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Li D, Zhang F, Pinson SRM, Edwards JD, Jackson AK, Xia X, Eizenga GC. Assessment of Rice Sheath Blight Resistance Including Associations with Plant Architecture, as Revealed by Genome-Wide Association Studies. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:31. [PMID: 35716230 PMCID: PMC9206596 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheath blight (ShB) disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, is one of the most economically damaging rice (Oryza sativa L.) diseases worldwide. There are no known major resistance genes, leaving only partial resistance from small-effect QTL to deploy for cultivar improvement. Many ShB-QTL are associated with plant architectural traits detrimental to yield, including tall plants, late maturity, or open canopy from few or procumbent tillers, which confound detection of physiological resistance. RESULTS To identify QTL for ShB resistance, 417 accessions from the Rice Diversity Panel 1 (RDP1), developed for association mapping studies, were evaluated for ShB resistance, plant height and days to heading in inoculated field plots in Arkansas, USA (AR) and Nanning, China (NC). Inoculated greenhouse-grown plants were used to evaluate ShB using a seedling-stage method to eliminate effects from height or maturity, and tiller (TN) and panicle number (PN) per plant. Potted plants were used to evaluate the RDP1 for TN and PN. Genome-wide association (GWA) mapping with over 3.4 million SNPs identified 21 targeted SNP markers associated with ShB which tagged 18 ShB-QTL not associated with undesirable plant architecture traits. Ten SNPs were associated with ShB among accessions of the Indica subspecies, ten among Japonica subspecies accessions, and one among all RDP1 accessions. Across the 18 ShB QTL, only qShB4-1 was not previously reported in biparental mapping studies and qShB9 was not reported in the GWA ShB studies. All 14 PN QTL overlapped with TN QTL, with 15 total TN QTL identified. Allele effects at the five TN QTL co-located with ShB QTL indicated that increased TN does not inevitably increase disease development; in fact, for four ShB QTL that overlapped TN QTL, the alleles increasing resistance were associated with increased TN and PN, suggesting a desirable coupling of alleles at linked genes. CONCLUSIONS Nineteen accessions identified as containing the most SNP alleles associated with ShB resistance for each subpopulation were resistant in both AR and NC field trials. Rice breeders can utilize these accessions and SNPs to develop cultivars with enhanced ShB resistance along with increased TN and PN for improved yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fantao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shannon R M Pinson
- USDA Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA.
| | - Jeremy D Edwards
- USDA Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Aaron K Jackson
- USDA Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Xiuzhong Xia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Georgia C Eizenga
- USDA Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA.
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Nawaz G, Usman B, Peng H, Zhao N, Yuan R, Liu Y, Li R. Knockout of Pi21 by CRISPR/Cas9 and iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of Mutants Revealed New Insights into M. oryzae Resistance in Elite Rice Line. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E735. [PMID: 32630695 PMCID: PMC7396999 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is a devastating disease affecting rice production globally. The development of cultivars with host resistance has been proved to be the best strategy for disease management. Several rice-resistance genes (R) have been recognized which induce resistance to blast in rice but R gene-mediated mechanisms resulting in defense response still need to be elucidated. Here, mutant lines generated through CRISPR/Cas9 based targeted mutagenesis to investigate the role of Pi21 against blast resistance and 17 mutant plants were obtained in T0 generation with the mutation rate of 66% including 26% bi-allelic, 22% homozygous, 12% heterozygous, and 3% chimeric and 17 T-DNA-free lines in T1 generation. The homozygous mutant lines revealed enhanced resistance to blast without affecting the major agronomic traits. Furthermore, comparative proteome profiling was adopted to study the succeeding proteomic regulations, using iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. We identified 372 DEPs, among them 149 up and 223 were down-regulated, respectively. GO analysis revealed that the proteins related to response to stimulus, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolic process, and small molecule metabolic process were up-regulated. The most of DEPs were involved in metabolic, ribosomal, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism pathways. 40S ribosomal protein S15 (P31674), 50S ribosomal protein L4, L5, L6 (Q10NM5, Q9ZST0, Q10L93), 30S ribosomal protein S5, S9 (Q6YU81, Q850W6, Q9XJ28), and succinate dehydrogenase (Q9S827) were hub-proteins. The expression level of genes related to defense mechanism, involved in signaling pathways of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene metabolisms were up-regulated in mutant line after the inoculation of the physiological races of M. oryzae as compared to WT. Our results revealed the fundamental value of genome editing and expand knowledge about fungal infection avoidance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Nawaz
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Babar Usman
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Haowen Peng
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Neng Zhao
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Ruizhi Yuan
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongbai Li
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (G.N.); (B.U.); (H.P.); (N.Z.); (R.Y.)
