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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Qiu X, Ding C. Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791267. [PMID: 35529872 PMCID: PMC9069556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cholesterol metabolism remodeling is significantly associated with the spread of human pathogenic coronaviruses, suggesting virus-host relationships could be affected by cholesterol-modifying drugs. Cholesterol has an important role in coronavirus entry, membrane fusion, and pathological syncytia formation, therefore cholesterol metabolic mechanisms may be promising drug targets for coronavirus infections. Moreover, cholesterol and its metabolizing enzymes or corresponding natural products exert antiviral effects which are closely associated with individual viral steps during coronavirus replication. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are associated with clinically significant low cholesterol levels, suggesting cholesterol could function as a potential marker for monitoring viral infection status. Therefore, weaponizing cholesterol dysregulation against viral infection could be an effective antiviral strategy. In this review, we comprehensively review the literature to clarify how coronaviruses exploit host cholesterol metabolism to accommodate viral replication requirements and interfere with host immune responses. We also focus on targeting cholesterol homeostasis to interfere with critical steps during coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
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2
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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3
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Bansode YD, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:256-266. [PMID: 33351727 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing cytokines and interferons (IFNs). In this study, we checked the effect of differential activation of TLR2 by using different TLR2 dimer-specific ligands on the anti-HSV-1 innate immune response. We found that TLR2/2 ligand-induced IFN-β in neurons, while IFN-α in astrocytes and these IFNs subsequently induce the expression of IFN stimulatory genes like viperin, Ch25H, OAS2, latent RNase (RNase L), protein kinase R (PKR), and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1. These are the genes with antiviral functions such as blocking viral attachment, protein synthesis, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,ICMR-Virus Unit, Kolkata, India
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4
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Zhang Y, Song Z, Wang M, Lan M, Zhang K, Jiang P, Li Y, Bai J, Wang X. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase negatively regulates porcine intestinal coronavirus replication by the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:129-138. [PMID: 30955800 PMCID: PMC7117535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CH25H is not an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in Vero cells. CH25H and 25HC inhibit PEDV infection through blocking viral penetration. CH25H-M still restricts PEDV replication. 25HC has a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against porcine intestinal coronaviruses, including PEDV and TGEV.
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been shown lately to be a host restriction factor that encodes an enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidized form of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). A series of studies have shown that 25HC activity in hosts plays a vital role in inhibiting viral infection. In this study, we explored the antiviral effect of CH25H and 25HC on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which causes high mortality rates in newborn piglets with severe diarrhea, and considerable financial loss in the swine industry worldwide. Our results showed that PEDV infection downregulated the expression of CH25H in Vero cells. An overexpression and knockdown assay indicated that CH25H has significant antiviral action against PEDV, and a CH25H mutant (CH25H-M) that lacks hydroxylase activity also retains antiviral activity to a lesser extent. Furthermore, 25HC had a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against different PEDV strains by blocking viral entry. In addition, CH25H and 25HC inhibited the replication of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Taken together, CH25H as a natural host restriction factor could inhibit PEDV and TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - XianWei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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5
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Shaw TA, Singaravelu R, Powdrill MH, Nhan J, Ahmed N, Özcelik D, Pezacki JP. MicroRNA-124 Regulates Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Homeostasis. iScience 2018; 10:149-157. [PMID: 30528902 PMCID: PMC6282456 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are part of a complex regulatory network that modulates cellular lipid metabolism. Here, we identify miR-124 as a regulator of triglyceride (TG) metabolism. This study advances our knowledge of the role of miR-124 in human hepatoma cells. Transcriptional profiling of Huh7.5 cells overexpressing miR-124 reveals enrichment for host factors involved in fatty acid oxidation among repressed miRNA targets. In addition, miR-124 down-regulates arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) and adipose triglyceride lipase, lipases proposed to mediate breakdown of hepatic TG stores for lipoprotein assembly and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Consistent with the inhibition of TG and fatty acid catabolism, miR-124 expression promotes cellular TG accumulation. Interestingly, miR-124 inhibits the production of hepatitis C virus, a virus that hijacks lipid pathways during its life cycle. Antiviral activity of miR-124 is consistent with repression of AADAC, a pro-viral host factor. Overall, our data highlight miR-124 as a novel regulator of TG metabolism in human hepatoma cells. miR-124 regulates triglyceride and fatty acid metabolism miR-124 represses genes associated with fatty acid and triglyceride breakdown miR-124 promotes triglyceride accumulation in hepatoma cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jordan Nhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nadine Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dennis Özcelik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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6
