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Brian JI, Catford JA. A mechanistic framework of enemy release. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:2147-2166. [PMID: 37921034 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is the best-known hypothesis explaining high performance (e.g. rapid population growth) of exotic species. However, the current framing of the ERH does not explicitly link evidence of enemy release with exotic performance. This leads to uncertainty regarding the role of enemy release in biological invasions. Here, we demonstrate that the effect of enemy release on exotic performance is the product of three factors: enemy impact, enemy diversity, and host adaptation. These factors are modulated by seven contexts: time since introduction, resource availability, phylogenetic relatedness of exotic and native species, host-enemy asynchronicity, number of introduction events, type of enemy, and strength of growth-defence trade-offs. ERH-focused studies frequently test different factors under different contexts. This can lead to inconsistent findings, which typifies current evidence for the ERH. For example, over 80% of meta-analyses fail to consider ecological contexts which can alter study findings; we demonstrate this by re-analysing a recent ERH synthesis. Structuring the ERH around factors and contexts promotes generalisable predictions about when and where exotic species may benefit from enemy release, empowering effective management. Our mechanistic factor-context framework clearly lays out the evidence required to support the ERH, unifies many enemy-related invasion hypotheses, and enhances predictive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Brian
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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2
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Rhodes AC, Plowes RM, Martins DJ, Ng’Iru I, Gilbert LE. The invasiveness of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) is characterized by habitat and differing herbivore assemblages in its native and invaded range. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.78.87069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge of global change is the human-mediated movement of pasture grasses and their subsequent impact on ecosystem processes when they become invasive. We must understand invasive grass ecology and their natural enemies in native and introduced ranges to mitigate these impacts. Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) is a pantropically introduced pasture grass that escapes intended areas and invades native ecosystems – threatening biodiversity and ecosystem function. The success of invasive plants has often been attributed to ecological release from stressors, including natural enemies and resource availability. Our objective was to assess Guinea grass functional traits across three different habitat types in native and invaded ranges by documenting ungulate and arthropod abundance, diversity, and feeding guilds. Guinea grass functional traits were assessed in three habitat types: grassland, riparian, and woody thickets around nitrogen-fixing Prosopis glandulosa in its introduced range in Texas, USA, and Senegalia mellifera in its native range in Kenya. We characterized Guinea grass functional traits by measuring plant height, cover, biomass, root-to-shoot ratios, and reproductive traits. We then examined the phytophagous arthropod and ungulate abundance and feeding guild diversity across the three habitat types. We hypothesized that functional trait expression related to invasiveness would be associated with Guinea grass in its introduced range. Also, we hypothesized that the abundance and diversity of phytophagous arthropods and ungulates would be lower in the invaded range. Finally, we hypothesized that Guinea grass functional traits would differ between the three habitat types, given the habitat types’ innate differences in resource availability. We found that Guinea grass was 2.5 times taller and 3.3 times more productive and covered 2.5 times more area in its invaded versus native ranges. Introduced Guinea grass had higher reproduction rates with 2.5 times more reproductive tillers, while habitat type drove vegetative reproduction with 15 times more stoloniferous establishment in wooded and riparian sites than grasslands. Texan ungulate communities were less species-rich, less functionally diverse, and less abundant than the Kenyan ungulate community. The phytophagous arthropod diversity on plants was twice as high on Kenyan Guinea grass than on Texan Guinea grass. Total arthropod family richness was nearly double, with 15 families represented in Kenya and 8 in Texas. These results suggest that Guinea grass has escaped a rich assemblage of arthropods and ungulates and likely explains some of its spread in introduced ranges. This study demonstrates how the invasive success of Guinea grass can be understood in terms of its competitive ability and interaction with natural enemies in the introduced and native ranges and may inform future biological control.
