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Aykut MN, Erdoğan EN, Çelik MN, Gürbüz M. An Updated View of the Effect of Probiotic Supplement on Sports Performance: A Detailed Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:251-263. [PMID: 38470560 PMCID: PMC11133216 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Modulation of the host microbiota through probiotics has been shown to have beneficial effects on health in the growing body of research. Exercise increases the amount and diversity of beneficial microorganisms in the host microbiome. Although low- and moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to reduce physiological stress and improve immune function, high-intensity prolonged exercise can suppress immune function and reduce microbial diversity due to intestinal hypoperfusion. The effect of probiotic supplementation on sports performance is still being studied; however, questions remain regarding the mechanisms of action, strain used, and dose. In this review, the aim was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplements on exercise performance through modulation of gut microbiota and alleviation of GI symptoms, promotion of the immune system, bioavailability of nutrients, and aerobic metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Probiotic supplementation may improve sports performance by reducing the adverse effects of prolonged high-intensity exercise. Although probiotics have been reported to have positive effects on sports performance, information about the microbiome and nutrition of athletes has not been considered in most current studies. This may have limited the evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray Nur Aykut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Esma Nur Erdoğan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Menşure Nur Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Gürbüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
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2
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Mohr AE, Pyne DB, Leite GSF, Akins D, Pugh J. A systematic scoping review of study methodology for randomized controlled trials investigating probiotics in athletic and physically active populations. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:61-71. [PMID: 36539062 PMCID: PMC10818115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers, practitioners, and the lay public alike. There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota. However, compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements, probiotics present unique study challenges. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals. METHODS Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals. An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential. Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered, and there were no date restrictions. Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols, characteristics, and outcomes. Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool. RESULTS A total of 45 studies were included in the review, with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design. Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation. The probiotic dose ranged from 2 × 108 to 1 × 1011 colony forming units daily, and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days. Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms, gut permeability, or the gut microbiota. The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males, and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females. Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies, although the methodology of reporting varied widely. The risk of bias was generally low, although details on randomization were lacking in some studies. CONCLUSION There is a substantial body of research on the effects of probiotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals. Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers. Attention to issues of randomization of participants, treatments and interventions, selection of outcomes, demographics, and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Geovana Silva Fogaça Leite
- Laboratory of Functional Fermented Food, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Deborah Akins
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jamie Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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3
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Kirwan R, Ispoglou T, Galli F, Witard OC, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Morwani-Mangnani J, Ticinesi A, Isanejad M. Impact of probiotics on muscle mass, muscle strength and lean mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:30-44. [PMID: 36414567 PMCID: PMC9891957 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have shown potential to counteract sarcopenia, although the extent to which they can influence domains of sarcopenia such as muscle mass and strength in humans is unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the impact of probiotic supplementation on muscle mass, total lean mass and muscle strength in human adults. A literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2022. Eligible RCTs compared the effect of probiotic supplementation versus placebo on muscle and total lean mass and global muscle strength (composite score of all muscle strength outcomes) in adults (>18 years). To evaluate the differences between groups, a meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects inverse-variance model by utilizing standardized mean differences. Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the effects of probiotics on muscle mass, total lean mass and global muscle strength. Our main analysis (k = 10) revealed that muscle mass was improved following probiotics compared with placebo (SMD: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.10-0.74, I2 = 57%, P = 0.009), although no changes were revealed in relation to total lean mass (k = 12; SMD: -0.03, 95% CI: -0.19 - 0.13, I2 = 0%, P = 0.69). Interestingly, a significant increase in global muscle strength was also observed among six RCTs (SMD: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.33-1.06, I2 = 64%, P = 0.0002). Probiotic supplementation enhances both muscle mass and global muscle strength; however, no beneficial effects were observed in total lean mass. Investigating the physiological mechanisms underpinning different ageing groups and elucidating appropriate probiotic strains for optimal gains in muscle mass and strength are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Kirwan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipidomics and Micronutrient Vitamins Laboratory and Human Anatomy Laboratory, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.,Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- Society of Meta-research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jordi Morwani-Mangnani
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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4
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de Paiva AKF, de Oliveira EP, Mancini L, Paoli A, Mota JF. Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance of resistance and aerobic exercises: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:153-167. [PMID: 35950956 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Strenuous exercise may lead to negative acute physiological effects that can impair athletic performance. Some recent studies suggest that probiotic supplementation can curtail these effects by reducing the permeability of the intestinal barrier, yet results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on athletic performance. DATA SOURCES The PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched for articles that assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on athletic performance. DATA EXTRACTION THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IS REPORTED ACCORDING TO PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Seventeen randomized clinical trials assessing athletic performance as the primary outcome were included. In total, 496 individuals (73% male) comprising athletes, recreationally trained individuals, and untrained healthy individuals aged 18 to 40 years were investigated. DATA ANALYSIS Three studies showed an increase or an attenuation of aerobic performance (decline in time to exhaustion on the treadmill) after supplementation with probiotics, while 3 found an increase in strength. However, most studies (n = 11) showed no effect of probiotic consumption on aerobic performance (n = 9) or muscular strength (n = 2). The most frequently used strain was Lactobacillus acidophilus, used in 2 studies that observed positive results on performance. Studies that used Lactobacillus plantarum TK10 and Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 also demonstrated positive effects on aerobic performance and strength, but they had high risk of bias, which implies low confidence about the actual effect of treatment. CONCLUSION There is not enough evidence to support the hypothesis that probiotics can improve performance in resistance and aerobic exercises. Further well-controlled studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K F de Paiva
