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Duffeck MR, Bandara AY, Weerasooriya DK, Collins AA, Jensen PJ, Kuldau GA, Del Ponte EM, Esker PD. Fusarium Head Blight of Small Grains in Pennsylvania: Unravelling Species Diversity, Toxin Types, Growth, and Triazole Sensitivity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:794-802. [PMID: 34491794 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) globally. Recent changes in the trichothecene (toxin) types in the North American FHB pathogens support the need for continued surveillance. In this study, 461 isolates were obtained from symptomatic spikes of wheat, spelt, barley, and rye crops during 2018 and 2019. These were all identified to species and toxin types using molecular-based approaches. An additional set of 77 F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering crop residues during winter 2012 were molecularly identified to toxin types. A subset of 31 F. graminearum isolates (15 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [15ADON] and 16 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [3ADON]) were assessed for mycelial growth, macroconidia, perithecia, and ascospore production, and sensitivity to two triazoles. Ninety percent of isolates obtained from the symptomatic spikes (n = 418) belonged to F. graminearum, with four other species found at a lower frequency (n = 39). The F. graminearum isolates from symptomatic spikes were mainly of the 15ADON (95%), followed by 3ADON (4%), nivalenol (0.7%), and NX-2 (0.3%) toxin types. All F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering residue were of the 15ADON type. The toxin types could not be differentiated based on the multivariate analysis of growth and reproduction traits. All isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole and metconazole fungicides in vitro. This study confirms the dominance of F. graminearum and suggests ecological and environmental factors, to be further identified, that lead to similar composition of toxin types in the northern United States. Our results may be useful to assess the sustainability of FHB management practices and provide a baseline for future FHB surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra R Duffeck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Y Bandara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Dilooshi K Weerasooriya
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Alyssa A Collins
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
- Southeast Agricultural Research and Extension Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Manheim 17545, U.S.A
| | - Philip J Jensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen A Kuldau
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paul D Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
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Crippin T, Limay-Rios V, Renaud J, Schaafsma A, Sumarah M, Miller J. Fusarium graminearum populations from maize and wheat in Ontario, Canada. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ontario has suffered widespread epidemics of Fusarium Head Blight or Gibberella Ear Rot roughly every five years since the late 1970s. We undertook a study of the chemotype and genotype of Fusarium graminearum isolated from 1,800 samples of wheat and maize collected across the cereal growing areas over three years. 468 isolates obtained were genotyped and 60 were selected for chemotyping. The dominant genotype has remained the native 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) population. Approximately 20% of the strains tested were of the native chemotype producing only 15-ADON and one strain producing solely 7α-hydroxy,15-deacetylcalonectrin (3ANX) was observed. The majority of the 15-ADON strains were also capable of producing 3ANX. There was consistent mismatch between chemotype and genotype. This reflects the considerable plasticity in the genes associated with trichothecene biosynthesis documented in several Fusarium species. Although there is a large gradient in climate from southern to eastern Ontario, we did not detect differences in the distribution of the chemotypes. Grain from which strains were isolated for chemotyping were analysed. Approximately half of the 53 samples had >2 mg/kg deoxynivalenol with a maximum of 400 mg/kg and median of 14 mg/kg. 7α-hydroxy,3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin (NX toxin) was detected in three of these samples at an average of 4.5 mg/kg. The stability of the F. graminearum genotype in Ontario can be explained by several factors. Since 1980, the area planted to maize has remained stable, however, the area given to wheat has about doubled. Minimum tillage was rare in 1980 but it is now the norm. Increased crop residue on the soil has greatly increased the biomass of ascocarps that overwinter. Overall, these data demonstrate the need to monitor the mycotoxins in Fusarium populations and for the need to consider the potential toxicity of NX in the feed supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Crippin
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - V. Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - J.B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - A.W. Schaafsma
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - M.W. Sumarah
