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Fensham NC, Govus AD, Peeling P, Burke LM, McKay AKA. Factors Influencing the Hepcidin Response to Exercise: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1931-1949. [PMID: 37347443 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin, the master iron regulatory hormone, has been shown to peak 3-6 h postexercise, and is likely a major contributor to the prevalence of iron deficiency in athletes. Although multiple studies have investigated the hepcidin response to exercise, small sample sizes preclude the generalizability of current research findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this individual participant data meta-analysis was to identify key factors influencing the hepcidin-exercise response. METHODS Following a systematic review of the literature, a one-stage meta-analysis with mixed-effects linear regression, using a stepwise approach to select the best-fit model, was employed. RESULTS We show that exercise is associated with a 1.5-2.5-fold increase in hepcidin concentrations, with pre-exercise hepcidin concentration accounting for ~ 44% of the variance in 3 h postexercise hepcidin concentration. Although collectively accounting for only a further ~ 3% of the variance, absolute 3 h postexercise hepcidin concentrations appear higher in males with lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher pre-exercise ferritin levels. On the other hand, a greater magnitude of change between the pre- and 3 h postexercise hepcidin concentration was largely attributable to exercise duration (~ 44% variance) with a much smaller contribution from VO2max, pre-exercise ferritin, sex, and postexercise interleukin-6 (~ 6% combined). Although females tended to have a lower absolute 3 h postexercise hepcidin concentration [1.4 nmol·L-1, (95% CI [- 2.6, - 0.3]), p = 0.02] and 30% less change (95% CI [-54.4, - 5.1]), p = 0.02) than males, with different explanatory variables being significant between sexes, sample size discrepancies and individual study design biases preclude definitive conclusions. CONCLUSION Our analysis reveals the complex interplay of characteristics of both athlete and exercise session in the hepcidin response to exercise and highlights the need for further investigation into unaccounted-for mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita C Fensham
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrew D Govus
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Western Australia Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Symonds ME, Noori Mofrad SR, Liu Y, Korivi M. Impact of Exercise in Hypoxia on Inflammatory Cytokines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37382855 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both acute exercise and environmental hypoxia may elevate inflammatory cytokines, but the inflammatory response in the hypoxic exercise is remaining unknown. OBJECTIVE We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of exercise in hypoxia on inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify the original articles that compared the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 changes, published up to March 2023. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model to (1) determine the effect of exercise in hypoxia, (2) determine the effect of exercise in normoxia and (3) compare the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 responses. RESULTS Twenty-three studies involving 243 healthy, trained and athlete subjects with a mean age range from 19.8 to 41.0 years were included in our meta-analysis. On comparing exercise in hypoxia with normoxia, no differences were found in the response of IL-6 [0.17 (95% CI - 0.08 to 0.43), p = 0.17] and TNF-α [0.17 (95% CI - 0.10 to 0.46), p = 0.21] between the conditions. Exercise in hypoxia significantly increased IL-10 concentration [0.60 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.03), p = 0.006] compared with normoxia. In addition, exercise during both hypoxia and normoxia increased IL-6 and IL-10, whereas TNF-α was increased only in hypoxic exercise condition. CONCLUSION Overall, exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia increased inflammatory cytokines; however, hypoxic exercise may lead to a greater inflammatory response in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Saeid Reza Noori Mofrad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Yubo Liu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Wang A, Brothers RM, Hurr C. Application of blood flow restriction in hypoxic environment augments muscle deoxygenation without compromising repeated sprint exercise performance. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:728-739. [PMID: 36934386 PMCID: PMC10988449 DOI: 10.1113/ep091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does applying blood flow restriction during the rest periods of repeated sprint exercise in a hypoxic environment lead to greater local hypoxia within exercising muscles without compromising training workload? What is the main finding and its importance? Repeated sprint exercise with blood flow restriction administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia within the exercised muscles without a reduction in power output. The maintained power output might be due to elevated neuromuscular activation. Accordingly, the proposed repeated sprint exercise in the current study may be an effective training modality. ABSTRACT Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is a popular training modality for a wide variety of athletic activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle deoxygenation and RSE performance. Twelve healthy young men performed a standard RSE training modality (five sets of 10 s maximal sprint with a 60 s rest) under four different conditions: (1) normoxic control (NC), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); (2) normoxic BFR (NB), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg); (3) hypoxic control (HC), hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); and (4) hypoxic BFR (HB): hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg). BFR was only administered during the rest period of the respective RSE trials. In the local exercising muscles, muscle oxygen saturation (Sm O 2 $\textit{Sm}{O}_{2}$ ) and neuromuscular activity were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and surface electromyography, respectively. SmO2 was lower in systemic hypoxia conditions relative to normoxia conditions (P < 0.05). A rther decrease in SmO2 was observed in HB relative to HC (Set 1: HC 70.0 ± 17.5 vs. HB 57.4 ± 11.3%, P = 0.001; Set 4: HC 67.5 ± 14.6 vs. HB 57.0 ± 12.0%, P = 0.013; Set 5: HC 61.0 ± 15.3 vs. HB 47.7 ± 11.9%, P < 0.001). No differences in RSE performance were observed between any of the conditions (P > 0.05). Interestingly, an elevated neuromuscular activity was seen in response to the BFR, particularly during conditions of systemic hypoxia (P < 0.05). Thus, RSE with BFR administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia without compromising training workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Wang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