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3
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Liu Y, Zheng Y, Jahn LV, Burns JH. Invaders responded more positively to soil biota than native or noninvasive introduced species, consistent with enemy escape. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Meta-analysis of elevational changes in the intensity of trophic interactions: Similarities and dissimilarities with latitudinal patterns. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2076-2087. [PMID: 35950788 PMCID: PMC9545790 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The premise that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increasing latitudes and elevations is broadly accepted; however, whether these geographical patterns can be explained within a common theoretical framework remains unclear. Our goal was to identify the general pattern of elevational changes in trophic interactions and to explore the sources of variation among the outcomes of individual studies. Meta‐analysis of 226 effect sizes calculated from 134 publications demonstrated a significant but interaction‐specific decrease in the intensity of herbivory, carnivory and parasitism with increasing elevation. Nevertheless, this decrease was not significant at high latitudes and for interactions involving endothermic organisms, for herbivore outbreaks or for herbivores living within plant tissues. Herbivory similarly declined with increases in latitude and elevation, whereas carnivory showed a fivefold stronger decrease with elevation than with latitude and parasitism increased with latitude but decreased with elevation. Thus, although these gradients share a general pattern and several sources of variation in trophic interaction intensity, we discovered important dissimilarities, indicating that elevational and latitudinal changes in these interactions are partly driven by different factors. We conclude that the scope of the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis cannot be extended to incorporate elevational gradients.
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Adachi-Fukunaga S, Nakabayashi Y, Tokuda M. Transgenerational changes in pod maturation phenology and seed traits of Glycine soja infested by the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263904. [PMID: 35235584 PMCID: PMC8890626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants have diverse defenses against herbivores. In some cases, plant response to insect herbivory may be chronological and even transgenerational. Feeding by various stink bugs, such as the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), induce physiological changes in soybean, called as green stem syndrome, which are characterized by delayed senescence in stems, leaves, and pods. To investigate the plant response to the bean bug feeding in the infested generation and its offspring, we studied the effects of R. pedestris infestation on Glycine soja, the ancestral wild species of soybean. Field surveys revealed that the occurrence of the autumn R. pedestris generation coincided with G. soja pod maturation in both lowland and mountainous sites. Following infestation by R. pedestris, pod maturation was significantly delayed in G. soja. When G. soja seeds obtained from infested and non-infested plants were cultivated, the progeny of infested plants exhibited much earlier pod maturation and larger-sized seed production than that of control plants, indicating that R. pedestris feeding induced transgenerational changes. Because earlier seed maturity results in asynchrony with occurrence of R. pedestris, the transgenerational changes in plant phenology are considered to be an adaptive transgenerational and chronological defense for the plant against feeding by the stink bug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Adachi-Fukunaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yui Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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6
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Anderson JL, Heard SB, Sweeney J, Pureswaran DS. Mate choice errors may contribute to slow spread of an invasive Eurasian longhorn beetle in North America. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.71.72843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a Eurasian longhorn beetle and forest pest that first became invasive to Nova Scotia, Canada around 1990. In the time since its introduction, T. fuscum has spread only about 150 km from its point of introduction. In its invasive range, T. fuscum co-exists with its congener Tetropium cinnamopterum. Although they are ecologically similar species, T. fuscum tends to infest healthier trees and has a smaller host range than T. cinnamopterum. If they successfully interbreed, this could lead to hybrid individuals that are more problematic than either parent species. On the other hand, if T. fuscum can make mating errors in the field, but is not producing hybrid offspring, then this waste of mating resources could help explain the slow spread of T. fuscum in North America. We conducted no-choice and choice mating experiments between T. fuscum and T. cinnamopterum males and females and determined that both T. fuscum and T. cinnamopterum males make mate-choice errors with heterospecific females in a laboratory setting. Our results suggest that mating errors may play a role in the slow spread of T. fuscum in North America.
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7
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Zettlemoyer MA, Peterson ML. Does Phenological Plasticity Help or Hinder Range Shifts Under Climate Change? Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.689192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to shift species’ ranges as previously uninhabitable environments just beyond the leading range edges become suitable habitat and trailing range edges become increasingly unsuitable. Understanding which aspects of the environment and species traits mediate these range shifts is critical for understanding species’ possible redistributions under global change, yet we have a limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary responses underlying population spread or extinction at species’ range edges. Within plant populations, shifts in flowering phenology have been one of the strongest and most consistent responses to climate change, and are likely to play an important role in mediating population dynamics within and beyond species’ ranges. However, the role of phenological shifts, and particularly phenological plasticity, in species’ range shifts remains relatively unstudied. Here, we synthesize literature on phenology, plasticity, and adaptation to suggest ways in which phenological responses to climate may vary across species’ ranges and review the empirical evidence for and against these hypotheses. We then outline how phenological plasticity could facilitate or hinder persistence and potential consequences of phenological plasticity in range expansions, including phenological cues, shifts in correlated traits, altered species interactions, and effects on gene flow. Finally, we suggest future avenues for research, such as characterizing reaction norms for phenology across a species’ range and in beyond-the-range transplant experiments. Given the prevalence and magnitude of phenological shifts, future work should carefully dissect its costs and benefits for population persistence, and incorporate phenological plasticity into models predicting species’ persistence and geographic range shifts under climate change.
