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Yin M, Li H, Zhang B, Li Y. Comment on "Exercise Snacks and Other Forms of Intermittent Physical Activity for Improving Health in Adults and Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological, Experimental and Qualitative Studies". Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02080-7. [PMID: 39037574 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yin
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hansen Li
- Department of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Boyi Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Health Technology Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China.
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.
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Jones MD, Clifford BK, Stamatakis E, Gibbs MT. Response to Comment on "Exercise Snacks and Other Forms of Intermittent Physical Activity for Improving Health in Adults and Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological, Experimental and Qualitative Studies". Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02081-6. [PMID: 39031222 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Jones
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Briana K Clifford
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mitchell T Gibbs
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Yin M, Deng S, Chen Z, Zhang B, Zheng H, Bai M, Li H, Zhang X, Deng J, Liu Q, Little JP, Li Y. Exercise snacks are a time-efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for improving cardiorespiratory fitness but not maximal fat oxidation in inactive adults: a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:920-932. [PMID: 38569204 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to determine how stair-climbing-based exercise snacks (ES) compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and (2) to explore whether ES could improve maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) in inactive adults. Healthy, young, inactive adults (n: 42, age: 21.6 ± 2.3 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 3.6 kg·m-2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): 33.6 ± 6.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly assigned to ES, MICT, or Control. ES (n = 14) and MICT (n = 13) groups performed three sessions per week over 6 weeks, while the control group (n = 15) maintained their habitual lifestyle. ES involved 3 × 30 s "all-out" stair-climbing (6 flight, 126 steps, and 18.9 m total height) bouts separated by >1 h rest, and MICT involved 40 min × 60%-70% HRmax stationary cycling. A significant group × time interaction was found for relative VO2peak (p < 0.05) with ES significantly increasing by 7% compared to baseline (MD = 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI = 1.2, 3.7), Cohen's d = 0.44), while MICT had no significant effects (MD = 1.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 (-1.1, 3.2), Cohen's d = 0.17), and Control experienced a significant decrease (MD = -1.7 mL·kg-1·min-1 (-2.9, -0.4), Cohen's d = 0.26). MFO was unchanged among the three groups (group × time interaction, p > 0.05 for all). Stair climbing-based ES are a time-efficient alternative to MICT for improving CRF among inactive adults, but the tested ES intervention appears to have limited potential to increase MFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yin
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengji Deng
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyi Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Health Technology Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huakun Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, China
| | - Mingyang Bai
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, China
| | - Hansen Li
- Department of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jianfeng Deng
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, China
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Darvish S, Mahoney SA, Venkatasubramanian R, Rossman MJ, Clayton ZS, Murray KO. Socioeconomic status as a potential mediator of arterial aging in marginalized ethnic and racial groups: current understandings and future directions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:194-222. [PMID: 38813611 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00188.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the United States. However, disparities in CVD-related morbidity and mortality exist as marginalized racial and ethnic groups are generally at higher risk for CVDs (Black Americans, Indigenous People, South and Southeast Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders) and/or development of traditional CVD risk factors (groups above plus Hispanics/Latinos) relative to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). In this comprehensive review, we outline emerging evidence suggesting these groups experience accelerated arterial dysfunction, including vascular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, a nontraditional CVD risk factor that may predict risk of CVDs in these groups with advancing age. Adverse exposures to social determinants of health (SDOH), specifically lower socioeconomic status (SES), are exacerbated in most of these groups (except South Asians-higher SES) and may be a potential mediator of accelerated arterial aging. SES negatively influences the ability of marginalized racial and ethnic groups to meet aerobic exercise guidelines, the first-line strategy to improve arterial function, due to increased barriers, such as time and financial constraints, lack of motivation, facility access, and health education, to performing conventional aerobic exercise. Thus, identifying alternative interventions to conventional aerobic exercise that 1) overcome these common barriers and 2) target the biological mechanisms of aging to improve arterial function may be an effective, alternative method to aerobic exercise to ameliorate accelerated arterial aging and reduce CVD risk. Importantly, dedicated efforts are needed to assess these strategies in randomized-controlled clinical trials in these marginalized racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Darvish
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Sophia A Mahoney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Kevin O Murray
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Jones MD, Clifford BK, Stamatakis E, Gibbs MT. Exercise Snacks and Other Forms of Intermittent Physical Activity for Improving Health in Adults and Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological, Experimental and Qualitative Studies. Sports Med 2024; 54:813-835. [PMID: 38190022 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Exercise snacks, including other variants of brief intermittent bouts, are an emerging approach for increasing physical activity, although their operationalisation is unstandardised and their health benefits remain unclear. This scoping review aimed to explore characterisations of exercise snacks and summarise their effects on health in adults and older adults. Clinical trial registers (clinicaltrials.gov and ANZCTR) and electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PsycINFO) were searched from inception to 1 June 2023, for ongoing and published studies of exercise snacks. Backwards and forwards citation tracking was also conducted to identify additional eligible studies. Studies were included if they investigated exercise snacks-brief intermittent bouts of physical activity spread across the day-in adults or older adults. We included epidemiological, experimental, quasi-experimental and qualitative studies that examined the effect of exercise snacks on any health outcomes or described barriers to and enablers of these approaches. Thirty-two studies were included (7 trial registers, 1 published protocol, 3 epidemiological studies and 20 trials reported