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Sruthilaxmi CB, Babu S. Proteome Responses to Individual Pathogens and Abiotic Conditions in Rice Seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1326-1341. [PMID: 32175828 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0425-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice plants under field conditions experience various biotic and abiotic stresses and are adapted to survive using a molecular cross-talk of genes and their protein products based on the severity of a given stress. Seedlings of cultivated variety ASD16 (resistant to fungal disease, blast; tolerant to abiotic stress, salinity) were subjected to salt, drought, high temperature and low temperature stress as well as infection by Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (causing reemerging diseases such as sheath blight and leaf blight), respectively, the sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight pathogens. Leaf proteome was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. In addition to many other differentially expressed proteins, acidic endochitinase was found to be upregulated during fungal infection and drought treatment, and a germin-like protein upregulated during fungal infection and high temperature stress. These two proteins were further validated at the gene expression level using reverse transcription-PCR in dual stress experiments. Pot culture plants were subjected to fungal infection followed by drought and drought followed by fungal infection to validate chitinase gene expression. Similarly, plants subjected to fungal infections followed by high temperature stress and vice versa were used to validate the expression of germin-like protein-coding gene. The results of the present study indicate that chitinase and germin-like protein are potential targets for further exploration to develop rice plants resistant or tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subramanian Babu
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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Woraathasin N, Nakkanong K, Nualsri C. Cloning and Expression Analysis of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 in Hevea brasiliensis During Inoculation with Rigidoporus microporus. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:233-243. [PMID: 29023035 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.233.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are dramatically accumulated after pathogen infection. Innate defense response through increasing PR-proteins is important for rubber rootstock selection that is tolerant to the white root disease caused by Rigidoporus microporus. This study was aimed to investigate the expression levels of PR-1 and PR-3 genes in tolerant (PB5/51) and susceptible (BPM24 and RRIM600) rubber clones after R. microporus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 was isolated and characterized from rubber leaves. Gene expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 were compared among three rubber clones (PB5/51, BPM24 and RRIM600) after R. microporus infection at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h using quantitative real-time PCR. The relative transcript abundances between inoculated and control plants were compared using the means of gene expression between time points and by Tukey's HSD test. A probability value (p<0.05) was used to determine the significance of difference between time points. RESULTS The open reading frame of HbPR-1b is 492 bp with deduced 163 amino acid residues and the phylogenetic analysis showed it shared significant evolutionary history and clustering into group I of PR-protein. Moreover, the partial HbPR-3 was isolated with 390 bp. Gene expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 showed marked differences in both transcripts depending on the rubber clones. Two genes demonstrated up-regulation of both tolerance and susceptibility in response to attack by R. microporus. The highest expression levels were found in seedlings of PB5/51 after inoculation. In RRIM600, low expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 were initially observed but gradually increased at 24 h post inoculation. The transcription profile of HbPR-1b was stable expression in BPM24. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the level ofHbPR-1b and HbPR-3 transcription can distinguish between tolerant and susceptible clones. The candidate defense genes to the white root disease were observed in PB5/51 seedlings, particularly HbPR-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakorn Woraathasin
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resource, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, 90112 Songkhla, Thailan
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resource, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, 90112 Songkhla, Thailan
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), 10900 Bangkok,Thailand
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Tanaka J, Fukamizo T, Ohnuma T. Enzymatic properties of a GH19 chitinase isolated from rice lacking a major loop structure involved in chitin binding. Glycobiology 2017; 27:477-485. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Islam MS, Fang DD, Thyssen GN, Delhom CD, Liu Y, Kim HJ. Comparative fiber property and transcriptome analyses reveal key genes potentially related to high fiber strength in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) line MD52ne. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:36. [PMID: 26833213 PMCID: PMC4736178 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual fiber strength is an important quality attribute that greatly influences the strength of the yarn spun from cotton fibers. Fiber strength is usually measured from bundles of fibers due to the difficulty of reliably measuring strength from individual cotton fibers. However, bundle fiber strength (BFS) is not always correlated with yarn strength since it is affected by multiple fiber properties involved in fiber-to-fiber interactions within a bundle in addition to the individual fiber strength. Molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating individual fiber strength remain unknown. Gossypium hirsutum near isogenic lines (NILs), MD52ne and MD90ne showing variations in BFS provide an opportunity for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms involved in individual fiber strength. RESULTS Comprehensive fiber property analyses of the NILs revealed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers resulted from high individual fiber strength with minor contributions from greater fiber length. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the NILs showed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers was potentially related to two signaling pathways: one is ethylene and the interconnected phytohormonal pathways that are involved in cotton fiber elongation, and the other is receptor-like kinases (RLKs) signaling pathways that are involved in maintaining cell wall integrity. Multiple RLKs were differentially expressed in MD52ne fibers and localized in genomic regions encompassing the strength quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Several candidate genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly were also up-regulated in MD52ne fibers while the secondary cell wall was produced. CONCLUSION Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed differential expressions of the genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly, ethylene and RLK signaling pathways between the MD52ne and MD90ne developing fibers. Ethylene and its phytohormonal network might promote the elongation of MD52ne fibers and indirectly contribute to the bundle strength by potentially improving fiber-to-fiber interactions. RLKs that were suggested to mediate a coordination of cell elongation and SCW biosynthesis in other plants might be candidate genes for regulating cotton fiber cell wall assembly and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md S Islam