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Eriksson BK, Yanos C, Bourlat SJ, Donadi S, Fontaine MC, Hansen JP, Jakubavičiūtė E, Kiragosyan K, Maan ME, Merilä J, Austin ÅN, Olsson J, Reiss K, Sundblad G, Bergström U, Eklöf JS. Habitat segregation of plate phenotypes in a rapidly expanding population of three‐spined stickleback. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Casey Yanos
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah J. Bourlat
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 160 Bonn53113Germany
| | - Serena Donadi
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- MIVEGEC CNRS IRD Univ. Montpellier Montpellier France
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES) Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Karine Kiragosyan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Martine E. Maan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki PO Box 65 HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Research Division of Ecology & Biodiversity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Åsa N. Austin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Jens Olsson
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Katrin Reiss
- Faculty for Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Bodø8049Norway
| | - Göran Sundblad
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
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9
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Fristoe TS, Chytrý M, Dawson W, Essl F, Heleno R, Kreft H, Maurel N, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Seebens H, Weigelt P, Vargas P, Yang Q, Attorre F, Bergmeier E, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Biurrun I, Boch S, Bonari G, Botta-Dukát Z, Bruun HH, Byun C, Čarni A, Carranza ML, Catford JA, Cerabolini BEL, Chacón-Madrigal E, Ciccarelli D, Ćušterevska R, de Ronde I, Dengler J, Golub V, Haveman R, Hough-Snee N, Jandt U, Jansen F, Kuzemko A, Küzmič F, Lenoir J, Macanović A, Marcenò C, Martin AR, Michaletz ST, Mori AS, Niinemets Ü, Peterka T, Pielech R, Rašomavičius V, Rūsiņa S, Dias AS, Šibíková M, Šilc U, Stanisci A, Jansen S, Svenning JC, Swacha G, van der Plas F, Vassilev K, van Kleunen M. Dimensions of invasiveness: Links between local abundance, geographic range size, and habitat breadth in Europe's alien and native floras. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021173118. [PMID: 34050023 PMCID: PMC8179145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021173118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding drivers of success for alien species can inform on potential future invasions. Recent conceptual advances highlight that species may achieve invasiveness via performance along at least three distinct dimensions: 1) local abundance, 2) geographic range size, and 3) habitat breadth in naturalized distributions. Associations among these dimensions and the factors that determine success in each have yet to be assessed at large geographic scales. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation plots covering the extent of Europe and its habitat diversity with databases on species' distributions, traits, and historical origins to provide a comprehensive assessment of invasiveness dimensions for the European alien seed plant flora. Invasiveness dimensions are linked in alien distributions, leading to a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders-abundant, widespread aliens that invade diverse habitats. This pattern echoes relationships among analogous dimensions measured for native European species. Success along invasiveness dimensions was associated with details of alien species' introduction histories: earlier introduction dates were positively associated with all three dimensions, and consistent with theory-based expectations, species originating from other continents, particularly acquisitive growth strategists, were among the most successful invaders in Europe. Despite general correlations among invasiveness dimensions, we identified habitats and traits associated with atypical patterns of success in only one or two dimensions-for example, the role of disturbed habitats in facilitating widespread specialists. We conclude that considering invasiveness within a multidimensional framework can provide insights into invasion processes while also informing general understanding of the dynamics of species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Fristoe
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany;
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Essl
- Bioinvasions, Global Change, Macroecology-research group, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noëlie Maurel
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Qiang Yang
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Erwin Bergmeier
- Vegetation Analysis & Phytodiversity, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Idoia Biurrun
- Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Steffen Boch
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gianmaria Bonari
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Zoltán Botta-Dukát
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Andraž Čarni
- Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London WC2B 2BG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno E L Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Renata Ćušterevska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Iris de Ronde
- Central Government Real Estate Agency, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Vegetation Ecology, Institue of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentin Golub
- Laboratory of Phytocenology, Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Rense Haveman
- Central Government Real Estate Agency, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nate Hough-Snee
- Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Wenatchee, WA 98801
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Jansen
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna Kuzemko
- M.G. Kjolodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Filip Küzmič
- Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UR Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, UMR 7058 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Armin Macanović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Center for Ecology and Natural Resources-Academician Sulejman Redžić, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Corrado Marcenò
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam R Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tomáš Peterka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Remigiusz Pielech
- Department of Forest Biodiversity, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
- Foundation for Biodiversity Research, 50-231 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Solvita Rūsiņa
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arildo S Dias
- Department of Physical Geography, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mária Šibíková
- Department of Geobotany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Urban Šilc
- Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Angela Stanisci
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, EnvixLab, University of Molise, 86039 Termoli, Italy
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz Swacha
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Botanical Garden, University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiril Vassilev
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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10
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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11
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Benning JW, Moeller DA. Plant-soil interactions limit lifetime fitness outside a native plant's geographic range margin. Ecology 2020; 102:e03254. [PMID: 33231288 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant species' distributions are often thought to overwhelmingly reflect their climatic niches. However, climate represents only a fraction of the n-dimensional environment to which plant populations adapt, and studies are increasingly uncovering strong effects of nonclimatic factors on species' distributions. We used a manipulative, factorial field experiment to quantify the effects of soil environment and precipitation (the putatively overriding climatic factor) on plant lifetime fitness outside the geographic range boundary of a native California annual plant. We grew plants outside the range edge in large mesocosms filled with soil from either within or outside the range, and plants were subjected to either a low (ambient) or high (supplemental) spring precipitation treatment. Soil environment had large effects on plant lifetime fitness that were similar in magnitude to the effects of precipitation. Moreover, mean fitness of plants grown with within-range soil in the low precipitation treatment approximated that of plants grown with beyond-range soil in the high precipitation treatment. The positive effects of within-range soil persisted in the second, wetter year of the experiment, though the magnitude of the soil effect was smaller than in the first, drier year. These results are the first we know of to quantify the effects of edaphic variation on plant lifetime fitness outside a geographic range limit and highlight the need to include factors other than climate in models of species' distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Benning
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - David A Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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12
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Schulz AN, Lucardi RD, Marsico TD. Successful Invasions and Failed Biocontrol: The Role of Antagonistic Species Interactions. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the successes and failures of nonnative species remains challenging. In recent decades, researchers have developed the enemy release hypothesis and other antagonist hypotheses, which posit that nonnative species either fail or succeed in a novel range because of the presence or absence of antagonists. The premise of classical biological control of invasive species is that top-down control works. We identify twelve existing hypotheses that address the roles that antagonists from many trophic levels play during plant and insect invasions in natural environments. We outline a unifying framework of antagonist hypotheses to simplify the relatedness among the hypotheses, incorporate the role of top-down and bottom-up influences on nonnative species, and encourage expansion of experimental assessments of antagonist hypotheses to include belowground and fourth trophic level antagonists. A mechanistic understanding of antagonists and their impacts on nonnative species is critical in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Schulz
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Science Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Rima D Lucardi
- Insects, Diseases, and Invasive Plants Research Work Unit of the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service's Southern Research Station, located, Athens, Georgia, field office
| | - Travis D Marsico
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Science Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
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13