- are with the School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- with the Laboratory of Nutrition, Exercise and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura Mancini
- are with the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,are with the Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- are with the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,are with the Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,with the Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - João F Mota
- are with the School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,is with the Graduate Program of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, UniEvangélica, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
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Mazur-Kurach P, Frączek B, Klimek AT. Does Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation Impact the Effort Capacity of Competitive Road Cyclists? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12205. [PMID: 36231510 PMCID: PMC9566127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on the physical capacity and selected health indicators related to the exercise capacity of competitive road cyclists such as body composition, markers of intestinal permeability, pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, and anti-/pro-oxidant potential. (2) Methods: The group comprised 26 competitive road cyclists aged between 18 and 26. The study was a 4-month double-blind, random-assignment, parallel-group, and placebo-controlled trial. The measurements of physical capacity in the exercise tests of the anaerobic Wingate test (the level of total work volume, maximal anaerobic power, average power per revolution, mean time to achieve maximal anaerobic power, and time to maintain maximal anaerobic power) and the aerobic test using a cycle ergometer (maximum oxygen uptake, exercise duration, maximum load power, and maximal heart rate) were repeated after one, three, and four months. (3) Results: The probiotic supplementation resulted in increased levels of the relative magnitude of maximal oxygen uptake (65.28 vs. 69.18), the duration of training until failure (14.35 vs. 15.65), the load on the ergometer (5.11 vs. 5.36), and the degree of decrease in heart rate (193.3 vs. 188.6) together with a feeling of less discomfort during the exercise test (Borg scale) (19.38 vs. 18.43), confirming the beneficial effect of probiotics on the cyclists' aerobic capacity during exercise. The probiotic supplementation produces no effects on the anaerobic capacity and body composition of the athletes, except for an observed increase in muscle mass. The concentration of zonulin in the stool mass decreased as a result of the probiotic therapy (81.2 vs. 25.21), and α1-atitrypsin was maintained at a similar level during the experiment (0.95 vs. 1.05), indicating a sealing of the intestinal barrier and beneficial changes in the cyclists' intestinal function. The supplementation resulted in a reduction in the concentrations of: tumor necrosis factor TNF-α after the aerobic (13.88 vs. 9.75) and anaerobic tests (8.54 vs. 6.8), IL-6 before (1.2 vs. 0.86) and after the anaerobic test (1.47 vs. 0.97), IL-10 before the anaerobic test (0.70 vs. 0.44), and the total oxidative status (TOS) of the blood plasma before (663.7 vs. 484.6) and after the anaerobic test (643.1 vs. 435.9). (4) Conclusions: The probiotic supplementation resulted in increased levels of the cyclists' aerobic capacity and their maintenance of anaerobic capacity and positively affected selected health indicators related to the exercise capacity of competitive road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mazur-Kurach
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Frączek
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej T. Klimek
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Zhao T, Zhang L, Zhou N, Sun D, Xie J, Xu S. Long-term use of probiotics for the management of office and ambulatory blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:101-113. [PMID: 36655084 PMCID: PMC9834877 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed a controversial result on the relationship between probiotics treatment duration and blood pressure (BP). The present meta-analysis is performed to summarize the effects of long-term (≥8 weeks) use of probiotics on office and ambulatory BP using combined evidence from randomized, controlled trials. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov till January, 2021 to identify eligible articles. Primary outcomes were changes in office BP. In the presence of heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to calculate the combined treatment effect. Begg's funnel plots and Egger's regression test were used to assess the publication bias. Meta-analysis of 26 trials in 1624 participants demonstrated that probiotic consumption significantly decreased office systolic BP by 2.18 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.41 to -0.94 mmHg) and diastolic BP by 1.07 mmHg (95% CI, -1.72 to -0.41 mmHg). The analysis on ambulatory BP from three trials showed a similar reduction by -2.35/-1.61 mmHg (p ≤ .052). Subgroup analysis in hypertensive and diabetic patients showed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP (p ≤ .02). The reductions in diabetic and hypertensive patients were comparatively larger than nondiabetic and normotensive patients (p ≥ .052). With the increase of age, baseline body mass index (BMI), treatment duration, and systolic BP, the effects of probiotics on BP did not increase significantly (p trend ≥ .18). The present meta-analysis suggests a beneficial effect of probiotics on BP by a modest degree, especially in the diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Prolonging the treatment duration could not improve the antihypertensive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Xue Zhao
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hangzhou First People's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Geriatric Medicine CenterDepartment of Geriatric MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ning Zhou
- Geriatric Medicine CenterDepartment of Geriatric MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Dong‐Sheng Sun
- Geriatric Medicine CenterDepartment of Geriatric MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jian‐Hong Xie
- Geriatric Medicine CenterDepartment of Geriatric MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shao‐Kun Xu
- Geriatric Medicine CenterDepartment of Geriatric MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College)HangzhouZhejiangChina
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7