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - David D Fang
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Gregory N Thyssen
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Chris D Delhom
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Yongliang Liu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
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Ji SH, Gururani MA, Chun SC. Expression Analysis of Rice Pathogenesis-related Proteins Involved in Stress Response and Endophytic Colonization Properties of gfp-tagged Bacillus subtilis CB-R05. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:231-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mao B, Liu X, Hu D, Li D. Co-expression of RCH10 and AGLU1 confers rice resistance to fungal sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani and blast Magnorpathe oryzae and reveals impact on seed germination. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1229-38. [PMID: 24197785 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight and blast caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Magnorpathe oryzae respectively, are the two most destructive fungal diseases in rice. With no genetic natural traits conferring resistance to sheath blight, transgenic manipulation provides an obvious approach. In this study, the rice basic chitinase gene (RCH10) and the alfalfa β-1,3-glucanase gene (AGLU1) were tandemly inserted into transformation vector pBI101 under the control of 35S promoter with its enhancer sequence to generate a double-defense gene expression cassette pZ100. The pZ100 cassette was transformed into rice (cv. Taipei 309) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. More than 160 independent transformants were obtained and confirmed by PCR. Northern analysis of inheritable progenies revealed similar levels of both RCH10 and AGLU1 transcripts in the same individuals. Disease resistance to both sheath blight and blast was challenged in open field inoculation. Immunogold detection revealed that RCH10 and AGLU1 proteins were initially located mainly in the chloroplasts and were delivered to the vacuole and cell wall upon infection, suggesting that these subcellular compartments act as the gathering and execution site for these anti-fungal proteins. We also observed that transgenic seeds display lower germination rate and seedling vigor, indicating that defense enhancement might be achieved at the expense of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China,
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Hou M, Xu W, Bai H, Liu Y, Li L, Liu L, Liu B, Liu G. Characteristic expression of rice pathogenesis-related proteins in rice leaves during interactions with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:895-904. [PMID: 22187088 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins play an important role in the disease resistance response. To better understand the function of rice PR proteins, we examined the expressions of ten PR proteins in rice leaves at different developmental stages with or without the interaction between rice and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The results showed that most of the PR proteins were expressed in rice leaves in normal growth conditions, suggesting that they play a role in rice growth. Six out of ten PR proteins (PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4b, PR8, and PR-pha) showed enhanced expression in Xa21-mediated resistance responses at late stages after inoculation with Xoo. The remaining four PR proteins (PR5, PR6, PR15, and PR16) did not show changes in expression in the resistance response. The expressions of PR proteins in the resistance reaction were further compared with those in the susceptible reaction and a mock treatment. Interestingly, several of the PR proteins were expressed at the highest levels in the susceptible reaction and at the lowest levels in the mock treatment. Among the other four PR proteins, PR5 and PR16 showed changes in the abundance only in the susceptible response, while PR6 and PR15 showed no detectable difference in expression. These data provide fundamental knowledge about the expression of PR proteins in the interaction between rice and Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
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10
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Daskalova SM, Radder JE, Cichacz ZA, Olsen SH, Tsaprailis G, Mason H, Lopez LC. Engineering of N. benthamiana L. plants for production of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycosylated proteins--towards development of a plant-based platform for production of protein therapeutics with mucin type O-glycosylation. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20735851 PMCID: PMC2936419 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin type O-glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications that impacts stability and biological functions of many mammalian proteins. A large family of UDP-GalNAc polypeptide:N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) catalyzes the first step of mucin type O-glycosylation by transferring GalNAc to serine and/or threonine residues of acceptor polypeptides. Plants do not have the enzyme machinery to perform this process, thus restricting their use as bioreactors for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that an isoform of the human GalNAc-Ts family, GalNAc-T2, retains its localization and functionality upon expression in N. benthamiana L. plants. The recombinant enzyme resides in the Golgi as evidenced by the fluorescence distribution pattern of the GalNAc-T2:GFP fusion and alteration of the fluorescence signature upon treatment with Brefeldin A. A GalNAc-T2-specific acceptor peptide, the 113-136 aa fragment of chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit, is glycosylated in vitro by the plant-produced enzyme at the "native" GalNAc attachment sites, Ser-121 and Ser-127. Ectopic expression of GalNAc-T2 is sufficient to "arm" tobacco cells with the ability to perform GalNAc-glycosylation, as evidenced by the attachment of GalNAc to Thr-119 of the endogenous enzyme endochitinase. However, glycosylation of highly expressed recombinant glycoproteins, like magnICON-expressed E. coli enterotoxin B subunit:H. sapiens mucin 1 tandem repeat-derived peptide fusion protein (LTBMUC1), is limited by the low endogenous UDP-GalNAc substrate pool and the insufficient translocation of UDP-GalNAc to the Golgi lumen. Further genetic engineering of the GalNAc-T2 plants by co-expressing Y. enterocolitica UDP-GlcNAc 4-epimerase gene and C. elegans UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-GalNAc transporter gene overcomes these limitations as indicated by the expression of the model LTBMUC1 protein exclusively as a glycoform. CONCLUSION Plant bioreactors can be engineered that are capable of producing Tn antigen-containing recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha M Daskalova
