully isolated a DD-associated treponeme from ruminant rectal tissue. This gives evidence that the GI tract is an important infection reservoir of DD-associated treponemes in multiple DD-infected species.
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Palmer MA, O'Connell NE. Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cows: A Review of Risk Factors and Potential Sources of Between-Animal Variation in Susceptibility. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:512-35. [PMID: 26479371 PMCID: PMC4598691 DOI: 10.3390/ani5030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cow lameness is a major problem for the industry, causing reduced animal welfare and economic loss. Digital dermatitis (DD) is a bacterial disease causing painful lesions, generally on the heels of the rear feet, and is an important cause of lameness. There appears to be individual variation between animals in susceptibility to this disease. Particular physical, physiological and behavioural factors might influence individual susceptibility, but further work is required to clarify the influence of these factors and to determine how this information could be used to develop breeding and management strategies to reduce DD prevalence. Abstract Digital dermatitis (DD) is a bacterial disease that primarily affects the skin on the heels of cattle. It is a major cause of lameness in dairy cows and a significant problem for the dairy industry in many countries, causing reduced animal welfare and economic loss. A wide range of infection levels has been found on infected farms, prompting investigations into both farm level and animal level risk factors for DD occurrence. There also appears to be individual variation between animals in susceptibility to the disease. The identification of factors affecting individual variation in susceptibility to DD might allow changes in breeding policies or herd management which could be used to reduce DD prevalence. Factors mentioned in the literature as possibly influencing individual variation in susceptibility to DD include physical factors such as hoof conformation and properties of the skin, physiological factors such as the efficacy of the immune response, and behavioural factors such as standing half in cubicles. Further work is required to determine the influence of these factors, identify the genetic basis of variation, clarify the level of heritability of DD susceptibility and to determine how this is correlated with production and health traits currently used in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A Palmer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - Niamh E O'Connell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5BN, UK.
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Groenevelt M, Anzuino K, Langton DA, Grogono-Thomas R. Association of treponeme species with atypical foot lesions in goats. Vet Rec 2015; 176:626. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Groenevelt
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | | | - D. A. Langton
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - R. Grogono-Thomas
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
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Wilson-Welder JH, Alt DP, Nally JE. The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:155-164. [PMID: 30101102 PMCID: PMC6070020 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a multifactorial polymicrobial infectious disease originally described in dairy cattle, but is increasingly recognized in beef cattle, sheep, and more recently, elk and goats. Clinical bovine lesions typically appear on the plantar surface of the hind foot from the interdigital space and heel bulb to the accessory digits, with a predilection for skin–horn junctions. Lesions present as a painful ulcerative acute or chronic inflammatory process with differing degrees of severity. This variability reflects disease progression and results in a number of different clinical descriptions with overlapping pathologies that ultimately have a related bacterial etiology. The goal of this review article is to provide a concise overview of our current understanding on digital dermatitis disease to facilitate clinical recognition, our current understanding on the causative agents, and recent advances in our understanding of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Wilson-Welder
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA,
| | - David P Alt
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA,
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA,
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Knappe-Poindecker M. Goats, lameness and treponemes - time for preventive measures? Vet Rec 2015; 176:281-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.h1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Isolation of digital dermatitis treponemes from hoof lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 53:88-94. [PMID: 25355757 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02276-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, a large increase in the numbers of cases of lameness have been seen in wild North American elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State, USA. The most recent cases manifested as foot lesions similar both clinically and pathologically to those seen in digital dermatitis (DD) in cattle and sheep, a disease with a bacterial etiopathogenesis. To determine whether the same bacteria considered responsible for DD are associated with elk lameness, lesion samples were subjected to bacterial isolation studies and PCR assays for three phylogroups of relevant DD treponemes. The DD treponemes were isolated from lesional tissues but not from control feet or other areas of the diseased foot (including the coronary band or interdigital space), suggesting that the bacteria are strongly associated with DD lesions and may therefore be causal. In addition, PCR analysis revealed that all three unique DD treponeme phylotypes were found in elk hoof disease, and in 23% of samples, all 3 DD-associated treponemes were present in lesions. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the elk lesion treponemes were phylogenetically almost identical to those isolated from cattle and sheep DD lesions. The isolates were particularly similar to two of the three culturable DD treponeme phylotypes: specifically, the Treponema medium/Treponema vincentii-like and Treponema phagedenis-like DD spirochetes. The third treponeme culturable phylogroup (Treponema pedis), although detected by PCR, was not isolated. This is the first report describing isolation of DD treponemes from a wildlife host, suggesting that the disease may be evolving to include a wider spectrum of cloven-hoofed animals.
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