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Giron M, Thomas M, Dardevet D, Chassard C, Savary-Auzeloux I. Gut microbes and muscle function: can probiotics make our muscles stronger? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1460-1476. [PMID: 35278043 PMCID: PMC9178375 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that gut microbiota composition and diversity can be a determinant of skeletal muscle metabolism and functionality. This is true in catabolic (sarcopenia and cachexia) or anabolic (exercise or in athletes) situations. As gut microbiota is known to be causal in the development and worsening of metabolic dysregulation phenotypes such as obesity or insulin resistance, it can regulate, at least partially, skeletal muscle mass and function. Skeletal muscles are physiologically far from the gut. Signals generated by the gut due to its interaction with the gut microbiome (microbial metabolites, gut peptides, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukins) constitute links between gut microbiota activity and skeletal muscle and regulate muscle functionality via modulation of systemic/tissue inflammation as well as insulin sensitivity. The probiotics able to limit sarcopenia and cachexia or promote health performances in rodents are mainly lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. In humans, the same bacteria have been tested, but the scarcity of the studies, the variability of the populations, and the difficulty to measure accurately and with high reproducibility muscle mass and function have not allowed to highlight specific strains able to optimize muscle mass and function. Further studies are required on more defined population, in order to design personalized nutrition. For elderly, testing the efficiency of probiotics according to the degree of frailty, nutritional state, or degree of sarcopenia before supplementation is essential. For exercise, selection of probiotics capable to be efficient in recreational and/or elite athletes, resistance, and/or endurance exercise would also require further attention. Ultimately, a combination of strategies capable to optimize muscle functionality, including bacteria (new microbes, bacterial ecosystems, or mix, more prone to colonize a specific gut ecosystem) associated with prebiotics and other 'traditional' supplements known to stimulate muscle anabolism (e.g. proteins), could be the best way to preserve muscle functionality in healthy individuals at all ages or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Giron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRAE UMR0545, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le Fromage, Aurillac, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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8
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Han S, Li Y, Song R, Gao H, Zhang W. Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:829703. [PMID: 35392286 PMCID: PMC8982511 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.829703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Probiotics consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether it affects heart rate (HR) remains controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the chronotropic effects of probiotics on heartbeat via a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Methods Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, and Clinical Trials databases up to October 2021. Either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results This meta-analysis included 13 studies involving 16 interventional trial arms and 931 participants according to inclusion criteria. The overall pooled estimate showed that probiotics supplementation had a slight, but no significant reduction of 0.28 bpm (95% CI: −1.17, 0.60) on HR. Relatively high heterogeneity was observed among included trials (I2 = 80.8%, P heterogeneity < 0.001). Subgroup analysis displayed that probiotics supplementation significantly reduced HR by 2.94 bpm (95% CI: −5.06, −0.82) among participants with baseline HR ≥ 75 bpm, by 1.17 bpm (95% CI: −2.34, −0.00) with probiotics dose ≥1 × 1010 CFU/day, and by 1.43 bpm (95% CI: −2.69, −0.17) with multiple-strain intervention. Meta-regression analysis showed that baseline HR was a major potential effect modifier of probiotics supplementation on lowering HR. Conclusion Hitherto, the overall evidence in the literature was insufficient to support the notion that probiotics supplementation has a class effect on HR reduction. However, in subgroup analysis, probiotics reduced HR significantly in those who had higher baseline HR, received a higher dose or multiple strains of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Han
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shufen Han ;
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruijuan Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Independent Researcher, Irving, TX, United States
- Weiguo Zhang
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9
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Heimer M, Teschler M, Schmitz B, Mooren FC. Health Benefits of Probiotics in Sport and Exercise - Non-existent or a Matter of Heterogeneity? A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:804046. [PMID: 35284446 PMCID: PMC8906887 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.804046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of probiotics in sports has been growing in recent years, as up to 50% of athletes suffer from training- and performance-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Moreover, repeated exhaustive exercise and high training loads may lead to a transiently depressed immune function, associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Aim To provide a qualitative analysis of probiotic effects on URTI, GI symptoms and the immune system in healthy individuals under consideration of performance level as main classifier. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted (PubMed, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, Web of Science) to analyze the effects of probiotics in athletes and healthy active individuals on GI problems, URTI, and the immune system. A qualitative synthesis with performance level and treatment duration as main classifiers was performed. Results Of 41 eligible studies, 24 evaluated the effects of probiotic supplements in athletes, 10 in recreationally active individuals and 7 in healthy untrained adults. Large heterogeneity was observed in terms of probiotic strains, mode of delivery, performance level, treatment duration and outcome assessment. Overall, studies provided inconsistent observations. Conclusion The effects of probiotics on immune system, URTI, and GI symptoms in athletes, healthy adults and recreationally active individuals remain inconclusive. Based on the analyzed studies and identified parameters, this article provides suggestions to align future research on the effects of probiotics in exercise. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021245840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Heimer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Frank C. Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank C. Mooren
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10
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Potential Functional Snacks: Date Fruit Bars Supplemented by Different Species of Lactobacillus spp. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081760. [PMID: 34441537 PMCID: PMC8391282 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the addition of four different potential probiotic strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus delbruekii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Lactinocaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), in date fruit-based products was investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of producing a functional snack. All bacterial strains tested were able to grow in date fruit palp, reaching probiotic concentrations ranging from 3.1 × 109 to 4.9 × 109 colony-forming units after 48 h of fermentation, and the pH was reduced to 3.5–3.7 or below. The viability of inoculated probiotic bacteria after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C was slightly reduced. Some biochemical features of the fermented snacks, such as the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and detailed polyphenolic profile, were also evaluated. After fermentation, changes in the polyphenol profile in terms of increased free phenolic compounds and related activity were observed. These results may be attributed to the enzymatic activity of Lactobacillus spp. in catalyzing both the release of bioactive components from the food matrix and the remodeling of polyphenolic composition in favor of more bioaccessible molecules. These positive effects were more evident when the snack were fermented with L. rhamnosus. Our results suggest the use of lactic acid fermentation as an approach to enhance the nutritional value of functional foods, resulting in the enhancement of their health-promoting potential.