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Josiah E Radder
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zbigniew A Cichacz
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sam H Olsen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Hugh Mason
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Linda C Lopez
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Shoresh M, Harman GE. Differential expression of maize chitinases in the presence or absence of Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 and indications of a novel exo- endo-heterodimeric chitinase activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:136. [PMID: 20594307 PMCID: PMC3017806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of plants with endophytic symbiotic fungi in the genus Trichoderma alters the plant proteome and transcriptome and results in enhanced plant growth and resistance to diseases. In a previous study, we identified the numerous chitinolytic enzyme families and individual enzymes in maize which are implicated in plant disease resistance and other plant responses. RESULTS We examined the differential expression of the entire suite of chitinolytic enzymes in maize plants in the presence and absence of T. harzianum. Expression of these enzymes revealed a band of chitinolytic enzyme activity that had greater mass than any known chitinase. This study reports the characterization of this large protein. It was found to be a heretofore undiscovered heterodimer between an exo- and an endo-enzyme, and the endo portion differed between plants colonized with T. harzianum and those grown in its absence and between shoots and roots. The heterodimeric enzymes from shoots in the presence and absence of T. harzianum were purified and characterized. The dimeric enzyme from Trichoderma-inoculated plants had higher specific activity and greater ability to inhibit fungal growth than those from control plants. The activity of specific chitinolytic enzymes was higher in plants grown from Trichoderma treated seeds than in control plants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a dimer between endo- and exochitinase. The endochitinase component of the dimer changed post Trichoderma inoculation. The dimer originating from Trichoderma inoculated plants had a higher antifungal activity than the comparable enzyme from control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Shoresh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Gary E Harman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
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Khoushab F, Yamabhai M. Chitin research revisited. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1988-2012. [PMID: 20714419 PMCID: PMC2920538 DOI: 10.3390/md8071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two centuries after the discovery of chitin, it is widely accepted that this biopolymer is an important biomaterial in many aspects. Numerous studies on chitin have focused on its biomedical applications. In this review, various aspects of chitin research including sources, structure, biosynthesis, chitinolytic enzyme, chitin binding protein, genetic engineering approach to produce chitin, chitin and evolution, and a wide range of applications in bio- and nanotechnology will be dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feisal Khoushab
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
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Jung YH, Jeong SH, Kim SH, Singh R, Lee JE, Cho YS, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Jwa NS. Systematic Secretome Analyses of Rice Leaf and Seed Callus Suspension-Cultured Cells: Workflow Development and Establishment of High-Density Two-Dimensional Gel Reference Maps. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:5187-210. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - So Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Raksha Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jae-eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoon-Seong Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea, Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Division of Biochemistry, 109 Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Health Technology Research Center (HTRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
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Gene cloning, expression, purification and characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) class II chitinase CHT11. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Shoresh M, Harman GE. Genome-wide identification, expression and chromosomal location of the genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes in Zea mays. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 280:173-85. [PMID: 18560892 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitinolytic enzymes are important pathogenesis and stress related proteins. We identified 27 putative genes encoding endochitinases in the maize genome via in silico techniques and four exochitinases. Only seven of the endochitinases and segments of the exochitinases were heretofore known. The endochitinases included members of family 19 chitinases (classes I-IV of PR3, II of PR4) and members of family 18 chitinases (class III of PR8). Some similar enzymes were detected on adjacent regions of the same chromosome, and seem to result from duplication events. Most of the genes expressed were identified from EST libraries from plants exposed to biotic or abiotic stresses but also from libraries from tissues not exposed to stresses. We isolated proteins from seedlings of maize in the presence or absence of the symbiotic root colonizing fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain T22, and analyzed the activity of chitinolytic enzymes using an in-gel activity assay. The activity bands were identified by LC/MS/MS using the database from our in silico study. The identities of the enzymes changed depending on whether or not T22 was present. One activity band of about 95 kDa appeared to be a heterodimer between an exochitinase and any of several different endochitinases. The identity of the endochitinase component appeared to be dependent upon treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Shoresh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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