1
|
Anatov DM, Suprun II, Stepanov IV, Tokmakov SV. Genetic diversity analysis of apricots from Dagestan using SSR markers. PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY, GENETICS AND BREEDING 2022. [DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2022-4-132-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. This publication presents the results of a study into the genetic structure of apricot genotypes from Dagestan using the SSR genotyping technique. The importance of the study is seen in the still underexplored gene pool of Dagestani apricot at the genetic level. With this in view, an assessment of the Dagestani apricot genetic diversity, followed by an analysis of its genetic structure, is of theoretical and practical interest.Materials and methods. The study included 27 apricot genotypes of Dagestani origin: 9 advanced contemporary cultivars and hybrids, 15 seed selections and landraces, and 3 wild forms. Eight SSR markers were used for the genetic diversity analysis: H1-3, A1-91, H2-79, H1-26-2, H2-16, A1-17, RPPG1-032, and RPPG3-026.Results. The UPGMA and NJ dendrogram construction techniques revealed the genetic similarity among the Dagestani apricots, confirmed by a low level of cluster significance. The tendency towards setting apart the genotypes of hybrid origin (obtained from free pollination of introduced cultivars) from the locally selected cultivars was observed by comparing the results of Bayesian analysis and the K-means approach using the Structure and Statistica software. Such isolation is partial, being obviously affected by constant integration of new apricot genotypes into the local gene pool and its enrichment with new alleles at the genetic level.Conclusion. The contemporary assortment of apricots in Dagestan was formed on the basis of both the local autochthonous gene pool and Central Asian and European cultivars introduced into this area. The obtained data will enrich the knowledge about the genetic diversity of apricots in Dagestan and serve as the platform for further studies into the florigenetic links of the North Caucasus with other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Anatov
- Caspian Institute of Bioresources, Dagestan Federal Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - I. I. Suprun
- North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making
| | - I. V. Stepanov
- North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making
| | - S. V. Tokmakov
- North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molecular Characterization of Prunus Cultivars from Romania by Microsatellite Markers. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Romania, Prunus species have great economic and social importance. With the introduction of new cultivars arises the need to preserve and characterize the local Prunus germplasm. Thus, a set of 24 polymorphic SSRs were selected for the overall characterization, including 10 peach, 11 apricot and 5 nectarine cultivars. The average number of alleles per locus (Na = 1.958), in addition to overall observed (Ho = 0.299) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.286) were lower or comparable to those reported in similar studies, probably explained by the smaller number of analyzed cultivars restricted to a smaller geographic area. Among 26 genotypes a total of 101 alleles were identified, of which 46 alleles were in peach, 55 in apricot and 40 in nectarine, respectively. Six alleles from six loci (CPPCT-030, Pchgms-003, Pchgms-004, Pchgms-010, UDP97-401, UDP98-405) were common to all taxonomic groups. The most informative loci were BPPCT-025, Pchgms-021 and UDP96-001 in peach; BPPCT-025, BPPCT-001 and UDP96-001 in nectarine; and BPPCT-002, BPPCT-025, Pchgms-004, Pchgms-020 and Pchgms-021 in apricot. Clustering and genetic similarity analysis indicated that the degree of interspecific divergence in peach and nectarine cultivars was less than that in peach and apricot. These results will be useful to prevent confusion between cultivars, to improve breeding strategies and to benefit the management of Prunus cultivars bred in Romania.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sheikh ZN, Sharma V, Shah RA, Raina S, Aljabri M, Mir JI, AlKenani N, Hakeem KR. Elucidating Genetic Diversity in Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) Cultivated in the North-Western Himalayan Provinces of India Using SSR Markers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2668. [PMID: 34961139 PMCID: PMC8707356 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is an important temperate fruit crop worldwide. The availability of wild apricot germplasm and its characterization through genomic studies can guide us towards its conservation, increasing productivity and nutritional composition. Therefore, in this study, we carried out the genomic characterization of 50 phenotypically variable accessions by using SSR markers in the erstwhile States of Jammu and Kashmir to reveal genetic variability among accessions and their genetic associations. The genetic parameter results revealed that the number of alleles per locus (Na) ranged from 1 to 6 with a mean Na value of 3.89 and the mean effective number of alleles (Ne) per locus 1.882 with a range of 1.22 to 2. Similarly, the polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.464 to 0.104. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) (0.547) was found to have higher than expected heterozygosity (He) (0.453) with average heterozygosity of 0.4483. The dendrogram clustered genotypes into three main clades based on their pedigree. The population structure revealed IV sub-populations with all admixtures except the III sub-population, which was mainly formed of exotic cultivars. The average expected heterozygosity (He) and population differentiation within four sub-populations was 1.78 and 0.04, respectively, and explained 95.0% of the total genetic variance in the population. The results revealed that the SSR marker studies could easily decrypt the genetic variability present within the germplasm, which may form the base for the establishment of good gene banks by reducing redundancy of germplasm, selection of parents for any breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Nabi Sheikh