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Andreu Caravaca L, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:377. [PMID: 33924785 PMCID: PMC8145598 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre-post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Andreu Caravaca
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Education, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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12
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Łagowska K, Bajerska J. Effects of probiotic supplementation on respiratory infection and immune function in athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1213-1223. [PMID: 33481001 DOI: 10.4085/592-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation on upper tract respiratory infection and inflammatory markers in elite athletes. DATA SOURCES We identified sources by searching the PubMed, EBSCO host, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the following search terms: "probiotic" OR "probiotics" AND "exercise" OR "sport" OR "athletes" AND "URTI" OR "respiratory infection" OR "upper respiratory tract infections" OR "inflammation" OR "inflammatory OR "cytokines". STUDY SELECTION We screened the title and abstracts of 2498 articles using our inclusion critieria. A total of 14 articles were selected for further analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Data from the included studies were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. These data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion, intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. DATA SYNTHESIS The meta-analysis did not show any significant effect of probiotic supplementation on the number of days of illness or the mean number and duration of URTI episodes, but there was a significant effect of probiotic supplementation on total symptom severity score (-0.65, 95% CI: -1.05; -0.25, p = 0.02). Lower levels of IL-6 (-2.52 pg/ml, 95% CI: -4.12, -0.51, p = 0.001) and TNF-α (-2.31 pg/ml, 95% CI: -4.12, -0.51, p = 0.008) were also reported after supplementation. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence that probiotic supplementation, especially among professional athletes, is an effective way to decrease the total URTI symptom severity score. Additionally, probiotic supplementation may decrease TNF-α and IL-6 levels. There is a need for more studies with larger groups to better estimate this effect. It is necessary to determine the best timing, duration, composition and dose of such supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Łagowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Dong W, Wang Y, Liao S, Tang W, Peng L, Song G. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Improves the State Anxiety and Sports Performance of Young Divers Under Stress Situations: A Single-Arm, Prospective Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Psychol 2021; 11:570298. [PMID: 33519585 PMCID: PMC7838085 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Athletes will increase their state anxiety under stress situations, which will lead to the decline of sports performance. The improvement of anxiety by probiotics has been reported, but there is a lack of research in the athlete population. The purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of probiotics in improving athletes' state anxiety and sports performance under stress situations. Methods We conducted this single-arm study in Chongqing Institute of Sports Technology. In the 8-week study, 21 Chongqing young divers (mean age: 9.10 ± 1.80) were given probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (1 × 109 colony-forming units/100 g) daily. The state anxiety and sports performance of athletes were measured before, during, and after the intervention, and the gut microbiota of athletes was measured before and after the intervention. Results The intervention results showed that cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and anxiety emotion were improved (cognitive: Z = -3.964, P < 0.001; somatic: Z = -3.079, P = 0.003; anxiety: Z = -2.973, P < 0.001). In terms of gut microbiota, the intervention did not change the gut microbial composition (such as α diversity and β diversity) but increased the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae. At the 8th week, the performance of athletes under stress was significantly improved (χ2 = 7.88, P = 0.019). Limitations First of all, due to the restriction of the number of subjects in this study, there was no control group. Secondly, although the athletes' diet was recorded in this study, the influence of this factor on gut microbiota was not eliminated. Finally, the anxiety level of the athletes in this study was obtained through a self-report, lacking physiological data in state anxiety. Conclusion The results show that probiotics intervention can improve the state anxiety of athletes under stress situation and improve the performance of athletes under stress situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Dong
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuaixiong Liao
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Song
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Marttinen M, Ala-Jaakkola R, Laitila A, Lehtinen MJ. Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Physical Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102936. [PMID: 32992765 PMCID: PMC7599951 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among athletes, nutrition plays a key role, supporting training, performance, and post-exercise recovery. Research has primarily focused on the effects of diet in support of an athletic physique; however, the role played by intestinal microbiota has been much neglected. Emerging evidence has shown an association between the intestinal microbiota composition and physical activity, suggesting that modifications in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to physical performance of the host. Probiotics represent a potential means for beneficially influencing the gut microbiota composition/function but can also impact the overall health of the host. In this review, we provide an overview of the existing studies that have examined the reciprocal interactions between physical activity and gut microbiota. We further evaluate the clinical evidence that supports the effects of probiotics on physical performance, post-exercise recovery, and cognitive outcomes among athletes. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of action through which probiotics affect exercise outcomes. In summary, beneficial microbes, including probiotics, may promote health in athletes and enhance physical performance and exercise capacity. Furthermore, high-quality clinical studies, with adequate power, remain necessary to uncover the roles that are played by gut microbiota populations and probiotics in physical performance and the modes of action behind their potential benefits.
