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Tate NM, Minor KM, Lulich JP, Mickelson JR, Berent A, Foster JD, Petersen KH, Furrow E. Multiple variants in XDH and MOCOS underlie xanthine urolithiasis in dogs. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 29:100792. [PMID: 34584846 PMCID: PMC8455477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary xanthinuria is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by missense and loss of function variants in the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) or molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) genes. The aim of this study was to uncover variants underlying risk for xanthinuria in dogs. Affected dogs included two Manchester Terriers, three Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, an English Cocker Spaniel, a Dachshund, and a mixed-breed dog. Four putative causal variants were discovered: an XDH c.654G > A splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 8 (mixed-breed dog), a MOCOS c.232G > T splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 2 (Manchester Terriers), a MOCOS p.Leu46Pro missense variant (Dachshund), and a MOCOS p.Ala128Glyfs*30 frameshift variant that results in a premature stop codon (Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and English Cocker Spaniel). The two splice site variants suggest that the regions skipped are critical to the respective enzyme function, though protein misfolding is an alternative theory for loss of function. The MOCOS p.Leu46Pro variant has not been previously reported in human or other animal cases and provides novel data supporting this residue as critical to MOCOS function. All variants were present in the homozygous state in affected dogs, indicating an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Allele frequencies of these variants in breed-specific populations ranged from 0 to 0.18. In conclusion, multiple diverse variants appear to be responsible for hereditary xanthinuria in dogs.
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Key Words
- CKCS, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
- Canine genetics
- DACH, Dachshund
- DBVDC, Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium
- ECS, English Cocker Spaniel
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- Hereditary xanthinuria
- Kidney stones
- MOCOS, molybdenum cofactor sulfurase
- MT, Manchester Terrier
- MUC, Minnesota Urolith Center
- MX, mixed breed
- Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase
- Nephrolithiasis
- OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
- XDH, xanthine dehydrogenase
- Xanthine dehydrogenase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jody P. Lulich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Allyson Berent
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kasey H. Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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Vail KJ, Tate NM, Likavec T, Minor KM, Gibbons PM, Rech RR, Furrow E. Hereditary xanthinuria in a goat. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1009-1014. [PMID: 30758870 PMCID: PMC6430956 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old mixed breed goat was presented for a 1-day history of anorexia and 1 week of weight loss. Serum biochemistry disclosed severe azotemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed decreased renal corticomedullary distinction, poor visualization of the renal pelves, and dilated ureters. On necropsy, the kidneys were small, the pelves were dilated, and the medulla was partially effaced by variably sized yellow nephroliths. Histologically, cortical and medullary tubules were distended by yellow-brown, multilayered crystals. Stone composition was 100% xanthine. Exonic sequencing of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) identified 2 putative pathogenic variants: a heterozygous XDH p.Leu128Pro variant and a homozygous MOCOS p.Asp303Gly variant. Variant frequencies were determined in 7 herd mates, 12 goats undergoing necropsy, and 443 goats from genome databases. The XDH variant was not present in any of these 462 goats. The MOCOS variant allele frequency was 0.03 overall, with 3 homozygotes detected. Hereditary xanthinuria is a recessive disorder in other species, but the XDH variant could be causal if the case goat is a compound heterozygote harboring a second variant in a regulatory region not analyzed or if the combination of the XDH and MOCOS variants together abolish XDH activity. Alternatively, the MOCOS variant alone could be causal despite the presence of other homozygotes, because hereditary xanthinuria in humans often is asymptomatic. Ours is the first report describing the clinical presentation and pathology associated with xanthine urolithiasis in a goat. The data support hereditary xanthinuria, but functional studies are needed to conclusively determine the causal variant(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J. Vail
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityTexas
| | - Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Tasha Likavec
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityTexas
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Philippa M. Gibbons
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityTexas
| | - Raquel R. Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityTexas
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
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Torres M, Pastor J, Roura X, Tabar MD, Espada Y, Font A, Balasch J, Planellas M. Adverse urinary effects of allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniasis. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:299-304. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Torres
- Servei d'Urgències i Medecina Interna, Hospital Veterinari Balmes; Carrer Balmes 81 08008 Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Pastor