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, J&K, India; (Z.N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, J&K, India; (Z.N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Shah
- Ambri Apple Research Center, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir 190025, J&K, India;
| | - Shilpa Raina
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, J&K, India; (Z.N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Maha Aljabri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Laboratories Centre, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Indian Council of Agricultural and Research Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Old Airport Road, Rangreth, Srinagar 190007, J&K, India;
| | - Naser AlKenani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Princess Dr. NajlaBint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genetic diversity analysis and population structure in apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) grown under north-western himalayas using ISSR markers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5986-5992. [PMID: 34588915 PMCID: PMC8459121 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of genetic variability and population relationship of 50 accessions of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) was carried out using ISSR markers. The results revealed that the number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 8 with a mean value of 6.75, and the mean effective number of alleles (Ne) per locus was 1.54. Similarly, the polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.464 to 0.424, with a mean value of 0.424. The mean heterozygosity, marker index, resolving power, and effective multiplex ratio (EMR) ranged from 0.001 to 0.002, 0.01–0.06, 1.76–3.84, and 1–4.12. The dendrogram clustered genotypes into two main clades based on their origins. The population structure revealed two sub-populations with some admixtures. The average expected heterozygosity and population differentiation within two sub-populations was 0.1428 and 0.216, respectively. The results outcome reveals that the four ISSR markers comprehensively separated the indigenous germplasm from the exotic germplasm. The genetic divergence within indigenous genotypes and exotic genotypes could allow for future insights into apricot breeding programs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Camacho-Villalobos A, Serna F, Flores J, Flores H, Manrique P, Bendezu J. Morphological and molecular characterization of an Elaeis oleifera (H.B.K) Cortes germplasm collection located in Ucayali, Peru. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250445. [PMID: 33956829 PMCID: PMC8101761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a crop that is widely distributed in tropical regions around the world; however, this crop is subject to limitations such as rapid trunk growth and susceptibility to bud rot and red ring diseases particularly in South America. To overcome these limitations, national breeding and conservation programs have been established, and there is a need to identify parental palms from natural populations of the American oil palm (E. oleifera H.B.K. Cortes) with desirable yield and morphological traits (i.e., yield production and bunch number) and with high genetic diversity. However, in Peru the morphological and genetic data related to this important crop is limited. In this study, we characterized the morphological and yield and estimated the genetic diversity using 12 neutral microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSRs) across 72 oil palm individuals belonging to the E. oleifera germplasm collection located in the tropical region of Ucayali, Peru. Our results showed that morphological and yield traits explained approximately 40.39% of the variability within the Peruvian germplasm. Furthermore, Yield Production was highly correlated with two yield traits: Bunch Number (0.67) and Average weight per bunch (0.78). Based on the yield and morphological traits, a clustering analysis was performed and three phenotypic groups were identified (1, 2 and 3) in which groups 1 and 3 showed high scores associated primarily with yield traits. Microsatellite markers revealed 143 alleles, 11.92 ± 4.72 alleles per locus (A) and an expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.69 ± 0.045. A structural analysis identified three populations (k = 3), that were not related to the phenotypic groups. Interestingly, a multiple allele background was identified within the groups using multilocus and phylogenetic relationship analyses. This is the first Peruvian report regarding E. oleifera that shows preliminary data of the morphological and yield traits and genetic data, and highlight the importance of this information to set up future steps to national breeding strategies and improve the conservation of genetic material of E. oleifera. Overall, these novel findings could contribute to the development of the local oil palm industry in Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Camacho-Villalobos
- Estación Experimental Agraria Pucallpa, Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Perú
| | - Fernando Serna
- Centro Experimental La Molina, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Perú
| | - Jhofre Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Ucayali (UNU), Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Perú
| | - Hector Flores
- Centro Experimental La Molina, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Lima, Perú