across 21 studies). Three main terms were used to describe exercise snacks: exercise snack(ing), snacktivity and vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA). Participants were predominantly physically inactive but otherwise healthy adults or older adults. Exercise snacks were feasible and appeared safe. Epidemiological studies showed steep, near-linear associations of VILPA with reduced all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality as well as reduced incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and cancer. The limited trial evidence showed exercise snacks had modest effects on improving cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas effects on physical function, mood, quality of life and other health outcomes were equivocal. In conclusion, exercise snacks appear feasible and safe for adults and older adults and may have promising health benefits, but this is mostly based on findings from a limited number of small quasi-experimental studies, small randomised trials or qualitative studies. More studies are needed in individuals with chronic disease. This emerging physical activity approach may have appeal for individuals who find structured exercise unfeasible.Registration https://osf.io/qhu24/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Jones
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Briana K Clifford
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mitchell T Gibbs
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Jenkins DG, Devin JL, Weston KL, Jenkins JG, Skinner TL. Benefits beyond cardiometabolic health: the potential of frequent high intensity 'exercise snacks' to improve outcomes for those living with and beyond cancer. J Physiol 2023; 601:4691-4697. [PMID: 37732418 DOI: 10.1113/jp284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to consistently elicit rapid and significant adaptations in a number of physiological systems, across many different healthy and clinical populations. In addition, there is increasing interest in how some acute, yet transient responses to high intensity exercise potentially reduce the risks of particular diseases. Recent work has shown that discrete, brief bouts of high intensity exercise (termed 'exercise snacks') can improve glucose control and vascular health and thus counter the negative cardiometabolic consequences of prolonged, uninterrupted periods of inactivity. In this brief review, we advance the case, using evidence available from pre-clinical studies in the exercise oncology literature, that brief, frequently completed bouts of high intensity exercise embedded within an individual's overall daily and weekly physical activity schedule, may transiently impact the tumour microenvironment and improve the health outcomes for those who have been diagnosed and treated for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Jenkins
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - James L Devin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph G Jenkins
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Shariffi B, Lloyd IN, Cessac ME, Harper JL, Limberg JK. Reproducibility and diurnal variation in middle cerebral artery blood velocity in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:692-705. [PMID: 36951536 PMCID: PMC10148902 DOI: 10.1113/ep090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We sought to establish between-day reproducibility in estimates of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in young, healthy male and female adults in tightly controlled experimental conditions. What is the main finding and its importance? Measures of MCAv assessed during morning, afternoon and evening hours are reproducible between days. There is diurnal variation in CVR, with values being highest during the evening compared with the morning. Greater diurnal variation in CVR is associated with more efficient sleep and greater nocturnal blood pressure dipping. These data enhance our understanding of modulators of MCAv and CVR. ABSTRACT Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used to assess cerebral blood velocity (CBV) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). Assessments of TCD reproducibility are limited, and few include multiple within-day measurements. We sought to establish reproducibility of CBV and CVR in healthy adults during three time periods (morning, afternoon and evening). We hypothesized that CBV and CVR measured at the same time of day are reproducible between days. We also hypothesized that CBV and CVR exhibit diurnal variation, with measurements being higher in the evening compared with morning/afternoon hours. Twelve adults [six male and six female, 27 years (95% CI, 22-31 years)] completed three measurements (morning, afternoon and evening) on two separate days in controlled conditions (e.g., meals, activity and sleep). Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv, TCD) was measured continuously at rest and during two CVR tests (end-expiratory apnoea and carbogen inhalation). Intraclass correlation coefficients for resting MCAv showed moderate to good reproducibility, which did not differ between morning, afternoon and evening (0.87, 0.56 and 0.67, respectively; P > 0.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients for peak MCAv during apnoea (0.80, 0.46 and 0.65, respectively; P > 0.05) and minute 2 of carbogen inhalation (0.81, 0.74 and 0.73, respectively; P > 0.05) were also not different from morning compared with afternoon/evening. Time of day had no effect on resting MCAv (F = 0.69, P = 0.51, ƞp 2 = 0.06) or the peak response to apnoea (F = 1.00, P = 0.39, ƞp 2 = 0.08); however, peak MCAv during carbogen breathing exhibited diurnal variation, with highest values in the evening (F = 3.41, P = 0.05, ƞp 2 = 0.24). Measures of CBV and CVR assessed via TCD during morning, afternoon and evening hours are reproducible between days. There is diurnal variation in the MCAv response to carbogen exposure, with CVR being highest during evening compared with morning hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Shariffi
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Iman N. Lloyd
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Mikala E. Cessac
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Harper
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacqueline K. Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Superior cardiometabolic and cellular adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21187. [PMID: 36476806 PMCID: PMC9729616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare in rats the cardiometabolic and cellular adaptative responses to 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performed in a single (1xHIIT) or three shorter daily sessions (3xHIIT). Male Wistar rats were assigned to untrained (n = 10), 1xHIIT (n = 10), and 3xHIIT (n = 10) groups. Both HIIT groups performed 15 min of a treadmill run five times per week for 8 weeks. The 1xHIIT performed single daily sessions of 15 min, and the 3xHIIT performed three daily sessions of 5 min with an interval of 4 h between sessions. Resting VO2 and VO2max were measured using a metabolic chamber; blood pressure and heart rate were measured by plethysmography; body composition was estimated by DEXA; Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed; after euthanasia, hearts, gastrocnemius, and visceral fat were harvested for analysis of cardiac function, histology, and morphology. Mitochondrial densities of the gastrocnemius and left ventricle muscles were determined by electron microscopy. 3xHIIT induced similar positive adaptative responses to 1xHIIT on resting VO2 and VO2max, cardiac function, and mitochondria density. 3xHIIT was superior to 1xHIIT in reducing visceral fat weight and adipocyte size and improving insulin tolerance. Multiple short daily bouts of HIIT may be superior to single HIIT daily sessions in improving cardiometabolic and cellular adaptations in rats.
