1
|
Dupuy C, Locquet C, Brard C, Dommergues L, Faure E, Gache K, Lancelot R, Mailles A, Marchand J, Payne A, Touratier A, Valognes A, Carles S. The French National Animal Health Surveillance Platform: an innovative, cross-sector collaboration to improve surveillance system efficiency in France and a tangible example of the One Health approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1249925. [PMID: 39234170 PMCID: PMC11371667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1249925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The French National Animal Health Surveillance Platform (NAHSP) was created in 2011. This network of animal health stakeholders was set up to improve surveillance efficiency for all health risks that threaten animal health, as well as zoonoses affecting human health. The NAHSP steering committee decides on the strategies and program of activities. It is composed of 11 institutions from both public and private sectors (policy-makers, scientific institutions, and representatives of farmers, veterinarians, hunters, and laboratories). A coordination team guarantees the implementation of the program and facilitates the activities of different working groups (WGs). Each WG is composed of technical experts with scientific, legal, and field knowledge from the sectors of animal health (livestock, companion animals, and wildlife), human health, and environmental health. Some WGs focus on a specific disease or health indicator, such as African swine fever or cattle mortality, while others cover cross-cutting topics, such as epidemic intelligence (EI), or specialize in aiding epidemiological investigations, such as the Q fever WG. The NAHSP stands out for its innovative approach because it is based on the concepts of consensus-building among participants, fostering collaboration, and embracing interdisciplinarity. Each proposal designed to improve surveillance is jointly developed by all the stakeholders involved, thereby ensuring its sustainability and acceptability among stakeholders. This process also has added value for decision-makers. As a pioneer platform, the NAHSP inspired the creation of two additional national surveillance platforms in 2018, one for plant health and the other for food chain safety. Both are organized in the same way as the NAHSP, which created a framework to place the emphasis on a One Health approach. For instance, four WGs are common to the three national surveillance platforms. This article aims to present this innovative approach to improve surveillance efficiency that could be of interest to other European countries or that could be rolled out at the European level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dupuy
- University of Lyon - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and Support to Surveillance Unit, Lyon, France
| | | | - Christophe Brard
- Société Nationale des Groupements Techniques Vétérinaires (SNGTV), Paris, France
| | | | - Eva Faure
- French Hunters' Federation (FNC), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | | | - Renaud Lancelot
- The French Agricultural Research and International Cooperation Organization (CIRAD), UMR Animal, Sante, Territoires, Risques, et Ecosystemes, Sainte-Clothilde, France
- Animal, Sante, Territoires, Risques, et Ecosystemes, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Aurèle Valognes
- Association of French Managers of Public Veterinary Analysis Laboratories (ADILVA), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Carles
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bayrou C, Lesenfants C, Paternostre J, Volpe R, Moula N, Coupeau D, Muylkens B, Desmecht D, Linden A. Schmallenberg virus, cyclical reemergence in the core region: A seroepidemiologic study in wild cervids, Belgium, 2012-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1625-1633. [PMID: 33949132 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus emerged in 2011 in Europe. The epicentre of primordial spreading was the region straddling Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. One of the key questions is whether the newcomer would establish a lasting presence on the continent. The apparent seroprevalence in southern Belgium wild deer populations was followed for 6 years. Two years of intense circulation were revealed, 2012 and 2016, characterized by a peak seroprevalence in the two studied populations (Capreolus capreolus and Cervus elaphus). Between the peak years and after 2016, apparent seroprevalences declined rapidly among adults and became nil among juveniles. The general pattern of apparent seroprevalence evolution observed is consistent with a cyclic circulation of Schmallenberg virus, similar to what is observed for other Orthobunyaviruses in endemic areas. These data also suggest that wild cervids play no central role in the circulation dynamics of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calixte Bayrou
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Lesenfants
- Surveillance Network for Wildlife Diseases, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Paternostre
- Surveillance Network for Wildlife Diseases, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rosario Volpe
- Surveillance Network for Wildlife Diseases, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nassim Moula
- Animal Productions, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien Coupeau
- Veterinary Department, Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Muylkens
- Veterinary Department, Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Animal Pathology, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Linden