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - X. Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. D. Tabar
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Centro Policlínico Veterinario Raspeig, Calle Veterinario Manuel Isidro Rodríguez Rodriguez; 17, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig Alicante Spain
| | - Y. Espada
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - A. Font
- Servei de Medecina Interna, Hospital Ars Veterinària; Carrer Cardedeu 3 08023 Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Balasch
- Servei d'Urgències i Medecina Interna, Hospital Veterinari Balmes; Carrer Balmes 81 08008 Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Planellas
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari and Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de la UAB, Plaza Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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Furman E, Hooijberg EH, Leidinger E, Zedinger C, Giger U, Leidinger J. Hereditary xanthinuria and urolithiasis in a domestic shorthair cat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:1325-1329. [PMID: 26478726 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of hematuria, stranguria and intermittent urethral obstruction. Urine sediment showed hematuria, pyuria, and yellow-brown, amorphous and spherical crystals. Upon surgical correction of the obstructed urethra by perineal urethrostomy, many dark yellow to grey, irregular, gravel-like to millet grain-sized uroliths, consisting of 100% xanthine by crystallography were found. The urinary xanthine concentration was high. The cat subsequently developed bilateral nephroliths, recurrent urinary tract infection, and chronic kidney failure. Dietary management with a low-purine diet failed in part due to poor compliance, and the cat was euthanized at 6 years of age. Xanthinuria is rare inborn error of metabolism in cats and other species but should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of feline urolithiasis. No associated molecular genetic defect has been elucidated, and management of these cases is difficult. In the absence of calculi for analysis, measuring urinary xanthine concentration can help in diagnosing this metabolic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Furman
- Labor InVitro GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - U Giger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Gow AG, Fairbanks LD, Simpson JW, Jacinto AML, Ridyard AE. Xanthine urolithiasis in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. Vet Rec 2011; 169:209. [PMID: 21742684 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG.
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Miranda M, Rigueira L, Suárez ML, Carbajales P, Moure P, Fidalgo LE, Failde D, Vázquez S. Xanthine nephrolithiasis in a galician blond beef calf. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:921-3. [PMID: 20179384 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-month-old female Galician Blond beef calf presented signs of apathy, anorexia and weight loss. The analysis of a blood sample confirmed renal failure. Bilateral nephrolithiasis was diagnosed at necropsy. Quantitative analysis revealed the nephroliths to be composed of 100 per cent xanthine. In cattle, xanthinuria has only been described in the Japanese Black breed, but never before in other breeds. Clinical history suggested a naturally occurring xanthinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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Schweighauser A, Howard J, Malik Y, Francey T. Xanthinuria in a domestic shorthair cat. Vet Rec 2009; 164:91-2. [PMID: 19151408 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.3.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Schweighauser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 128, 3001 Berne, Switzerland.
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Tsuchida S, Kagi A, Koyama H, Tagawa M. Xanthine urolithiasis in a cat: a case report and evaluation of a candidate gene for xanthine dehydrogenase. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9:503-8. [PMID: 17576085 PMCID: PMC10911506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine urolithiasis was found in a 4-year-old spayed female Himalayan cat with a 10-month history of intermittent haematuria and dysuria. Ultrasonographs indicated the existence of several calculi in the bladder that were undetectable by survey radiographic examination. Four bladder stones were removed by cystotomy. The stones were spherical brownish-yellow and their surface was smooth and glossy. Quantitative mineral analysis showed a representative urolith to be composed of more than 95% xanthine. Ultrasonographic examination of the bladder 4.5 months postoperatively indicated the recurrence of urolithiasis. Analysis of purine concentration in urine and blood showed that the cat excreted excessive amounts of xanthine. In order to test the hypothesis that xanthinuria was caused by a homozygote of the inherited mutant allele of a gene responsible for deficiency of enzyme activity in purine degradation pathway, the allele composition of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) gene (one of the candidate genes for hereditary xanthinuria) was evaluated. The cat with xanthinuria was a heterozygote of the polymorphism. A single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the cat XDH gene strongly indicated that the XDH gene of the patient cat was composed of two kinds of alleles and ruled out the hypothesis that the cat inherited the same recessive XDH allele suggesting no activity from a single ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tsuchida
- Division of Comparative Cellular Biology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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