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Sathapondecha P, Suksri P, Nuanpirom J, Nakkanong K, Nualsri C, Whankaew S. Development of Gene-Based InDel Markers on Putative Drought Stress-Responsive Genes and Genetic Diversity of Durian (Durio zibethinus). Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10638-9. [PMID: 38306004 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Insertion-deletion (InDel) markers are co-dominant, relatively abundant and practical for agarose gel genotyping. InDel polymorphism usually affects gene functions. Nucleotide sequences of durian (Durio zibethinus) are available, but InDel makers have not been well established. This study aimed to develop drought-related gene-based InDel markers for durian through bioinformatic analysis of RNA-Seq datasets. The polymorphism of the markers was verified in 24 durian genotypes local to Thailand. Bioinformatic analysis indicated 496 InDel loci having lengths more than 9 bp. To evaluate these InDel markers, 15 InDel loci were selected. Nine markers were successfully amplified a clear polymorphic band pattern on 2% agarose gel. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of these nine markers ranged from 0.1103 to 0.5808. The genetic distance between the 24 genotypes ranged from 0.222 to 0.889. The phylogeny based on the nine InDel loci distinguished the 24 genotypes and divided samples into four groups. This set of gene-based InDel markers on putative drought-responsive genes will be useful for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponsit Sathapondecha
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Phassorn Suksri
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Nuanpirom
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sukhuman Whankaew
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand.
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Ratanaprom S, Nakkanong K, Nualsri C, Jiwanit P, Rongsawat T, Woraathasin N. Overcoming Encouragement of Dragon Fruit Plant (Hylocereus undatus) against Stem Brown Spot Disease Caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Using Bacillus subtilis Combined with Sodium Bicarbonate. Plant Pathol J 2021; 37:413. [PMID: 34365753 PMCID: PMC8357573 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.er.01.2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanan Ratanaprom
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Agriculture Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Agriculture Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Palakrit Jiwanit
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Thanyakorn Rongsawat
- Tropical Fruit and Plantation Crops Research Center, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Natthakorn Woraathasin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
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Woraathasin N, Nualsri C, Sutjit C, Keawraksa O, Rongsawat T, Nakkanong K. Genotypic variation in 9-Cis-Epoxycarotenoid Dioxygenase3 gene expression and abscisic acid accumulation in relation to drought tolerance of Hevea brasiliensis. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021; 27:1513-1522. [PMID: 34366593 PMCID: PMC8295429 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress-related plant hormone, which is reported to confer drought tolerance. A key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis is 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase. In this study, changes in morphological, physiological response, HbNCED3, and ABA accumulation of RRIM 623 and PB 5/51 rubber clones were observed at different time points of water deficit conditions (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of withholding water). During water deficit, the relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased, whereas the electro leakage (EL) increased. The magnitudes of the changes in these parameters were greater for PB 5/51 than for RRIM 623. Therefore, RRIM 623 was designated as representative of drought-tolerant clone and PB 5/51 as a drought-sensitive clone. The HbNCED3 transcription level of RRIM 623 showed lower expression compared with that of PB 5/51, which corresponded to the accumulation of ABA. RRIM 623 accumulated less ABA than PB 5/51. The ABA in RRIM 623 gradually increased, especially on the 7th day of withholding water, whereas that in PB 5/51 rapidly increased during the early periods of drought conditions. Additionally, the sensitivity of stomatal response to ABA showed that RRIM 623 had a higher sensitivity than PB 5/51. These results demonstrate that the drought-tolerant rubber clone, RRIM 623, was characterized by lower ABA accumulation during drought stress than the drought-sensitive clone, PB 5/51. The drought tolerance mechanism of the RRIM 623 might be associated with stomatal sensitivity to ABA accumulation under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakorn Woraathasin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, 94000 Thailand
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
- Tropical Fruit and Plantation Crops Research Center, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Chutima Sutjit
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Orawan Keawraksa
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Thanyakorn Rongsawat
- Tropical Fruit and Plantation Crops Research Center, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
- Tropical Fruit and Plantation Crops Research Center, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