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - J.D. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Tittlemier S, Blagden R, Chan J, McMillan T, Pleskach K, Izydorczyk M. Effects of processing whole oats on the analysis and fate of mycotoxins and ergosterol. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Grinding and dividing equipment were evaluated for their ability to comminute and divide ground oats in preparation for mycotoxin analysis. Four different grinders, using various settings, were evaluated for their ability to comminute oats and produce small particle sizes. Rotor beater type grinders produced the more desirable finer ground samples as compared to burr type mills. Four different division methods (manual scooping, rotary sample division, and two designs of gravity-fed dividers) were assessed for their ability to produce sub-samples with consistent particle size fraction distributions. No practical differences were observed on the particle size fraction distribution of test portions of finely ground oats produced using the four different division methods; therefore, no effects on mycotoxin analysis were anticipated. The effects of processing naturally contaminated whole oats on mycotoxin concentrations was also assessed. Laboratory scale dehulling, steaming, and kilning were examined. Dehulling showed the greatest impact and removed 60-100% of various Fusarium- and Alternaria-produced mycotoxins, as well as ergosterol, present on the naturally contaminated whole oats. Different from the other analytes studied, only 48% of the mycotoxin plant transformation product deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was present in hulls and removed during dehulling. Steaming and kilning appeared to increase ergosterol in groats, as well as decrease deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3- glucoside. The observed inconsistent changes in concentrations of tentoxin after heat treatment of groats appeared to be due to sample heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - R. Blagden
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - J. Chan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - T.L. McMillan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - K. Pleskach
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - M.S. Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
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Limay-Rios V, Schaafsma AW. Effect of Prothioconazole Application Timing on Fusarium Mycotoxin Content in Maize Grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4809-4819. [PMID: 29681149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2010 and 2011, studies to determine the optimal timing of prothioconazole application (200 g a.i./ha) for reducing Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in grain were conducted in controlled replicated experiments under small-plot mist-irrigated experiments and in field-scale experiments using two hybrids susceptible to F. gramineaerum infection. A significant decrease in total deoxynivalenol (DON) [DON + 15-acetyl-DON + DON 3-glucoside + 3-acetyl-DON] and zearalenone concentrations was observed when fungicide was sprayed at VT (tasseling) and R1 (silking; P < 0.01) followed by applications at V18 (18th leaf) and R2 (blister; P < 0.05) stages, corresponding to silk completely emerged and fully elongated and to silk emergence and browning, respectively. No reduction in Fusarium graminearum toxins was found after silk senescence (R3 or milk) stage. Moniliformin, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, HT-2 and T-2 toxins were also found in small quantities, and no reduction was observed after treatment ( P > 0.05). Mean reduction (±s.d.) of 59 ± 20% and 57 ± 38% of total DON and zearalenone was observed at full silk elongation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Limay-Rios
- University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus , 120 Main Street East , Ridgetown , Ontario N0P 2C0 , Canada
| | - Arthur W Schaafsma
- University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus , 120 Main Street East , Ridgetown , Ontario N0P 2C0 , Canada
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Edwards SG. Impact of agronomic and climatic factors on the mycotoxin content of harvested oats in the United Kingdom. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:2230-2241. [PMID: 28869743 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1372639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in UK oats over three seasons (2006-8). One hundred oat samples were collected each year at harvest, together with agronomic details, and analysed for 10 Fusarium mycotoxins. The incidence and concentration of most Fusarium mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were relatively low in oats compared with values previously reported for wheat. HT-2 toxin (HT2) and T-2 toxin (T2) levels were relatively high with an overall combined (HT2+T2) mean of 450 μg kg-1 for 2006-8. Data were combined with a previous dataset collected from 2002-5 to determine the effects of agronomic practices and climate. There was a negative relationship with late summer rainfall, indicating that drier conditions in July and August resulted in increased HT2 and T2 in UK oats. Agronomic factors that impacted upon HT2 and T2 in harvested oats were previous crop, cultivation, and variety. Analysis of the previous cropping history showed there was a stepwise increase in HT2+T2 as the cereal intensity of the rotation increased. Variety was an important factor, with higher levels and a wider range detected on winter versus spring varieties. Indicative levels for HT2 and T2 in cereals and cereal products were introduced by the EC in 2013. The indicative level for unprocessed oats for human consumption is a combined concentration (HT2+T2) of 1000 μg kg-1. From 2002 to 2008, between 1% and 30% of samples exceeded 1000 μg kg-1 HT2+T2 each year (overall mean, 16%). The introduction of European legislation on HT2 and T2 mycotoxins could have serious implications for UK oat production and oat-processing industries based on the levels detected within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Edwards