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Short-Term High-Intensity Circuit Training Does Not Modify Resting Heart Rate Variability in Adults during the COVID-19 Confinement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127367. [PMID: 35742615 PMCID: PMC9224508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objective: The quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increased sedentary behavior, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances in the population favoring the installation of alterations in the cardiovascular system. In this sense, physical exercise has widely been suggested as an efficient treatment to improve health. The current study determined the impact of short-term high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on resting heart rate variability (HRV) in adults. Methods: Nine healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.4 yr.) performed 36 HICT sessions (3 times per day; 3 days per week) and four participants (age: 29.5 ± 1.7 yr.) were assigned to a control group. The HICT consisted of 12 min of whole-body exercises performed during a workout. Twenty-four hours before and after the exercise program, HRV parameters were recorded. Results: The heart rate exercise during the last session trended to be lower when compared with the first HICT session (p = 0.07, d = 0.39, 95% CI = −13.50, 0.72). The interval training did not modify the HRV time (Mean NN, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50) and frequency (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, total power) domain parameters. Conclusion: Thirty-six HICT sessions did not provide enough stimuli to modify the resting HRV in adults during social isolation elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the data suggested that exercise protocol did not induce cardio-vagal adaptations.
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Islam H, Gibala MJ, Little JP. Exercise Snacks: A Novel Strategy to Improve Cardiometabolic Health. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:31-37. [PMID: 34669625 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We define exercise snacks as isolated ≤1-min bouts of vigorous exercise performed periodically throughout the day. We hypothesize that exercise snacks are a feasible, well-tolerated, and time-efficient approach to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce the negative impact of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health. Efficacy has been demonstrated in small proof-of-concept studies. Additional research should investigate this novel physical activity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
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Taylor FC, Pinto AJ, Maniar N, Dunstan DW, Green DJ. The Acute Effects of Prolonged Uninterrupted Sitting on Vascular Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:67-76. [PMID: 34334722 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between prolonged sitting and vascular function in healthy individuals and those with metabolic disturbances and to investigate the acute effects, on vascular function, of interventions that target interrupting prolonged sitting. DESIGN This is a systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched from inception to 4 December 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized crossover trials, quasi-randomized trials, and parallel group trials where vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) was assessed before and after an acute period of sedentary behavior was used in this study. RESULTS Prolonged sitting resulted in a significant decrease in the standardized mean change (SMC) for lower-limb FMD at the 120-min (SMC = -0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.32 to -0.38) and 180-min (SMC = -1.18, 95% CI = -1.69 to -0.66) time points. A similar pattern was observed for lower-limb shear rate. No significant changes were observed for any outcomes in the upper limb. Subgroup analysis indicated that prolonged sitting decreased lower-limb FMD in healthy adults (SMC = -1.33, 95% CI = -1.89 to -0.78) who had higher a priori vascular endothelial function, but not in those with metabolic and vascular dysfunction (SMC = -0.51, 95% CI = -1.18 to 0.15). Interrupting sitting with active interruptions increased the standardized mean difference for FMD, relative to prolonged sitting, but it was not statistically significant (0.13, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Lower-limb vascular function is progressively impaired as a consequence of prolonged sitting, up to 180 min. A similar trend was not observed in upper-limb vascular function. Subgroup analysis indicated that prolonged sitting negatively affects healthy populations, a finding not observed in those with metabolic disturbances. Regularly interrupting sitting with activity may be beneficial for those with metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana J Pinto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Daniel J Green
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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