- Surveillance Network for Wildlife Diseases, FARAH Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boshra H, Lorenzo G, Charro D, Moreno S, Guerra GS, Sanchez I, Garrido JM, Geijo M, Brun A, Abrescia NGA. A novel Schmallenberg virus subunit vaccine candidate protects IFNAR -/- mice against virulent SBV challenge. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18725. [PMID: 33230115 PMCID: PMC7684302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an arthropod-transmitted pathogenic bunyavirus, continues to be a threat to the European livestock industry, causing morbidity and mortality among young ruminant livestock. Here, we describe a novel SBV subunit vaccine, based on bacterially expressed SBV nucleoprotein (SBV-N) administered with a veterinary-grade Saponin adjuvant. When assayed in an IFNAR-/- mouse model, SBV-N with Saponin induced strong non-neutralizing broadly virus-reactive antibodies, decreased clinical signs, as well as significantly reduced viremia. Vaccination assays also suggest that this level of immune protection is cell mediated, as evidenced by the lack of neutralizing antibodies, as well as interferon-γ secretion observed in vitro. Therefore, based on these results, bacterially expressed SBV-N, co-administered with veterinary-grade Saponin adjuvant may serve as a promising economical alternative to current SBV vaccines, and warrant further evaluation in large ruminant animal models. Moreover, we propose that this strategy may be applicable to other bunyaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain. .,Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bât B43, avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Charro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Soares Guerra
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Isbene Sanchez
- Vacunek SL, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marivi Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola G A Abrescia
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain. .,Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013, Bilbao, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kęsik-Maliszewska J, Collins ÁB, Rola J, Blanco-Penedo I, Larska M. Schmallenberg virus in Poland endemic or re-emerging? A six-year serosurvey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2188-2198. [PMID: 33012078 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel arbovirus, called Schmallenberg virus (SBV), emerged in Europe in 2011 infecting domestic as well as wild ruminants. The virus was first detected in Poland during the 2012 vector season. In order to study the SBV post-epidemic period in Poland, over twenty-one thousand domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) were tested for SBV infection between 2013 and 2018. Samples were collected as part of the national Bluetongue virus (BTV) surveillance programme. Thirteen per cent of all samples were collected from animals between 6 months and one year of age. Overall, 37.5% of ruminants tested seropositive. The seroprevalence fluctuated yearly and was highest in 2014 and 2017; however, seroconversion was detected in younger animals throughout the study indicating continuous virus circulation during the 6-year study period. A significantly higher proportion of seropositive animals were detected among cattle and older animals. Uneven distribution of seropositive animals between provinces was identified and may be a result of different housing and breeding practices and/or meteorological conditions influencing local and regional vector abundances, rather than farm stocking densities. A small number of animals were identified as being exposed to both SBV and BTV; this is likely due to the fact that the same Culicoides species transmit these two viruses thus increasing the risk of co-exposure. Considering these results, in addition to virological and entomological studies carried out in Poland previously, it can be concluded that SBV is endemic in Poland with cyclical waves of virus circulation happening every 3-4 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Áine B Collins
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Endalew AD, Faburay B, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Schmallenberg Disease-A Newly Emerged Culicoides-borne Viral Disease of Ruminants. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111065. [PMID: 31731618 PMCID: PMC6893508 DOI: 10.3390/v11111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
First appearing in 2011 in Northern Europe, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, is associated with clinical disease mainly in ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. The clinical signs are characterized by abortion and congenital deformities in newborns. The virus is transmitted by Culicoides midges of the Obsoletus complex. SBV infection induces a solid protective immunity that persists for at least 4 or 6 years in sheep and cattle, respectively. SBV infection can be diagnosed directly by real-time RT-qPCR and virus isolation or indirectly by serological assays. Three vaccines are commercially available in Europe. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on this emerging disease regarding pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention. This review also highlights that although much has been learned since SBV’s first emergence, there are still areas that require further study to devise better mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abaineh D. Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.D.E.); (B.F.)
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.D.E.); (B.F.)