| | | | - Jorge Bendezu
- Estación Experimental Agraria Pucallpa, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Coronel Portillo, Ucayali, Perú
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bourguiba H, Scotti I, Sauvage C, Zhebentyayeva T, Ledbetter C, Krška B, Remay A, D’Onofrio C, Iketani H, Christen D, Krichen L, Trifi-Farah N, Liu W, Roch G, Audergon JM. Genetic Structure of a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Prunus armeniaca L. Reveals Three Major Diffusion Routes for Varieties Coming From the Species' Center of Origin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32523597 PMCID: PMC7261834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the largest worldwide representative data set of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm was performed using molecular markers. Genetic diversity and structure of the cultivated apricot genetic resources were analyzed to decipher the history of diffusion of this species around the world. A common set of 25 microsatellite markers was used for genotyping a total of 890 apricot accessions in different collections from the center of origin to the more recent regions of apricot culture. Using a Bayesian model-based clustering approach, the apricot genotypes can be structured into five different genetic clusters (FST = 0.174), correlated with the geographical regions of origin of the accessions. Accessions from China and Central Asia were clustered together and exhibited the highest levels of diversity, confirming an origin in this region. A loss of genetic diversity was observed from the center of origin to both western and eastern zones of recent apricot culture. Altogether, our results revealed that apricot spread from China and Central Asia, defined as the center of origin, following three major diffusion routes with a decreasing gradient of genetic variation in each geographical group. The identification of specific alleles outside the center of origin confirmed the existence of different secondary apricot diversification centers. The present work provides more understanding of the worldwide history of apricot species diffusion as well as the field of conservation of the available genetic resources. Data have been used to define an apricot core collection based on molecular marker diversity which will be useful for further identification of genomic regions associated with commercially important horticultural traits through genome-wide association studies to sustain apricot breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Bourguiba
- LR99ES12, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ivan Scotti
- INRA Centre PACA, UR 629 URFM, Avignon, France
| | | | - Tetyana Zhebentyayeva
- Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Craig Ledbetter
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Crop Diseases, Pests & Genetics, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Boris Krška
- Department of Fruit Growing, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Lednice, Czechia
| | | | - Claudio D’Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hiroyuki Iketani
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Danilo Christen
- Département Fédéral de L’économie DFE, Station de Recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Centre de Recherche Conthey, Conthey, Switzerland
| | - Lamia Krichen
- LR99ES12, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Neila Trifi-Farah
- LR99ES12, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou City, China
| | - Guillaume Roch
- INRA Centre PACA, UR 1052 GAFL, Montfavet, France
- CEP Innovation, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li W, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liao K. Genetic diversity, population structure, and relationships of apricot ( Prunus) based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:69. [PMID: 32377359 PMCID: PMC7192913 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant form of genomic polymorphisms and are widely used in population genetics research. Here, high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the genome-level diversity, population structure, and relationships of apricot, which are important for germplasm conservation and molecular breeding. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was adopted to sequence 168 Prunus spp. accessions distributed in five ecological groups, including 74 accessions of cultivated Prunus armeniaca L. and 94 accessions of wild apricots (P. armeniaca L. and Prunus sibirica L.), which generated 417,961 high-quality SNPs. We used cluster, genetic structure, and principal component analyses to examine the genetic diversities and genetic relationships of the 168 accessions. The Dzhungar-Ili ecological group accessions showed the highest genetic diversity in terms of private allele number, observed heterozygosity, and nucleotide diversity. We speculate that the Central Asian ecological group accessions were domesticated from the Dzhungar-Ili ecological group accessions. The population structure and gene flow of the North China and European ecological group accessions suggested a genetic background of P. sibirica. We argue that the two groups should be considered hybrid swarms connected to P. sibirica by continuous and extensive gene flow. P. armeniaca originated in Northwest China (Ili Valley), subsequently spread throughout Central Asia, and eventually spread to Europe. In addition, selective sweep signatures in P. armeniaca during domestication from wild to cultivated apricots, combined with differentially expressed genes, underlie distinct fruit traits, including sugars, aromas, organic acids, and carotenoids. This study provides substantive and valuable genomic resources that will significantly advance apricot improvement and effective utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052 China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052 China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Xiongyue National Germplasm Resources Garden of the Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, Shenyang 115009 China