- a Crop and Environment Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , UK
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Kuhnem PR, Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Cummings JA, Bergstrom GC. Trichothecene Genotype Composition of Fusarium graminearum Not Differentiated Among Isolates from Maize Stubble, Maize Ears, Wheat Spikes, and the Atmosphere in New York. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:695-699. [PMID: 25651052 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that the trichothecene genotype composition of local populations of Fusarium graminearum is structured by specific habitats, a collection of 1,407 isolates was obtained from overwintered maize stubble, mature maize ears and wheat spikes, and the atmosphere 1.5 m aboveground during the flowering stage of these crops. These isolates were sampled at three diverse agricultural locations in New York State: namely, Aurora (sampled in 2012 and 2013) in central New York, Belmont (sampled in 2013) in southwestern New York, and Willsboro (sampled in 2013) in northeastern New York. Approximately 100 isolates of F. graminearum from each habitat were collected within a 10-mile2 area in each location. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to identify three main B-trichothecene genotypes--3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-ADON, or nivalenol (NIV)--based on amplification of portions of Tri3 and Tri12 genes. All but the NIV genotype were detected. The 15-ADON genotype predominated in most locations; frequencies were 92% (652/709) at Aurora, 78% (332/379) at Belmont, and 53% (167/319) at Willsboro. Frequencies of any genotype did not differ in general among the four habits in each location. An exception was in Aurora 2012, where only 5 in 24 3-ADON isolates were found in samplings from the air and grains of both crops. As viewed by the composition of trichothecene genotypes, local populations of F. graminearum appear not to be structured by these four habitats inclusive of pathogenic and saprophytic phases of the fungus life cycle. The similar frequency of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in eastern New York (Willsboro), which is less than 400 km away from the Aurora sampling location in the central area of the state, suggests that regional populations may be differentiated based on selection associated with climatic or landscape features not currently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Kuhnem
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Pierri Spolti
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Jaime A Cummings
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
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Ibáñez-Vea M, Lizarraga E, González-Peñas E, López de Cerain A. Co-occurrence of type-A and type-B trichothecenes in barley from a northern region of Spain. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mycotoxicological quality of barley harvested in the Czech Republic in 2005-2010. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2012. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Astolfi P, dos Santos J, Schneider L, Gomes LB, Silva CN, Tessmann DJ, Del Ponte EM. Molecular survey of trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium graminearum species complex from barley in southern Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:197-201. [PMID: 21665312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a disease of primary concern to small-grain cereals of Brazil, including barley. Its main causal agent, Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex)¸ is able to produce mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), that usually contaminate grain. Strains that produce DON may also produce its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyl-DON (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON). Ninety two isolates were obtained from samplings of barley grain during three years (2007, 2008 and 2009) from several fields in both southern and northern production regions of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. These isolates were examined for polymerase chain-reaction-based (PCR) trichothecene genotype based on the amplification of portions of Tri3 and Tri12. There was no effect of year or region on the proportion of trichothecene genotypes. Overall, 66% of the strains (61/92) were 15-ADON, 4.4% (4/92) were 3-ADON and 29.3% (27/92) were NIV. The overall NIV/DON ratio estimated (0.41) was five times higher than that found in previous studies with strains from wheat grown in the same region. Species identification of nine strains representing the trichothecene genotypes, based on comparisons of DNA sequences of portions of the PHO, RED and URA genes with sequences from curated reference isolates of Fusarium from GenBank, revealed that they belong to F. graminearum sensu stricto (four 15-ADON and one 3-ADON strain), F. meridionale (three NIV strains) and F. austroamericanum (one 3-ADON strain). These results add to the current regional knowledge of trichothecene genotypes and species within the Fg complex affecting barley in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Astolfi