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Ouyang W, Zhou H, Liu C, Wang S, Han Y, Xia J, Xu F. 25-Hydroxycholesterol protects against acute lung injury via targeting MD-2. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5494-5503. [PMID: 30091835 PMCID: PMC6201372 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is mainly caused by uncontrolled inflammatory response, and it remains without effective therapeutic options. 25‐hydroxycholesterol (25HC) has been reported to be a potent regulator of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 25HC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with 25HC intraperitoneally before intratracheal exposure to LPS. Our results showed that 25HC pretreatment improved survival rate, attenuated the pathological changes of the lung and decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines in mice. Consistently, 25HC reduced expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR4)‐mediated inflammatory cytokines in vitro. These effects of 25HC were obtained by preventing LPS binding to TLR4 via interaction with myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD‐2). Crystal structure analysis suggested that 25HC could bind MD‐2 with high affinity into its hydrophobic pocket. Furthermore, LPS‐induced activation of Akt/NF‐κB pathway was partially down‐regulated by 25HC pretreatment. In summary, this study demonstrates that 25HC could inhibit the overwhelming inflammatory response through MD‐2 interaction, which suppresses Akt/NF‐κB signalling pathway. These findings suggest 25HC may be a promising candidate for ALI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Experimental Medical Class 1102, Chu Kochen Honor College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Jennelle LT, Dandekar AP, Magoro T, Hahn YS. Immunometabolic Signaling Pathways Contribute to Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Function. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:379-394. [PMID: 28605345 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017018803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of antigen-presenting cell (APC) participation in tissue inflammation and metabolism has advanced through numerous studies using systems biology approaches. Previously unrecognized connections between these research areas have been elucidated in the context of inflammatory disease involving innate and adaptive immune responses. A new conceptual framework bridges APC biology, metabolism, and cytokines in the generation of effective T-cell responses. Exploring these connections is paramount to addressing the rising tide of multi-organ system diseases, particularly chronic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, infection, and cancer. Focused research in these areas will aid the development of strategies to harness and manipulate innate immunology to improve vaccine development, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor therapies. This review highlights recent advances in APC "immunometabolism" specifically related to chronic viral and metabolic disease in humans. The goal of this review is to develop an abridged and consolidated outlook on recent thematic updates to APC immunometabolism in the areas of regulation and crosstalk between metabolic and inflammatory signaling and the integrated stress response and how these signals dictate APC function in providing T-cell activation Signal 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Jennelle
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aditya P Dandekar
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tshifhiwa Magoro
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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8
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Singaravelu R, Quan C, Powdrill MH, Shaw TA, Srinivasan P, Lyn RK, Alonzi RC, Jones DM, Filip R, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. MicroRNA-7 mediates cross-talk between metabolic signaling pathways in the liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:361. [PMID: 29321595 PMCID: PMC5762714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of cellular metabolism. To characterise miRNAs crucial to the maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis, we examined the overlap between the miRNA signature associated with inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling, a pathway regulating fatty acid metabolism, and the miRNA profile associated with 25-hydroxycholesterol treatment, an oxysterol regulator of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and liver X receptor (LXR) signaling. Using this strategy, we identified microRNA-7 (miR-7) as a PPAR-α regulated miRNA, which activates SREBP signaling and promotes hepatocellular lipid accumulation. This is mediated, in part, by suppression of the negative regulator of SREBP signaling: ERLIN2. miR-7 also regulates genes associated with PPAR signaling and sterol metabolism, including liver X receptor β (LXR-β), a transcriptional regulator of sterol synthesis, efflux, and excretion. Collectively, our findings highlight miR-7 as a novel mediator of cross-talk between PPAR, SREBP, and LXR signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Curtis Quan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tyler A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney K Lyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rhea C Alonzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel M Jones
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Roxana Filip
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - John P Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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9
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Song Z, Zhang Q, Liu X, Bai J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Jiang P. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase is an interferon-inducible factor that protects against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:153-161. [PMID: 29103685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of the Arteriviridae family, has become a global health threat for swine. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). The purpose of this study was to explore the antiviral activity of CH25H against PRRSV infection. We found that CH25H was induced by interferon-α and PRRSV in Marc-145 monkey kidney cells. In addition, CH25H and 25HC significantly inhibited PRRSV infection by preventing virus entry. A CH25H mutant that exhibited decreased catalytic activity had an antiviral effect against PRRSV. Treatment with 25HC pre-infection or post-infection significantly inhibited PRRSV infection in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Our results reveal that CH25H is an interferon-stimulated gene and its production of 25HC can be used as a natural antiviral agent to combat PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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10
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Powdrill MH, Desrochers GF, Singaravelu R, Pezacki JP. The role of microRNAs in metabolic interactions between viruses and their hosts. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:71-6. [PMID: 27475325 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Productive viral infection requires changes to the cellular metabolic landscape in order to obtain the building blocks and create the microenvironments necessary for the viral life cycle. In mammals, these alterations of metabolic pathways have been shown to be mediated in part by host and virus-encoded microRNAs. To counteract virally-induced changes in the cellular metabolic profile, the interferon-regulated antiviral response restricts viral access to key metabolites by altering cellular metabolism, mediated through induction of specific microRNAs regulating key lipid biosynthetic processes. In this review, we examine recent studies demonstrating the important role of microRNAs in the regulation of metabolic flux during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Geneviève F Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.
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