| | - Guoquan Fan
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang 841600 China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang 841600 China
| | - Yatong Wang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang 841600 China
| | - Kang Liao
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, López I, Badenes ML, Romero C. Self-(in)compatibility in apricot germplasm is controlled by two major loci, S and M. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:82. [PMID: 28441955 PMCID: PMC5405505 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) exhibits a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system and it is mostly considered as a self-incompatible species though numerous self-compatible exceptions occur. These are mainly linked to the mutated S C-haplotype carrying an insertion in the S-locus F-box gene that leads to a truncated protein. However, two S-locus unlinked pollen-part mutations (PPMs) termed m and m' have also been reported to confer self-compatibility (SC) in the apricot cultivars 'Canino' and 'Katy', respectively. This work was aimed to explore whether other additional mutations might explain SC in apricot as well. RESULTS A set of 67 cultivars/accessions with different geographic origins were analyzed by PCR-screening of the S- and M-loci genotypes, contrasting results with the available phenotype data. Up to 20 S-alleles, including 3 new ones, were detected and sequence analysis revealed interesting synonymies and homonymies in particular with S-alleles found in Chinese cultivars. Haplotype analysis performed by genotyping and determining linkage-phases of 7 SSR markers, showed that the m and m' PPMs are linked to the same m 0-haplotype. Results indicate that m 0-haplotype is tightly associated with SC in apricot germplasm being quite frequent in Europe and North-America. However, its prevalence is lower than that for S C in terms of frequency and geographic distribution. Structures of 34 additional M-haplotypes were inferred and analyzed to depict phylogenetic relationships and M 1-2 was found to be the closest haplotype to m 0. Genotyping results showed that four cultivars classified as self-compatible do not have neither the S C- nor the m 0-haplotype. CONCLUSIONS According to apricot germplasm S-genotyping, a loss of genetic diversity affecting the S-locus has been produced probably due to crop dissemination. Genotyping and phenotyping data support that self-(in)compatibility in apricot relies mainly on the S- but also on the M-locus. Regarding this latter, we have shown that the m 0-haplotype associated with SC is shared by 'Canino', 'Katy' and many other cultivars. Its origin is still unknown but phylogenetic analysis supports that m 0 arose later in time than S C from a widely distributed M-haplotype. Lastly, other mutants putatively carrying new mutations conferring SC have also been identified deserving future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vicente Muñoz-Sanz
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, 65211 Columbia , MO USA
| | - Elena Zuriaga
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Inmaculada López
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - María L. Badenes
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Decroocq S, Cornille A, Tricon D, Babayeva S, Chague A, Eyquard JP, Karychev R, Dolgikh S, Kostritsyna T, Liu S, Liu W, Geng W, Liao K, Asma BM, Akparov Z, Giraud T, Decroocq V. New insights into the history of domesticated and wild apricots and its contribution to Plum pox virus resistance. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4712-29. [PMID: 27480465 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studying domesticated species and their wild relatives allows understanding of the mechanisms of population divergence and adaptation, and identifying valuable genetic resources. Apricot is an important fruit in the Northern hemisphere, where it is threatened by the Plum pox virus (PPV), causing the sharka disease. The histories of apricot domestication and of its resistance to sharka are however still poorly understood. We used 18 microsatellite markers to genotype a collection of 230 wild trees from Central Asia and 142 cultivated apricots as representatives of the worldwide cultivated apricot germplasm; we also performed experimental PPV inoculation tests. The genetic markers revealed highest levels of diversity in Central Asian and Chinese wild and cultivated apricots, confirming an origin in this region. In cultivated apricots, Chinese accessions were differentiated from more Western accessions, while cultivated apricots were differentiated from wild apricots. An approximate Bayesian approach indicated that apricots likely underwent two independent domestication events, with bottlenecks, from the same wild population. Central Asian native apricots exhibited genetic subdivision and high frequency of resistance to sharka. Altogether, our results contribute to the understanding of the domestication history of cultivated apricot and point to valuable genetic diversity in the extant genetic resources of wild apricots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Decroocq
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Science for life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Tricon
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sevda Babayeva
- Genetic Resources Institute of ANAS, Azadlig ave. 155, AZ1106, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aurélie Chague
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Eyquard
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Raul Karychev
- Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, 238-a Gagarin Avenue, 480060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Svetlana Dolgikh
- Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, 238-a Gagarin Avenue, 480060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatiana Kostritsyna
- Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences, Akhunbaeva street 1a, 720064, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Shuo Liu
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Tiedong Street, Xiongyue Town, Bayuquan District, Yingkou City, Liaoning, 115009, China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Tiedong Street, Xiongyue Town, Bayuquan District, Yingkou City, Liaoning, 115009, China
| | - Wenjuan Geng
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 NongDaDong Road, 830052, Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kang Liao
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 NongDaDong Road, 830052, Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bayram M Asma
- Department of Horticulture, Inonu University, Malatya, 44210, Turkey
| | - Zeynal Akparov
- Genetic Resources Institute of ANAS, Azadlig ave. 155, AZ1106, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Véronique Decroocq
- UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France. .,UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khadivi-Khub A, Yarahmadi M, Jannatizadeh A, Ebrahimi A. Genetic relationships and diversity of common apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Pacheco Diaz JE, Arias Moreno DM, Ojeda Perez ZZ, Romero Angulo HM. Diversidad y estructura genética de accesiones de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineesis Jacq.) provenientes de Camerún. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n2.40132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
12
|
Bourguiba H, Audergon JM, Krichen L, Trifi-Farah N, Mamouni A, Trabelsi S, D’Onofrio C, Asma BM, Santoni S, Khadari B. Loss of genetic diversity as a signature of apricot domestication and diffusion into the Mediterranean Basin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:49. [PMID: 22510209 PMCID: PMC3511222 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestication generally implies a loss of diversity in crop species relative to their wild ancestors because of genetic drift through bottleneck effects. Compared to native Mediterranean fruit species like olive and grape, the loss of genetic diversity is expected to be more substantial for fruit species introduced into Mediterranean areas such as apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), which was probably primarily domesticated in China. By comparing genetic diversity among regional apricot gene pools in several Mediterranean areas, we investigated the loss of genetic diversity associated with apricot selection and diffusion into the Mediterranean Basin. RESULTS According to the geographic origin of apricots and using Bayesian clustering of genotypes, Mediterranean apricot (207 genotypes) was structured into three main gene pools: 'Irano-Caucasian', 'North Mediterranean Basin' and 'South Mediterranean Basin'. Among the 25 microsatellite markers used, only one displayed deviations from the frequencies expected under neutrality. Similar genetic diversity parameters were obtained within each of the three main clusters using both all SSR loci and only 24 SSR loci based on the assumption of neutrality. A significant loss of genetic diversity, as assessed by the allelic richness and private allelic richness, was revealed from the 'Irano-Caucasian' gene pool, considered as a secondary centre of diversification, to the northern and southwestern Mediterranean Basin. A substantial proportion of shared alleles was specifically detected when comparing gene pools from the 'North Mediterranean Basin' and 'South Mediterranean Basin' to the secondary centre of diversification. CONCLUSIONS A marked domestication bottleneck was detected with microsatellite markers in the Mediterranean apricot material, depicting a global image of two diffusion routes from the 'Irano-Caucasian' gene pool: North Mediterranean and Southwest Mediterranean. This study generated genetic insight that will be useful for management of Mediterranean apricot germplasm as well as genetic selection programs related to adaptive traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Bourguiba
- INRA, UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (AGAP), F-34398, Montpellier, France
- INRA Centre PACA – UR1052 GAFL, Domaine St Maurice, BP94, 84143, Montfavet Cedex, France
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Campus Universitaire, 2092, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Marc Audergon
- INRA Centre PACA – UR1052 GAFL, Domaine St Maurice, BP94, 84143, Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Lamia Krichen
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Campus Universitaire, 2092, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Neila Trifi-Farah
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Campus Universitaire, 2092, El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Ali Mamouni
- INRA, UR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Meknès, Morocco
| | - Samia Trabelsi
- Université de Blida, Chaire d’arboriculture, Blida, Algeria
| | - Claudio D’Onofrio
- Department of Fruit Science and Plant Protection of Woody Species “G. Scaramuzzi”, section of Fruit Science, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bayram M Asma
- Department of Biology, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Sylvain Santoni
- INRA, UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (AGAP), F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Bouchaib Khadari
- INRA, UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (AGAP), F-34398, Montpellier, France