| | - R. Matthew Brothers
- Integrative Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCollege of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
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Dias SS, Weber MG, Padoin S, Andrello AC, Jussiani EI, de Paula Ramos S. Circulating Concentration of Chemical Elements During Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and the Repeated Bout Effect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1060-1070. [PMID: 33904125 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the circulating levels of chemical elements after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) followed by the repeated bout effect (RBE). Seven physically active subjects (26.5 ± 4.0 years) performed two sessions of EIMD (5 sets of 20 drop jumps), the second session 14 days after the first for RBE assessment. Blood collections, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were performed before (Pre), after (Post), and 24, 48, and 72 h after the exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) was detected by biochemical analysis and the concentration of chemical elements by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). Differences between time points and sessions were assessed with two-way ANOVA and the effect size (ES). EIMD induced a reduction in the CMJ at 24 h (P < 0.05) and an increase in DOMS at 24 h (P < 0.01) and 48 h (P < 0.01), and CK at 72 h (P < 0.05). RBE alleviated all symptoms of EIMD in the second session (P > 0.05). EIMD induced a large to very large ES for Zn reduction at 24 h (- 1.37) and 72 h (- 0.93) and Br (- 0.83) at 72 h. RBE presented large to very large ES for the increase in P at 48 h (0.92); Cl at 24 h (1.04); K at 24 h (0.91), 48 h (1.10), and 72 h (0.96); Ca at 72 h (0.92); and Fe at 24 h (0.85). RBE influenced the concentration of elements associated with fatigue (K, Ca, Cl), inflammatory response, and glucose metabolism (Zn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Seolin Dias
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education UEL-UEM, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Martim Gomes Weber
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education UEL-UEM, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Susana Padoin
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education UEL-UEM, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Solange de Paula Ramos
- Study Groups on Tissue Regeneration, Adaptation, and Repair, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86099-100, Brazil.
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Larsuphrom P, Latunde-Dada GO. Association of Serum Hepcidin Levels with Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:393. [PMID: 33513924 PMCID: PMC7911648 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of iron deficiency is commonly reported among athletic population groups. It impairs physical performance due to insufficient oxygen delivery to target organs and low energy production. This is due to the high demand of exercise on oxygen delivery for systemic metabolism by the erythrocytes in the blood. Hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis, decreases to facilitate iron efflux into the circulation during enhanced erythropoiesis. However, acute anaemia of exercise is caused by increased hepcidin expression that is induced by stress and inflammatory signal. The study aimed to systematically review changes in serum hepcidin levels during resistance and aerobic exercise programmes. METHODS A systemic literature search from 2010 to April 2020 across seven databases comprised of Cochrane library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE, and OpenGrey. The primary outcome was increased or decreased serum hepcidin from baseline after the exercise activity. Risks of bias were evaluated by using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for quality assessment of before and after different exercise programmes. RESULTS Overall, twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 23 studies, 16 studies reported significantly exercise-induced serum hepcidin elevation. Of the 17 studies that evaluated serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, 14 studies showed significant exercise-induced serum IL-6 elevation. Changes in exercise-induced serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels were similar in both resistance and endurance exercise. Significant correlations were observed between post-exercise hepcidin and baseline ferritin levels (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) and between post-exercise hepcidin and post-exercise IL-6 (r = 0.625, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Resistance and endurance training showed significant increase in serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels in response to exercise. Baseline ferritin and post-exercise IL-6 elevation are key determining factors in the augmentation of hepcidin response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gladys Oluyemisi Latunde-Dada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
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Goto K, Mamiya A, Ito H, Maruyama T, Hayashi N, Badenhorst CE. Partial sleep deprivation after an acute exercise session does not augment hepcidin levels the following day. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14450. [PMID: 32458557 PMCID: PMC7250735 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session in the evening on the endurance exercise-induced hepcidin response the following morning. Ten recreationally trained males participated under two different conditions. Each condition consisted of 2 consecutive days of training (days 1 and 2). On day 1, participants ran for 60 min at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max ) followed by 100 drop jumps. Sleep duration at night was manipulated, with a normal length of sleep (CON condition, 23:00-07:00 hr) or a shortened length of sleep (PSD condition). On the morning of day 2, the participants ran for 60 min at 65% of V ˙ O2max . Sleep duration was significantly shorter under the PSD condition (141.2 ± 13.3 min) than under the CON condition (469.0 ± 2.3 min, p < .0001). Serum hepcidin, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, serum haptoglobin, iron, and myoglobin levels did not differ significantly between the conditions (p > .05) on the morning (before exercise) of day 2. Additionally, the 3-hr postexercise levels for the hematological variables were not significantly different between the two conditions (p > .05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a single night of PSD after an exercise session in the evening did not affect baseline serum hepcidin level the following morning. Moreover, a 60 min run the following morning increased serum hepcidin and plasma IL-6 levels significantly, but the exercise-induced elevations were not affected by PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Aoi Mamiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Tatsuhiro Maruyama