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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SASAKI A, KONISHI A, MIYAGAWA H, GOTO T. Analysis of Ergosterol in Cereals without Saponif cation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.61.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Edwards SG. Fusarium mycotoxin content of UK organic and conventional oats. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:1063-9. [PMID: 19680981 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902788953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Every year between 2002 and 2005 approximately 100 samples of oats from fields of known agronomy were analysed by GC/MS for 10 trichothecenes: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetylDON, 15-acetylDON, fusarenone X, T-2 toxin (T2), HT-2 toxin (HT2), diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and T-2 triol. Samples were also analysed for moniliformin and zearalenone by HPLC. Of the 10 trichothecenes analysed from 458 harvest samples of oat only three, 15-acetylDON, fusarenone X and diacetoxyscirpenol, were not detected. Moniliformin and zearalenone were absent or rarely detected, respectively. HT2 and T2 were the most frequently detected fusarium mycotoxins, present above the limit of quantification (10 microg kg(-1)) in 92 and 84% of samples, respectively, and were usually present at the highest concentrations. The combined mean and median for HT2 and T2 (HT2 + T2) was 570 and 213 microg kg(-1), respectively. There were good correlations between concentrations of HT2 and all other type A trichothecenes detected (T2, T2 triol and neosolaniol). Year and region had a significant effect on HT2 + T2 concentration. There was also a highly significant difference between HT2 + T2 content in organic and conventional samples, with the predicted mean for organic samples five times lower than that of conventional samples. This is the largest difference reported for any mycotoxin level in organic and conventional cereals. No samples exceeded the legal limits for DON or zearalenone in oats intended for human consumption. Legislative limits for HT2 and T2 are currently under consideration by the European Commission. Depending on the limits set for unprocessed oats intended for human consumption, the levels detected here could have serious consequences for the UK oat-processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Edwards
- Crop and Environment Research Centre, Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire, UK.
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Edwards S. Fusariummycotoxin content of UK organic and conventional barley. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902919418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Reddy KRN, Abbas HK, Abel CA, Shier WT, Oliveira CAF, Raghavender CR. Mycotoxin contamination of commercially important agricultural commodities. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zachariasova M, Hajslova J, Kostelanska M, Poustka J, Krplova A, Cuhra P, Hochel I. Deoxynivalenol and its conjugates in beer: A critical assessment of data obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 625:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schollenberger M, Drochner W, Müller HM. Fusarium toxins of the scirpentriol subgroup: a review. Mycopathologia 2007; 164:101-18. [PMID: 17610049 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scirpentriol and its seven acetylated derivatives comprise a family of type-A trichothecene toxins produced by several species of Fusarium fungi. Out of this group 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol has attracted most attention. It elicits toxic responses in several species and was detected in a variety of substrates. Out of the three possible monoacetylated derivatives 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol and the parent alcohol scirpentriol received some attention, whereas the remaining members of the family were mentioned in few reports. The present review deals with the structure, biosynthesis, analysis and toxicity of scirpentriol toxins. Formation by Fusarium species as well as culture conditions used for toxigenicity studies are reviewed; data about the natural occurrence of scirpentriol toxins in different cereal types, cereal associated products as well as in non-grain matrices including potato and soya bean are reported. Basing on literature reports about the toxicity of scirpentriol toxins an attempt is made to summarise the state of knowledge for risk evaluation for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schollenberger M, Müller HM, Rüfle M, Suchy S, Plank S, Drochner W. Natural occurrence of 16 fusarium toxins in grains and feedstuffs of plant origin from Germany. Mycopathologia 2006; 161:43-52. [PMID: 16389484 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 220 samples comprising cereals, cereal byproducts, corn plants and corn silage as well as non-grain based feedstuffs was randomly collected during 2000 and 2001 from sources located in Germany and analysed for 16 Fusarium toxins. The trichothecenes scirpentriol (SCIRP), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin (HT-2, T-2), neosolaniol (NEO), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivealenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Zearalenone (ZEA) and alpha- and beta-zearalenol (alpha- and beta-ZOL) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV-detection. Detection limits ranged between 1 and 19 microg/kg. Out of 125 samples of a group consisting of wheat, oats, corn, corn byproducts, corn plants and corn silage only two wheat samples did not contain any of the toxins analysed. Based on 125 samples the incidences