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15
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Nazari M, Faghfoori Z, As’Habi A, Arab A, Hajianfar H. Probiotic consumption and inflammatory markers in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1807566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazari
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Faghfoori
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atefeh As’Habi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Arman Arab
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hajianfar
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Agans RT, Giles GE, Goodson MS, Karl JP, Leyh S, Mumy KL, Racicot K, Soares JW. Evaluation of Probiotics for Warfighter Health and Performance. Front Nutr 2020; 7:70. [PMID: 32582752 PMCID: PMC7296105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic industry continues to grow in both usage and the diversity of products available. Scientific evidence supports clinical use of some probiotic strains for certain gastrointestinal indications. Although much less is known about the impact of probiotics in healthy populations, there is increasing consumer and scientific interest in using probiotics to promote physical and psychological health and performance. Military men and women are a unique healthy population that must maintain physical and psychological health in order to ensure mission success. In this narrative review, we examine the evidence regarding probiotics and candidate probiotics for physical and/or cognitive benefits in healthy adults within the context of potential applications for military personnel. The reviewed evidence suggests potential for certain strains to induce biophysiological changes that may offer physical and/or cognitive health and performance benefits in military populations. However, many knowledge gaps exist, effects on health and performance are generally not widespread among the strains examined, and beneficial findings are generally limited to single studies with small sample sizes. Multiple studies with the same strains and using similar endpoints are needed before definitive recommendations for use can be made. We conclude that, at present, there is not compelling scientific evidence to support the use of any particular probiotic(s) to promote physical or psychological performance in healthy military personnel. However, plausibility for physical and psychological health and performance benefits remains, and additional research is warranted. In particular, research in military cohorts would aid in assessing the value of probiotics for supporting physical and psychological health and performance under the unique demands required of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Agans
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- Soldier Performance Optimization Directorate, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Michael S Goodson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Samantha Leyh
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Karen L Mumy
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kenneth Racicot
- Soldier Performance Optimization Directorate, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization Directorate, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
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17
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Kaczmarczyk M, Śliwa-Dominiak J, Maciejewska D, Janda K, Stachowska E, Łoniewska B, Malinowski D, Borecki K, Marlicz W, Łoniewski I. The Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in Healthy People-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061788. [PMID: 32521799 PMCID: PMC7357153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of probiotic/synbiotic formulations to counteract cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in healthy people not receiving adjunctive medication. The systematic search (PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase) until 1 August 2019 was performed for randomized controlled trials in >20 adult patients. Random-effect meta-analysis subgroup and meta-regression analysis of co-primary (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glucose, insulin, body weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, and blood pressure) and secondary outcomes (uric acid, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-PAI-1, fibrinogen, and any variable related to inflammation/endothelial dysfunction). We included 61 trials (5422 persons). The mean time of probiotic administration was 67.01 ± 38.72 days. Most of probiotic strains were of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. The other strains were Streptococci, Enterococci, and Pediococci. The daily probiotic dose varied between 106 and 1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/gram. Probiotics/synbiotics counteracted CMR factors (endpoint data on BMI: standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.156, p = 0.006 and difference in means (DM) = -0.45, p = 0.00 and on WC: SMD = -0.147, p = 0.05 and DM = -1.21, p = 0.02; change scores on WC: SMD = -0.166, p = 0.04 and DM = -1.35, p = 0.03) in healthy persons. Overweight/obese healthy people might additionally benefit from reducing total cholesterol concentration (change scores on WC in overweight/obese: SMD: -0.178, p = 0.049). Poor quality of probiotic-related trials make systematic reviews and meta-analyses difficult to conduct and draw definite conclusions. "Gold standard" methodology in probiotic studies awaits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Borecki
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (I.Ł.); Tel.: +48-91-425-3231 (W.M.)
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (I.Ł.); Tel.: +48-91-425-3231 (W.M.)
