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Martinho DV, Naughton RJ, Leão C, Lemos J, Field A, Faria A, Rebelo A, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. Dietary intakes and daily distribution patterns of macronutrients in youth soccer players. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1134845. [PMID: 37153912 PMCID: PMC10157276 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1134845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There has been an abundance of dietary analysis research conducted on adult male soccer players, while studies on youth players are lacking. Furthermore, the daily distribution of energy and macronutrient intake throughout the day has been reported to influence training adaptations, but this is often not considered in the literature. This study aims to quantify daily energy and macronutrient intake and assess their distribution over 5 days, and compare daily energy intakes and predicted daily energy expenditure in under-16 male soccer players. Methods The sample included 25 soccer participants aged 14.8-15.7 years. Five-day self-reported food diaries were used to record the food/drink consumption. Intake was analyzed for total daily energy, macronutrient intakes, and distribution among meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks). Daily energy expenditure was predicted by resting energy expenditure and physical activity levels developed for youth sports participants. Results The mean total energy intake was 1,928 ± 388 kcal∙day-1, whereas the estimated daily energy expenditure was 3,568 kcal∙day-1. Relative daily protein intakes were lower at breakfast, morning snack, afternoon snack, and night snack compared to lunch and dinner. Discussion Youth soccer players do not appear to meet energy requirements and daily CHO guidelines. Fluctuations in protein intake throughout the day were noted and may influence training adaptations (i.e., muscle protein synthesis and recovery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Diogo V. Martinho,
| | - Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - César Leão
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
| | - João Lemos
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Faria
- Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Dietetics and Nutrition, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Thams L, Hvid LG, Stounbjerg NG, Brønd JC, Mølgaard C, Damsgaard CT, Hansen M. Vitamin D supplementation and increased dairy protein intake do not affect muscle strength or physical function in healthy 6-8-year-old children: the D-pro randomized trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3613-3623. [PMID: 35643873 PMCID: PMC9146815 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate separate and combined effects of vitamin D supplementation during the extended winter and increased dairy protein intake on muscle strength and physical function in children, and furthermore to explore potential sex differences. METHODS In a 2 × 2-factorial, randomized winter trial, 183 healthy, 6-8-year-old children received blinded tablets with 20 µg/day vitamin D3 or placebo, and substituted 260 g/day dairy with yogurts with high (HP, 10 g protein/100 g) or normal protein content (NP, 3.5 g protein/100 g) for 24 weeks during winter at 55° N. We measured maximal isometric handgrip and leg press strength, and physical function by jump tests and a 30 s sit-to-stand test. Physical activity was measured by 7-day accelerometry. RESULTS Baseline (mean ± SD) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 80.8 ± 17.2 nmol/L, which increased to 88.7 ± 17.6 nmol/L with vitamin D supplementation and decreased to 48.4 ± 19.2 nmol/L with placebo. Baseline protein intake was 15.5 ± 2.4 E%, which increased to 18.4 ± 3.4 E% with HP and was unchanged with NP. We found no separate or combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and/or increased dairy protein intake on muscle strength or physical function (all P > 0.20). There was an interaction on the sit-to-stand test (Pvitamin×yogurt = 0.02), which however disappeared after adjusting for physical activity (P = 0.16). Further, vitamin D supplementation increased leg press strength relatively more in girls compared to boys (mean [95% CI] 158 [17, 299] N; Pvitamin×sex = 0.047). CONCLUSION Overall, vitamin D and dairy protein supplementation during the extended winter did not affect muscle strength or physical function in healthy children. Potential sex differences of vitamin D supplementation should be investigated further. REGISTERED AT CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT0395673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Thams
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lars G Hvid
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish MS Hospitals, Ry and Haslev, Haslev, Denmark
| | - Nanna G Stounbjerg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan C Brønd
- Center for Research in Childhood Health, Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Fleming JA, Catháin CÓ, Harper LD, Naughton RJ. Dietary Intake and Daily Distribution of Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat in Youth Tennis Players over a 7-Day Training and Competition Period. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:413-420. [PMID: 34267580 PMCID: PMC8256522 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During a 7-day training and/or competition period, macronutrient intake and distribution was assessed using food diaries, supported by remote food photography and 24-hr multiple pass recalls of youth tennis players categorised by under 12s, under 14s and under 16+ age groups (n = 27). Total energy did not differ between age groups nor type of day (training [TD], competition day [CD]), irrespective of a significant increase in body mass reported in the older players (U16+; p < 0.05). Average intakes were consistently below 2250 kcal·day-1 (range 1965 ± 317-2232 ± 612 kcal·day-1). Carbohydrate consumption was below guidelines for all groups (≤6g·kg-1). Conversely, protein intake met or exceeded guidelines throughout, with intakes ≥2 g·kg-1 for both the U12 and U14 age groups on both days. Protein intake was ~17% higher on TDs than CDs (p < 0.05), with protein intake at lunch significantly higher on TDs than CDs (p < 0.05). No further differences were observed between breakfast, lunch or dinner between group or day. Inconsistent snacking was reported, with players consuming snacks on less than half of the days reported (46 ± 12% of TDs and 43 ± 30% of CDs). In conclusion, youth tennis players present sub-optimal nutrition practices, appearing to under fuel and under consume carbohydrate for performance, adaptation, recovery and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fleming
- School of Human and Health Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, England
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, London, England
| | - Ciarán Ó Catháin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, England
| | - Robert J Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, England