were at 2-11% for DAS, NEO, T-2 Triol, FUS-X, alpha- and beta-ZOL, at 20-22% for SCIRP, MAS, T-2 tetraol and 3-ADON, at 44-74% for HT-2, T-2, 15-ADON, NIV and ZEA, and at 94% for DON. Mean levels of positive samples were between 6 and 758 microg/kg. Out of 95 samples of a group consisting of hay, lupines, peas, soya meal, rapeseed meal and other oil-seed meals, 64 samples were toxin negative. DAS, T-2 triol, NEO and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. The incidences of DON and ZEA were at 14 and 23% respectively, those of the other toxins between 1-4%, mean levels of positive samples were between 5 and 95 microg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Choo TM, Vigier B, Shen QQ, Martin RA, Ho KM, Savard M. Barley traits associated with resistance to fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 94:1145-50. [PMID: 18943804 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.10.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab is a destructive disease of barley in many countries. A better understanding of the interrelationships between plant traits and FHB resistance should help in the development of effective and efficient breeding strategies for FHB-resistant cultivars. Recent mapping studies indicate that many of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance coincide with the QTL for plant height, heading date, and spike characteristics. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the relationship of morphological and physiological traits to FHB infection and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in a barley doubled-haploid (DH) population derived from a Léger x CI9831 cross. Approximately 190 DH lines were grown at Ottawa (Ontario) for 2 years, Charlottetown (Prince Edward Island) for 1 year, and Hangzhou (Zhejiang) for 2 years. The field plots were inoculated with Fusarium graminearum at each location. FHB incidence was positively correlated with DON content. Resistance to FHB was associated with two-row spike, purple lemma, long glume awn, tall stature, and resistance to lodging, but it was not associated with long rachilla hairs, rough lemma awn, or heading date. Two-row spike was associated with tall stature and resistance to lodging. These associations as well as its spike characteristics helped reduce FHB infection and DON accumulation in two-row lines compared with six-row lines. The association between long glume awn and FHB resistance could be due to genetic linkages. Therefore, trait associations should be taken into consideration when breeding for FHB resistance and interpreting data from FHB experiments.
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Choo TM, Martin RA, Ho KM, Shen Q, Fedak G, Savard M, Voldeng H, Falk DE, Etienne M, Sparry E. Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation of Barley in Eastern Canada: Cultivar Response and Correlation Analysis. PLANT DISEASE 2004; 88:837-844. [PMID: 30812511 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.8.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight of barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a devastating disease in many countries. We undertook a study to identify barley cultivars, if any, that are resistant to Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation and to determine if DON concentration is correlated with other plant traits in Eastern Canada and China. Barley cultivars were grown in the field under artificial inoculation conditions at two locations (Charlottetown and Ottawa) in Canada during two summers and at Hangzhou in China during two winters. Seed samples were collected for DON analysis from the barley performance trial at five locations in Ontario. None of the 64 barley cultivars were immune to Fusarium head blight infection. Two-row cultivars, however, were significantly more resistant to Fusarium head blight infection and DON accumulation than six-row cultivars. Three cultivars (Island, AC Alberte, and Chevron) were found to be most resistant, as they were consistently low in Fusarium head blight incidence and DON concentration in both Eastern Canada and China. In six-row barley, DON concentration was correlated positively with Fusarium head blight incidence at both Charlottetown and Ottawa, and it was negatively correlated with plant height at Ottawa. DON concentration and heading date were not consistently correlated. Barley yellow dwarf and powdery mildew appeared to have very little effect on Fusarium head blight infection. Susceptibility to DON accumulation did not result in low yield under natural infection conditions in Ontario. Cultivar × location interactions for DON concentration, Fusarium head blight incidence, and heading date were significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Choo
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - R A Martin
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4N6
| | - K M Ho
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - Q Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 48 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, China 310021
| | - G Fedak
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - M Savard
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - H Voldeng
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - D E Falk
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - M Etienne
- W. G. Thompson and Sons Ltd., Nairn Research Lab., R. R. #1, Ailsa Craig, Ontario, Canada N0M 1A0
| | - E Sparry
- C & M Seeds, R. R. #3, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada N0G 2P0
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