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18
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Reduction in the Choking Phenomenon in Elite Diving Athletes Through Changes in Gut Microbiota Induced by Yogurt Containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12: A Quasi Experimental Study. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040597. [PMID: 32326047 PMCID: PMC7232393 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aims of this study are as follows: (1) to understand the relationship between gut microbiota and the choking phenomenon in diving athletes, and (2) to regulate the gut microbiota in diving athletes by drinking yogurt containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and observe changes in the choking phenomenon in diving athletes. Methods: Experiment 1: A total of 20 diving athletes were tested in low- and high-pressure situations. Gut microbiota (n = 18) composition was then determined and differences in the gut microbiota composition among diving athletes who presented choking vs. no choking were identified. Experiment 2: A total of 16 divers who presented choking were divided into a high yogurt group (n = 6) and a low yogurt group (n = 10) for 15 days. Results: (1) The content of Veillonellaceae in divers who presented choking was significantly higher when compared to divers who did not present choking (p < 0.05). Bifidobacteriaceae (r = −0.52, p < 0.05) and Lactobacillaceae (r = −0.66, p < 0.05) were negatively correlated with the choking index. (2) During experiment 2, the average daily intake of the high yogurt group was 611.78 ± 94.94 mL and the average daily intake of the low yogurt group was 338 ± 71.45 mL and the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was significantly higher in the high yogurt group than in the low yogurt group. After the experiment, the choking index in the high yogurt group became significantly lower than that of the low yogurt group (z = −3.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The intake of yogurt containing B. animalis subsp. lactis can increase the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae in elite diving athletes and their performance under high pressure. Hence, gut microbiota may affect the choking phenomenon in elite diving athletes.
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Calero CQ, Rincón EO, Marqueta PM. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: useful for athletes and active individuals? A systematic review. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:135-149. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to synthesise available knowledge on the main health effects associated with the use of probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics in athletes and active individuals, including their effects on the immune system, oxidative stress, the gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, as well as other possible clinical outcomes. A systematic and comprehensive search in electronic databases, including Web of Science (WOS, Scielo), PubMed-MEDLINE, Biblioteca virtual de la Salud (LILACS, IBECS), EBSCO (Academic Search Complete CINAHL; SPORTDiscus) and Cochrane Library, focused on generic articles about probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics and their functionality and effects on human health. The search process was completed using the keywords: ‘probiotics’, ‘prebiotics’, ‘synbiotics’, ‘athletes’ and ‘health’. The only exclusion criterion was experimental studies with animals. A total of 31 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The vast majority were experimental studies about probiotics and health effects (n=28), while only a few demonstrated the results of consuming prebiotics and/or synbiotics (n=3) in athletes and active individuals. Although most of the studies reported positive health effects in athletes and active individuals, there is still no substantial scientific evidence to suggest that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics play an important role in improving an athlete´s performance. These studies are currently limited in number and quality, hence it is necessary to improve the selection of functional biomarkers and methodological approaches, as well as determining the specific nutritional supplement and exercise doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.D. Quero Calero
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - E. Ortega Rincón
- Immunophysiology Group, University Institute of Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - P. Manonelles Marqueta
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107, Murcia, Spain
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Longitudinal Study of Body Composition and Energy Expenditure in Overweight or Obese Young Adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5305. [PMID: 32210340 PMCID: PMC7093463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an aerobic training program with a strength training program on body composition and energy expenditure in overweight or obese (29.06 ± 3.49 kg/m2) young adults (21.96 ± 1.90 years). Subjects (N = 109) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group (CG), an aerobic training (AT) group and a strength training (ST) group. Training took place over twelve weeks comprising three sessions per week with each session lasting 60 to 90 minutes. Before and after the program, weight, height, body mass index, lean mass percentage and fat mass percentage were evaluated. In addition, The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used to estimate energy expenditure. The results of both aerobic training and strength training produced statistically significant improvements in weight (AT-CG = −2.892 kg; ST-CG = −2.986 kg); BMI (AT-CG = −1.075 kg/m2; ST-CG = −1.118 kg/m2); total body fat (AT-CG = −1529.172 g; ST-CG = −763.815); and total body fat percentage (AT-CG = −1.421%; AT-ST = −0.855%). These two exercise prescription models were therefore useful in reducing overweight and obesity, which could have an impact on improving the health and quality of life of individuals with these characteristics.