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Kong H, Clements JC, Dupont S, Wang T, Huang X, Shang Y, Huang W, Chen J, Hu M, Wang Y. Seawater acidification and temperature modulate anti-predator defenses in two co-existing Mytilus species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:118-125. [PMID: 31590767 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of short-term (7 days) experimental ocean acidification (-0.4 pH units) and warming (+5 °C) on anti-predator defenses of two sympatric Mytilus species from China, M. coruscus and M. edulis, in the presence and absence of predator cues were investigated. Results suggested species-specific independent negative effects of acidification and warming on the number and weight of byssal threads, the force of thread attachment, and total thread plaque area. Similar negative effects were observed for clustering behaviour, with acidification and warming independently increasing the number of solitary individuals and decreasing the percentage of mussels in clusters. Acidification effects on byssus were strongly exacerbated when predators were present. Ultimately, this study suggests that short-term exposure to experimental warming and acidification can negatively impact anti-predator defense strategies in mussels with potential ramifications for predator-prey interactions and ecological functioning in systems where mussel beds play a key ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jeff C Clements
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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14
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Benning JW, Eckhart VM, Geber MA, Moeller DA. Biotic Interactions Contribute to the Geographic Range Limit of an Annual Plant: Herbivory and Phenology Mediate Fitness beyond a Range Margin. Am Nat 2019; 193:786-797. [DOI: 10.1086/703187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Canavan K, Paterson ID, Hill MP, Dudley TL. Testing the Enemy Release Hypothesis on tall-statured grasses in South Africa, using Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, and Phragmites mauritianus as models. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:287-299. [PMID: 30115135 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) predicts that introduced plant species can escape herbivory and therefore have a competitive advantage over native plants, which are exposed to both generalist and specialist natural enemies. In this study, the ERH was explored using the invasive alien species, Arundo donax and two native tall-statured grasses, the cosmopolitan Phragmites australis and African endemic Phragmites mauritianus in South Africa. It was predicted that A. donax would have reduced species richness of herbivores compared with the native Phragmites spp., that it would be devoid of specialist herbivores and would thus be experiencing enemy escape in the adventive range. The herbivore assemblages were determined from both field surveys and a literature review. The assumptions of the ERH were for the most part not met; 13 herbivores were found on A. donax compared with 17 on P. australis and 20 on P. mauritianus. Arundo donax had two specialist herbivores from its native range, and shared native herbivores with Phragmites spp. Although A. donax had reduced species richness and diversity compared with that found in the native distribution, it has partially re-acquired a herbivore assemblage which is similar to that found on analogous native species. This suggests that enemy release may not fully explain the invasive success of A. donax in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Canavan
- Department of Zoology and Entomology,Centre for Biological Control,Rhodes University,PO Box 94 Grahamstown,South Africa
| | - I D Paterson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology,Centre for Biological Control,Rhodes University,PO Box 94 Grahamstown,South Africa
| | - M P Hill
- Department of Zoology and Entomology,Centre for Biological Control,Rhodes University,PO Box 94 Grahamstown,South Africa
| | - T L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute,University of California,Santa Barbara,CA 93106-6150,USA
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16
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17
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Stireman JO, Singer MS. Tritrophic niches of insect herbivores in an era of rapid environmental change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:117-125. [PMID: 30551817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-trophic perspective improves understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of rapid environmental change on insect herbivores. Loss of specialized enemies due to human impacts is predicted to dramatically reduce the number of tritrophic niches of herbivores compared to a bitrophic niche perspective. Habitat fragmentation and climate change promote the loss of both specialist enemies and herbivores, favoring ecological generalism across trophic levels. Species invasion can fundamentally alter trophic interactions toward various outcomes and contributes to ecological homogenization. Adaptive evolution on ecological timescales is expected to dampen tritrophic instabilities and diversify niches, yet its ability to compensate for tritrophic niche losses in the short term is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | - Michael S Singer
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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18
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Abram PK, Moffat CE. Rethinking biological control programs as planned invasions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 27:9-15. [PMID: 30025641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological control of pests with their natural enemies essentially consists of planned invasions, with the opportunity to select both the invader and the invaded environment. Recent advances in invasion science link 'intrinsic invasion factors' (life history and behavioral traits) with invader success; connect 'extrinsic invasion factors' (abiotic and biotic aspects of the invaded environment) with environmental invasibility; and demonstrate that their interaction leads not only to ecologically driven variability but also to rapid evolutionary change in biocontrol systems. However, current theory and empirical evidence from invasion science have not yet been extensively adopted into biological control research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, 6947 Hwy #7, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada.
| | - Chandra E Moffat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 1L7, Canada
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