- CBNMED, UMR 1334 AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martín C, Herrero M, Hormaza JI. Molecular characterization of apricot germplasm from an old stone collection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23979. [PMID: 21901149 PMCID: PMC3162011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing germplasm erosion requires the recovery and conservation of traditional cultivars before they disappear. Here we present a particular case in Spain where a thorough prospection of local fruit tree species was performed in the 1950s with detailed data of the origin of each genotype but, unfortunately, the accessions are no longer conserved in ex situ germplasm collections. However, for most of those cultivars, an old stone collection is still preserved. In order to analyze the diversity present at the time when the prospection was made and to which extent variability has been eroded, we developed a protocol in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) to obtain DNA from maternal tissues of the stones of a sufficient quality to be amplified by PCR. The results obtained have been compared with the results from the profiles developed from apricot cultivars currently conserved in ex situ germplasm collections. The results highlight the fact that most of the old accessions are not conserved ex situ but provide a tool to prioritize the recovery of particular cultivars. The approach used in this work can also be applied to other plant species where seeds have been preserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Herrero
- Pomology Department, EE Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ai PF, Zhen ZJ, Jin ZZ. Genetic diversity and relationships within sweet kernel apricot and related Armeniaca species based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Microsatellite analysis of the silkworm strains (Bombyx mori): high variability and potential markers for strain identification. Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Turkoglu Z, Bilgener S, Ercisli S, Bakir M, Koc A, Akbulut M, Gercekcioglu R, Gunes M, Esitken A. Simple sequence repeat-based assessment of genetic relationships among Prunus rootstocks. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:2156-65. [PMID: 21053179 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-4gmr957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ten SSR loci, previously developed for Prunus, were analyzed to examine genetic relationships among 23 rootstock candidates for sweet and sour cherries, of the species P. avium, P. cerasus, P. mahaleb, and P. angustifolia. Five genotypes of P. laurocerasus, not used as rootstock, were included in the molecular analysis. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 12, with a mean of 9, while the number of microsatellite genotypes varied from 8 to 17, indicating that the SSRs were highly informative. The degree of heterozygosity (0.61) was high. Clustering analysis resulted in two main clusters. The first cluster was divided into two subclusters; the first subcluster consisted of P. avium and P. cerasus, and the second subcluster consisted of P. laurocerasus. The second cluster was divided into two subclusters. The first subcluster consisted of P. mahaleb genotypes and the second consisted of P. angustifolia genotypes. The reference rootstocks also clustered with their associated botanical species. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analysis demonstrated that P. laurocerasus genotypes had less genetic variation and that P. avium genotypes were more closely related to P. cerasus. The SSR-based phylogeny was generally consistent with Prunus taxonomy information, suggesting the applicability of SSR analysis for genotyping and phylogenetic studies in the genus Prunus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Turkoglu
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akpinar AE, Koçal H, Ergül A, Kazan K, Selli ME, Bakir M, Aslantaş S, Kaymak S, Saribaş R. SSR-based molecular analysis of economically important Turkish apricot cultivars. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:324-32. [PMID: 20198588 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Turkey is not only the main apricot (Prunus armeniaca) producer and exporter in the world, but it also has a wide variety of apricot germplasms, owing to its close proximity to the centers of apricot origin. However, there is little or no genetic information on many apricot cultivars that are extensively cultivated in Turkey. We examined the genetic relatedness of 25 Turkish and four exotic apricot cultivars using SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers that were either previously developed for apricot, or for peach (P. persica), a close relative of apricot. Allele diversity (with an average allele number of 6.37) at the SSR loci and the heterozygosity rates (with an average Ho value of 0.648) of these cultivars were found to be higher than in previous studies that used the same loci for apricot. This fact might be attributed to the analysis of different numbers of accessions in the different studies. No correlations were found between the genetic relatedness and the geographical distributions of these cultivars. The data reported here will assist in the prevention of confusions in the apricot propagation and breeding in Turkey. The findings can also be directly compared with other studies that used the same SSR markers on apricot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Akpinar