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Seo YG, Noh HM, Kim SY. Weight loss effects of circuit training interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1642-1650. [PMID: 31322317 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to assess the weight loss effects of circuit training interventions in adults. A computerized search was conducted using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and EMBASE online databases. The analysis was restricted to randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of circuit training interventions on body weight and body mass index in adults aged 18 years or older. Meta-analyses were conducted using the random-effect model to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Nine randomized controlled trials (837 participants) were included. Significant intervention effects were identified for body weight (WMD = -3.81 kg, 95% CI -5.60 to -2.02) and body mass index (WMD = -1.77 kg/m2 , 95% CI -2.49 to -1.04). Subgroup analysis by body mass index status showed that the intervention effect was significant only in participants with obesity or overweight (obesity: WMD = -5.15 kg, 95% CI -8.81 to -1.50 and overweight: WMD = -3.89 kg, 95% CI -7.00 to -0.77, respectively) but not in those with normal weight. Current evidence suggests that circuit training effectively reduces body weight and body mass index in adults with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Gyun Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Noh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mohr AE, Basile AJ, Crawford MS, Sweazea KL, Carpenter KC. Probiotic Supplementation Has a Limited Effect on Circulating Immune and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 120:548-564. [PMID: 31648930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A main mechanism of action proposed for oral probiotic supplementation is immunomodulation, which is expected to impart health benefits in the host by influencing circulating immune and inflammatory factors. To date, the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation for immunomodulation in healthy adults without disease has not been evaluated in a systematic review. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on circulating immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults compared to placebo. METHODS PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, and Cochrane databases were searched for English articles up to May 15, 2019. Additional papers were identified by checking references of relevant papers. Only randomized controlled trials studying the administration of probiotic supplements compared to placebo on immune and inflammatory markers in healthy adults (aged 18 to 65 years), without acute or chronic disease, and in generally good health were examined. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by two authors using predefined search terms and restrictions/filters. The methodologic quality of each study was appraised using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library Quality Rating Worksheet and the body of evidence was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Grade Definitions and Conclusion Grading Table. RESULTS Eighteen articles, including 819 subjects, met eligibility criteria and were included in the present systematic review. Five articles were rated neutral in quality and 13 were rated high in quality. Eight articles reported a significant effect on immune and/or inflammatory parameters including increases in natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and decreases in proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Based on the 18 articles extracted in this systemic review, probiotic supplementation was concluded to have a limited effect on immune and inflammatory markers in healthy adults. Overall, the evidence was heterogenous, precluding a meta-analysis, and difficult to aggregate and conclude on effect size. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO ref CRD42018110856.
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Supplementation of Probiotics and Its Effects on Physically Active Individuals and Athletes: Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:481-492. [PMID: 30676130 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the effects of probiotic supplementation on physically active individuals. The participants, interventions, comparisons, outcome and study design inclusion criteria were (a) studies involving healthy adults or older subjects of both sexes who did physical exercise (including athletes and physically active individuals), (b) interventions with probiotics, (c) inclusion of a control group, (d) outcomes not previously defined, and (e) clinical trials and randomized clinical trials, with no language or date restrictions. The search was conducted in the following scientific databases: MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, Scopus, and Lilacs. Search terms were "Probiotics" OR "Prebiotics" OR "Microbiota" AND "Exercise" OR "Athletes." The articles were first screened by title and abstract by two independent reviewers and disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Data were extracted independently by the same two reviewers; results were extracted in duplicate and then compared to avoid errors. A total of 544 articles were retrieved and 24 were included. A total of 1,680 patients were included, most of them being male (n = 1,134, 67.5%), with a mean age of 30.9 ± 6.1 years. Following probiotic supplementation, positive effects have been reported for several outcomes including respiratory tract infection, immunologic markers, and gastrointestinal symptoms in both athletes and nonathletes. However, published studies have distinct protocols and measured outcomes, and some of them have small sample size and failed to prove beneficial effect on probiotic supplementation, leading to inconclusive results for standardized supplementation protocols.
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Chuang HL, Hsieh PS, Ho HH, Chen WL, Chiu YS, Huang CC. In Vivo Ergogenic Properties of the Bifidobacterium longum OLP-01 Isolated from a Weightlifting Gold Medalist. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092003. [PMID: 31450615 PMCID: PMC6770164 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, probiotics of human origin have shown superior results and performance compared to probiotics from plant or dairy sources, in both in vitro and animal studies. Towards this end, the current study was conducted to explore the ergogenic properties of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum OLP-01 isolated from the intestinal microbiome of the gold medalist from the 2008 Beijing Olympics women’s 48 kg weightlifting competition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and orally administered OLP-01 for 4 weeks at 0 (vehicle), 2.05 × 109 (OLP-01-1X), 4.10 × 109 (OLP-01-2X), and 1.03 × 1010 (OLP-01-5X) CFU/kg/day. Physical performance tests including grip strength and endurance time were measured, with OLP-01 supplementation dose-dependently elevating grip strength and endurance. The anti-fatigue activity levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured after an acute exercise challenge, and OLP-01 was found to significantly decrease lactate, ammonia, and CK levels. OLP-01 treatment was also found to significantly increase the resting levels of both hepatic and muscular glycogen, an indicator of energy storage. Supplementation by OLP-01 showed no subchronic toxic effects while supporting many health-promoting, performance-improving, and fatigue-ameliorating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Sports Training Science-Athletics, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shuo Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan.