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (W.C.W.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (A.D.E.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.W.); (J.A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Collins ÁB, Doherty ML, Barrett DJ, Mee JF. Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:9. [PMID: 31624588 PMCID: PMC6785879 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German border. Targeted veterinary diagnostic investigations for classical endemic and emerging viruses could not identify a causal agent. Blood samples were collected from animals with clinical signs and subjected to metagenomic analysis; a novel orthobunyavirus was identified and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In late 2011/early 2012, an epidemic of abortions and congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids, characterised by arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly were reported in continental Europe. Subsequently, SBV RNA was confirmed in both aborted and congenitally malformed foetuses and also in Culicoides species biting midges. It soon became evident that SBV was an arthropod-borne teratogenic virus affecting domestic ruminants. SBV rapidly achieved a pan-European distribution with most countries confirming SBV infection within a year or two of the initial emergence. The first Irish case of SBV was confirmed in the south of the country in late 2012 in a bovine foetus. Since SBV was first identified in 2011, a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally describing this novel emerging virus. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding the origin of SBV and the spread of the Schmallenberg epidemic, in addition to describing the species affected, clinical signs, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, impact, diagnostics, surveillance methods and control measures. This review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the scientific literature regarding SBV, most notably the requirement for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe and internationally during 2017 and 2018. Moreover, recommendations are also made regarding future arbovirus surveillance in Europe, specifically the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel Culicoides-borne arboviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Áine B Collins
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.,2School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Damien J Barrett
- Department of Agriculture, Surveillance, Animal By-Products and TSE Division, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wernike K, Beer M. International proficiency trial demonstrates reliable Schmallenberg virus infection diagnosis in endemic and non-affected countries. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219054. [PMID: 31247024 PMCID: PMC6597195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an orthobunyavirus infecting ruminants, emerged in 2011 in Central Europe, spread very rapidly throughout the continent and established an endemic status, thereby representing a constant threat not only to the European livestock population, but also to neighboring countries. Hence, in endemically infected regions, the maintenance and regular verification of diagnostics is needed and in not yet affected regions, suitable diagnostic systems should be established to be prepared for a potential introduction of the disease. In addition, also for the trade of animals into free regions, highly reliable and sensitive diagnostics are of utmost importance. Therefore, a laboratory proficiency trial was initiated to allow for performance evaluations of test systems available for SBV-diagnostics, but also for evaluation of veterinary diagnostic laboratories performing those tests. Ten serum samples (six seropositive, four seronegative) were provided for serological analysis, four of the seropositive samples were provided undiluted, while the remaining samples represented 1/2 and 1/4 dilutions of one of the aforementioned samples in negative serum. Ten further sera (five virus-positive, five negative) were sent to the participants to be analyzed by SBV genome detection methods. A total of 48 diagnostic laboratories from 15 countries of three continents (Europe, Asia, North America) and three kit manufacturers participated in the SBV proficiency test, thereby generating 131 result sets, corresponding to 1310 individual results. The sample panel aimed for serological analysis was tested 72 times; the applied diagnostic methods comprised different commercial ELISAs and standard micro-neutralization tests. The sample set aimed for genome detection was analyzed in 59 approaches by various commercial or in-house (real-time) RT-PCR protocols. Antibody or genome positive samples were correctly identified in every case, independent of the applied diagnostic test system. For seronegative samples, three incorrect, false-positive test results were produced. Virus-negative samples tested false-positive in two cases. Thus, a very high diagnostic accuracy of 99.58% and 99.66% was achieved by the serological and virological methods, respectively. Hence, this ring trial demonstrated that reliable and robust SBV-diagnostics has been established in veterinary diagnostic laboratories in affected and non-affected countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology; National Veterinary Research Institute; Puławy Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Golender N, Bumbarov V, Erster O, Beer M, Khinich Y, Wernike K. Development and validation of a universal S-segment-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Simbu serogroup viruses. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Endalew AD, Morozov I, Davis AS, Gaudreault NN, Wernike K, Bawa B, Ruder MG, Drolet BS, McVey DS, Shivanna V, Ma W, Faburay B, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Virological and Serological Responses of Sheep and Cattle to Experimental Schmallenberg Virus Infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:697-703. [PMID: 30109977 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus in the Simbu serogroup that emerged in Germany in late 2011 and was mostly associated with a mild transient disease of sheep and cattle. SBV is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides species) and causes abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects in naïve pregnant ruminants. Two separate studies were conducted with a primary objective of better understanding the virological and serological responses of sheep and cattle to different SBV isolates after experimental infection. The second objective was to produce immunoreagents and challenge materials for use in future vaccine and diagnostics research. These studies were carried out using the following infectious inocula: (i) infectious serum (IS) (ii) cell culture-grown virus, and (iii) infectious lamb brain homogenate. The responses were assessed in both species throughout the course of the experiment. SBV RNA in serum (RNAemia) was detected as early as 2 (in sheep) and 3 (in cattle) days postinfection (dpi) and peaked on 3 and 4 dpi in cattle and sheep, respectively. Cattle had higher levels of RNAemia compared with sheep. Experimental infection with IS resulted in the highest level of RNAemia in both species followed by cell culture-grown virus. A delayed, low level RNAemia was detected in cattle inoculated with infectious sheep brain. Isolation of SBV was only possible from 4 dpi sera from all cattle inoculated with IS and one sheep inoculated with cell culture-derived virus. SBV neutralizing antibodies were first detected on 14 dpi in both species. No specific gross and microscopic lesions were observed in either study. In conclusion, these studies highlight not only the difference in viremia and anti-SBV antibody level against the different SBV isolates, but also the extent of the response in the two host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abaineh D Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - D Scott McVey
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|