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yuan Z, Chen X, He T, Feng J, Feng T, Zhang C. Population genetic structure in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars revealed by fluorescent-AFLP markers in southern Xinjiang, China. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:1037-47. [PMID: 18037141 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Population-wide genetic structure was studied using fluorescent-AFLP markers on 85 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars collected from Kuche, Kashi, Hetian in the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic structure and genotypic diversity among the different eco-geographical populations. Based on the results from this study, 8 pairs of fluorescent-AFLP primers showed clear electrophoregram and high polymorphism amongst the 64 pairs of EcoR|/Mse|(Mse|--a FAM fluorescent marked primer) primers screened. There was a significant polymorphic difference for the same primer pair in different populations and for the same population with different primer pairs. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) at species level was higher than Kuche, Hetian, Kashi population levels, respectively. The Nei's gene diversity index (H) and Shannon's information index (I) at species level were higher than those of Kuche, Hetian, and Kashi at population level, respectively. H and I of Kuche population were the highest amongst the three populations. Apricot population genetic diversity was found mainly within the population. Genetic differentiation coefficient between populations (G(ST)) was 0.0882. Gene flow Nm between the populations was 5.1689. Population genetic identity was between 0.9772-0.9811 and genetic distance was between 0.0191-0.0232. These results further indicated that the similarity between populations was higher and the genetic distance between populations was smaller. The UPGMA cluster analysis indicates that the geographical populations at Kuche, Kashi, Hetian were relatively independent Mendelian populations. Concurrently, there was also partial gene exchange between the populations. All the evidences indicated that the genetic diversity in Kuche population was the highest, suggesting that it could be a transition population from wild apricot to cultivated apricot. There were abundant genetic diversities in apricot cultivar populations in southern Xinjiang, China, which provide promising germplasm for further breeding and theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and utilization for apricot population in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Association Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Traits with SSR Markers in <I>Glycine max</I> and <I>Glycine soja</I> in China: II. Exploration of Elite Alleles. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2008. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2008.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Li M, Shen L, Xu A, Miao X, Hou C, Sun P, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Genetic diversity among silkworm (Bombyx mori L., Lep., Bombycidae) germplasms revealed by microsatellites. Genome 2006; 48:802-10. [PMID: 16391686 DOI: 10.1139/g05-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine genetic relationships among strains of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., 31 strains with different origins, number of generations per year, number of molts per generation, and morphological characters were studied using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Twenty-six primer pairs flanking microsatellite sequences in the silkworm genome were assayed. All were polymorphic and unambiguously separated silkworm strains from each other. A total of 188 alleles were detected with a mean value of 7.2 alleles/locus (range 2-17). The average heterozygosity value for each SSR locus ranged from 0 to 0.60, and the highest one was 0.96 (Fl0516 in 4013). The mean polymorphism index content (PIC) was 0.66 (range 0.12-0.89). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis of Nei's genetic distance grouped silkworm strains based on their origin. Seven major ecotypic silkworm groups were analyzed. Principal components analysis (PCA) for SSR data support their UPGMA clustering. The results indicated that SSR markers are an efficient tool for fingerprinting cultivars and conducting genetic-diversity studies in the silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao H, Kong J. The microsatellites and minisatellites in the genome of Fenneropenaeus chinensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 16:426-36. [PMID: 16287622 DOI: 10.1080/10425170500354359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Through two-time sequencing randomly in Fenneropenaeus chinensis, 2,597,000 bp cumulative length random genomic sequences about occupying 1.23 per thousand of the entire genome are obtained, in which the length of the first time sequencing is 884,000 bp, by cutting the genome DNA with Sau3AI enzyme, and the second is 1,713,000 bp by breaking the genome DNA with the physical method, ultrasonic. Using tandem repeat finder (TRF) soft to analyze the sequences, 4,588 tandem repeats are found, in which the number of microsatellites (1-6 bp) is 3,888, and 700 for minisatellites ( >or= 7 bp). The cumulative length of repeats is 305,555 bp, accounting for 11.72% of total cumulative sequence length, in which the cumulative length of microsatellites is 232,979 bp, accounting for 8.97% of total sequence length, and greater than those of other organisms, such as human and mosquito, etc. The dinucleotide repeat type is dominant in which the dominant repeat class is AT. The second abundant repeat type is trinucleotide, of which the dominant repeat class is AAT. Interestingly, of all of repeat types, the repeat numbers and repeat classes of primer number repeat types, such as pentanucleotide, heptanucleotide, elevennucleotide, etc. are less than those of repeat types beside them. The phenomena may involve the genesis and the evolution of microsatellites and minisatellites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
MESSINA R, LAIN O, MARRAZZO MT, CIPRIANI G, TESTOLIN R. New set of microsatellite loci isolated in apricot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|