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Koutnikova H, Genser B, Monteiro-Sepulveda M, Faurie JM, Rizkalla S, Schrezenmeir J, Clément K. Impact of bacterial probiotics on obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related variables: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e017995. [PMID: 30928918 PMCID: PMC6475231 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effect of oral intake of bacterial probiotics on 15 variables related to obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, EMBASE and COCHRANE from 1990 to June 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (≥14 days) excluding hypercholesterolaemia, alcoholic liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome and children <3 years. RESULTS One hundred and five articles met inclusion criteria, representing 6826 subjects. In overweight but not obese subjects, probiotics induced improvements in: body weight (k=25 trials, d=-0.94 kg mean difference, 95% CI -1.17 to -0.70, I²=0.0%), body mass index (k=32, d=-0.55 kg/m², 95% CI -0.86 to -0.23, I²=91.9%), waist circumference (k=13, d=-1.31 cm, 95% CI -1.79 to -0.83, I²=14.5%), body fat mass (k=11, d=-0.96 kg, 95% CI -1.21 to -0.71, I²=0.0%) and visceral adipose tissue mass (k=5, d=-6.30 cm², 95% CI -9.05 to -3.56, I²=0.0%). In type 2 diabetics, probiotics reduced fasting glucose (k=19, d=-0.66 mmol/L, 95% CI -1.00 to -0.31, I²=27.7%), glycated haemoglobin (k=13, d=-0.28 pp, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.11, I²=54.1%), insulin (k=13, d=-1.66 mU/L, 95% CI -2.70 to -0.61, I²=37.8%) and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (k=10, d=-1.05 pp, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.61, I²=18.2%). In subjects with fatty liver diseases, probiotics reduced alanine (k=12, d=-10.2 U/L, 95% CI -14.3 to -6.0, I²=93.50%) and aspartate aminotransferases (k=10, d=-9.9 U/L, 95% CI -14.1 to -5.8, I²=96.1%). These improvements were mostly observed with bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum), Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii) containing mixtures and influenced by trials conducted in one country. CONCLUSIONS The intake of probiotics resulted in minor but consistent improvements in several metabolic risk factors in subjects with metabolic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016033273.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Genser
- BGStats Consulting, Vienna, Austria
- Mannheimer Institut fur Public Health, Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Milena Monteiro-Sepulveda
- Nutrition Department, Pitie-Salpêtrière hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Salwa Rizkalla
- Nutrition Department, Pitie-Salpêtrière hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Schrezenmeir
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Universitatsmedizin, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Karine Clément
- Nutrition Department, Pitie-Salpêtrière hospital, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), NutriOmiCs team, UMR S 1269, Paris, France
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Reimers AK, Knapp G, Reimers CD. Effects of Exercise on the Resting Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E503. [PMID: 30513777 PMCID: PMC6306777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting heart rate (RHR) is positively related with mortality. Regular exercise causes a reduction in RHR. The aim of the systematic review was to assess whether regular exercise or sports have an impact on the RHR in healthy subjects by taking different types of sports into account. A systematic literature research was conducted in six databases for the identification of controlled trials dealing with the effects of exercise or sports on the RHR in healthy subjects was performed. The studies were summarized by meta-analyses. The literature search analyzed 191 studies presenting 215 samples fitting the eligibility criteria. 121 trials examined the effects of endurance training, 43 strength training, 15 combined endurance and strength training, 5 additional school sport programs. 21 yoga, 5 tai chi, 3 qigong, and 2 unspecified types of sports. All types of sports decreased the RHR. However, only endurance training and yoga significantly decreased the RHR in both sexes. The exercise-induced decreases of RHR were positively related with the pre-interventional RHR and negatively with the average age of the participants. From this, we can conclude that exercise-especially endurance training and yoga-decreases RHR. This effect may contribute to a reduction in all-cause mortality due to regular exercise or sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technical University of Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Guido Knapp
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, Sapp PA, Toy AM, Woods CA, Johnson KD. Effects of Probiotic ( Bacillus subtilis DE111) Supplementation on Immune Function, Hormonal Status, and Physical Performance in Division I Baseball Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030070. [PMID: 30049931 PMCID: PMC6162611 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation (Bacillus subtilis DE111; 1 billion CFU∙d−1) on markers of immune and hormonal status in collegiate male athletes following 12 weeks of offseason training. Twenty-five Division I male baseball athletes (20.1 ± 1.5 years, 85.5 ± 10.5 kg, 184.7 ± 6.3 cm) participated in this double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Participants were randomly assigned to a probiotic (PRO; n = 13) or placebo (PL; n = 12) group. Pre- and post-training, all athletes provided resting blood and saliva samples. Circulating concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, TNF-α, IL-10, and zonulin were examined in the blood, while salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and SIgM were assayed as indicators of mucosal immunity. Separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed on all measures collected post intervention. No differences in measures of body composition or physical performance were seen between groups. TNF-α concentrations were significantly (p = 0.024) lower in PRO compared to PL, while there were no significant group differences in any other biochemical markers examined. A main effect for time was observed (p < 0.05) for increased testosterone (p = 0.045), IL-10 (p = 0.048), SIgA rate (p = 0.031), and SIgM rate (p = 0.002) following offseason training. These data indicate that probiotic supplementation had no effect on body composition, performance, hormonal status, or gut permeability, while it may attenuate circulating TNF-α in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - David Bender
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - William C Vantrease
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Philip A Sapp
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Ann M Toy
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Clint A Woods
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Kent D Johnson
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
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