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
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Hayashi N, Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Badenhorst CE, Goto K. No effect of supplemented heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on hepcidin regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1331-1340. [PMID: 32303828 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a novel factor for iron deficiency in athletes, which is suggested to be regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) or erythropoietin (EPO). PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to compare endurance exercise-induced hepcidin elevation among "normoxia", "hypoxia" and "combined heat and hypoxia". METHODS Twelve males (21.5 ± 0.3 years, 168.1 ± 1.2 cm, 63.6 ± 2.0 kg) participated in the present study. They performed 60 min of cycling at 60% of [Formula: see text] in either "heat and hypoxia" (HHYP; FiO2 14.5%, 32 °C), "hypoxia" (HYP; FiO2 14.5%, 23 °C) or "normoxia" (NOR; FiO2 20.9%, 23 °C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the prescribed conditions for 3 h post-exercise. Blood samples were collected before, immediately and 3 h after exercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 level significantly increased immediately after exercise (P < 0.05), with no significant difference among the trials. A significant elevation in serum EPO was observed 3 h after exercise in hypoxic trials (HHYP and HYP, P < 0.05), with no significant difference between HHYP and HYP. Serum hepcidin level increased 3 h after exercise in all trials (NOR, before 18.3 ± 3.9 and post180 31.2 ± 6.3 ng/mL; HYP, before 13.5 ± 2.5 and post180 23.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL, HHYP; before 15.8 ± 3.3 and post180 31.4 ± 5.3 ng/mL, P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the trials during post-exercise. CONCLUSION Endurance exercise in "combined heat and hypoxia" did not exacerbate exercise-induced hepcidin elevation compared with the same exercise in "hypoxia" or "normoxia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Claire E Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Goto K, Kojima C, Kasai N, Sumi D, Hayashi N, Hwang H. Resistance exercise causes greater serum hepcidin elevation than endurance (cycling) exercise. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228766. [PMID: 32106271 PMCID: PMC7046260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is an iron regulating hormone, and exercise-induced hepcidin elevation is suggested to increase the risk of iron deficiency among athletes. OBJECTIVE We compared serum hepcidin responses to resistance exercise and endurance (cycling) exercise. METHODS Ten males [mean ± standard error: 172 ± 2 cm, body weight: 70 ± 2 kg] performed three trials: a resistance exercise trial (RE), an endurance exercise trial (END), and a rest trial (REST). The RE consisted of 60 min of resistance exercise (3-5 sets × 12 repetitions, 8 exercises) at 65% of one repetition maximum, while 60 min of cycling exercise at 65% of [Formula: see text] was performed in the END. Blood samples were collected before exercise and during a 6-h post-exercise (0h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 6h after exercise). RESULTS Both RE and END significantly increased blood lactate levels, with significantly higher in the RE (P < 0.001). Serum iron levels were significantly elevated immediately after exercise (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between RE and END. Both the RE and END significantly increased serum growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and myoglobin levels (P < 0.01). However, exercise-induced elevations of GH and cortisol were significantly greater in the RE (trial × time: P < 0.001). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly elevated after exercise (P = 0.003), with no significant difference between the trials. Plasma hepcidin levels were elevated after exercise (P < 0.001), with significantly greater in the RE (463 ± 125%) than in the END (137 ± 27%, P = 0.03). During the REST, serum hepcidin and plasma IL-6 levels did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Resistance exercise caused a greater exercise-induced elevation in hepcidin than did endurance (cycling) exercise. The present findings indicate that caution will be required to avoid iron deficiency even among athletes in strength (power) types of events who are regularly involved in resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Ikutomo A, Goto K. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Growth Factor Responses to Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:844. [PMID: 31447683 PMCID: PMC6696976 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of repeated-sprint exercise in moderate hypoxia on inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and angiogenic growth factor responses among athletes. Ten male college track and field sprinters [mean ± standard error (SE): age, 20.9 ± 0.1 years; height, 175.7 ± 1.9 cm; body weight, 67.3 ± 2.0 kg] performed two exercise trials in either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR; FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of three sets of 5 s × 6 s maximal sprints with 30 s rest periods between sprints and 10 min rest periods between sets. After completing the exercise, subjects remained in the chamber for 3 h under the prescribed oxygen concentration (hypoxia or normoxia). The average power output during exercise did not differ significantly between trials (p = 0.17). Blood lactate concentrations after exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than in the NOR trial (p < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations increased significantly after exercise (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two trials (p = 0.07). Post-exercise plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, serum myoglobin, serum lipid peroxidation, plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations did not differ significantly between the two trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, exercise-induced inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and VEGF responses following repeated-sprint exercise were not different between hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Ikutomo
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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