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Burd NA, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Paulussen KJ, Moore DR. Dietary Protein Quantity, Quality, and Exercise Are Key to Healthy Living: A Muscle-Centric Perspective Across the Lifespan. Front Nutr 2019; 6:83. [PMID: 31245378 PMCID: PMC6563776 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy eating pattern, regardless of age, should consist of ingesting high quality protein preferably in adequate amounts across all meals throughout the day. Of particular relevance to overall health is the growth, development, and maintenance of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle not only contributes to physical strength and performance, but also contributes to efficient macronutrient utilization and storage. Achieving an optimal amount of muscle mass begins early in life with transitions to "steady-state" maintenance as an adult, and then safeguarding against ultimate decline of muscle mass with age, all of which are influenced by physical activity and dietary (e.g., protein) factors. Current protein recommendations, as defined by recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for the US population or the population reference intakes (PRI) in Europe, are set to cover basic needs; however, it is thought that a higher protein intake might be necessary for optimizing muscle mass, especially for adults and individuals with an active lifestyle. It is necessary to balance the accurate assessment of protein quality (e.g., digestible indispensable amino acid score; DIAAS) with methods that provide a physiological correlate (e.g., established measures of protein synthesis, substrate oxidation, lean mass retention, or accrual, etc.) in order to accurately define protein requirements for these physiological outcomes. Moreover, current recommendations need to shift from single nutrient guidelines to whole food based guidelines in order to practically acknowledge food matrix interactions and other required nutrients for potentially optimizing the health effects of food. The aim of this paper is to discuss protein quality and amount that should be consumed with consideration to the presence of non-protein constituents within a food matrix and potential interactions with physical activity to maximize muscle mass throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kevin J.M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Understanding how exercise and dietary protein alter the turnover and synthesis of body proteins in youth can provide guidelines for the optimal development of lean mass. This review hypothesizes that active youth obtain similar anabolic benefits from exercise and dietary protein as adults, but the requirement for amino acids to support growth renders them more sensitive to these nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ruddick-Collins LC, King NA, Byrne NM. Measurement duration affects the calculation of whole body protein turnover kinetics but not between-day variability. Metabolism 2018; 87:80-86. [PMID: 29932957 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of whole body protein turnover (WBPT) can provide fundamental information about protein kinetics which underpins the conservation of lean tissue. Reliability and methodology studies on the measurement of WBPT are scarce. This study aimed to assess the effects of urine collection duration (9 versus 12 h) and the reproducibility of WBPT with the end product method calculated from ammonia as the end product. METHODS WBPT was assessed in 21 healthy participants (11M, 10F) on 2 test days. WBPT was assessed using the end product method with a single dose of 15N glycine with ammonia as end product in a postprandial state with 9 and 12-h urine collections. RESULTS The CV for protein flux averaged 10% and 12% for 9 and 12-h urine collections respectively. Protein flux, synthesis and balance were significantly higher and protein breakdown significantly lower with 9-h urine collections compared to 12-h collections (P < 0.01) and there was a trend towards increasingly greater overestimation of 9-h calculated WBPT kinetics with greater overall rates of WBPT. Correlations between the 9 and 12-h values were strong (r > 0.962, P < 0.001 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS The reproducibility of WBPT with ammonia as the end product was similar to previously reported reproducibility of the gold standard precursor technique. The use of a 12-h urine collection is more effective to achieve full turnover of the ammonia free amino acid (AA) pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C Ruddick-Collins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Neil A King
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS 7248, Australia
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Karagounis LG, Volterman KA, Breuillé D, Offord EA, Emady-Azar S, Moore DR. Protein Intake at Breakfast Promotes a Positive Whole-Body Protein Balance in a Dose-Response Manner in Healthy Children: A Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:729-737. [PMID: 30053279 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein ingestion promotes whole-body net protein balance (NB) in children, which is a prerequisite for growth. Determining how much protein is required at breakfast to promote a positive NB, which may be negative after the traditional overnight fast in children, has yet to be determined. Objective We determined the impact of incremental doses of milk protein at breakfast as well as the impact of daily dietary protein distribution on NB in children. Methods A total of 28 children [14 boys, 14 girls; age range: 7-11 y; body mass index (mean ± SD, in kg/m2): 16.0 ± 1.9] completed 2 intervention trials. During the breakfast meal, participants consumed an isoenergetic beverage with different amounts of protein (0, 7, 14, or 21 g for Groups A-D, respectively) and [15N]-glycine to measure whole body protein metabolism. Whole-body nitrogen turnover, protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown, and NB were measured over 9 and 24 h. Results Following an overnight fast, children were in negative NB (-64.5 mg · kg-1 · h-1). Protein ingestion at breakfast induced a stepwise increase in NB over 9 h [Groups A (6.2 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < B (27.9 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < C (46.9 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < D (66.0 mg · kg-1 · h-1)] with all conditions different from each other (all P < 0.01). PS was 42% greater in Group D than in Group A over 9 h (P < 0.05). Conclusions Consuming ≥7 g of the total daily protein intake at breakfast attenuates the observed overnight protein losses in children during the subsequent 9 h following breakfast consumption. The dose-dependent increase in NB over a daytime fed period, inclusive of breakfast and lunch, highlights the importance of breakfast protein intake on acute anabolism in healthy active children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02465151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G Karagounis
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Experimental Myology and Integrative Physiology Cluster, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis Breuillé
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A Offord
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahram Emady-Azar
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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