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Ratanaprom S, Nakkanong K, Nualsri C, Jiwanit P, Rongsawat T, Woraathakorn N. Overcoming Encouragement of Dragon Fruit Plant (Hylocereus undatus) against Stem Brown Spot Disease Caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Using Bacillus subtilis Combined with Sodium Bicarbonate. Plant Pathol J 2021; 37:205-214. [PMID: 34111911 PMCID: PMC8200576 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of the supernatant from a Bacillus subtilis culture mixed with sodium bicarbonate was explored as a means of controlling stem brown spot disease in dragon fruit plants. In in vitro experiments, the B. subtilis supernatant used with sodium bicarbonate showed a strong inhibition effect on the growth of the fungus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, the agent causing stem brown spot disease and was notably effective in preventing fungal invasion of dragon fruit plant. This combination not only directly suppressed the growth of N. dimidiatum, but also indirectly affected the development of the disease by eliciting the dragon-fruit plant's defense response. Substantial levels of the pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase and glucanase, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes, peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase, were triggered. Significant lignin deposition was also detected in treated cladodes of injured dragon fruit plants in in vivo experiments. In summary, B. subtilis supernatant combined with sodium bicarbonate protected dragon fruit plant loss through stem brown spot disease during plant development in the field through pathogenic fungal inhibition and the induction of defense response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanan Ratanaprom
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Agriculture Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Agriculture Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Palakrit Jiwanit
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Thanyakorn Rongsawat
- Tropical Fruit and Plantation Crops Research Center, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Natthakorn Woraathakorn
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
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Jarujareet P, Nakkanong K, Luepromchai E, Suttinun O. Bioaugmentation coupled with phytoremediation for the removal of phenolic compounds and color from treated palm oil mill effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:32065-32079. [PMID: 31493076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential for coupling bioaugmentation with phytoremediation to simultaneously treat and utilize treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) in animal feed production was determined from a reduction in phenolic compounds and color in soil leachates, as well as from an increased yield of pasture grass. Two phenol-degrading bacteria-Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1-were inoculated into the Brachiaria humidicola rhizosphere before the application of TPOME. A pot study showed that the soil with both grass and inoculated bacteria had the highest dephenolization and decolorization efficiencies, with a maximum capability of removing 70% from 587 mg total phenolic compounds added and 73% from 4438 color units during ten TPOME application cycles. The results corresponded to increases in the number of phenol-degrading bacteria and the grass yield. In a field study, this treatment was able to remove 46% from 21,453 mg total phenolic compounds added, with a maximum color removal efficiency of 52% from 5105 color units, while the uninoculated plots removed about 24-39% and 29-46% of phenolic compounds and color, respectively. The lower treatment performance was probably due to the increased TPOME concentrations. Based on the amounts of phenolic compounds, protein, and crude fiber in the grass biomass, the inoculated TPOME-treated grass had a satisfactory nutritional quality and digestibility for use as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palist Jarujareet
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Ekawan Luepromchai
- Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Woraathasin N, Nakkanong K, Nualsri C. Cloning and Expression Analysis of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 in Hevea brasiliensis During Inoculation with Rigidoporus microporus. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:233-243. [PMID: 29023035 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.233.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are dramatically accumulated after pathogen infection. Innate defense response through increasing PR-proteins is important for rubber rootstock selection that is tolerant to the white root disease caused by Rigidoporus microporus. This study was aimed to investigate the expression levels of PR-1 and PR-3 genes in tolerant (PB5/51) and susceptible (BPM24 and RRIM600) rubber clones after R. microporus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 was isolated and characterized from rubber leaves. Gene expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 were compared among three rubber clones (PB5/51, BPM24 and RRIM600) after R. microporus infection at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h using quantitative real-time PCR. The relative transcript abundances between inoculated and control plants were compared using the means of gene expression between time points and by Tukey's HSD test. A probability value (p<0.05) was used to determine the significance of difference between time points. RESULTS The open reading frame of HbPR-1b is 492 bp with deduced 163 amino acid residues and the phylogenetic analysis showed it shared significant evolutionary history and clustering into group I of PR-protein. Moreover, the partial HbPR-3 was isolated with 390 bp. Gene expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 showed marked differences in both transcripts depending on the rubber clones. Two genes demonstrated up-regulation of both tolerance and susceptibility in response to attack by R. microporus. The highest expression levels were found in seedlings of PB5/51 after inoculation. In RRIM600, low expression levels of HbPR-1b and HbPR-3 were initially observed but gradually increased at 24 h post inoculation. The transcription profile of HbPR-1b was stable expression in BPM24. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the level ofHbPR-1b and HbPR-3 transcription can distinguish between tolerant and susceptible clones. The candidate defense genes to the white root disease were observed in PB5/51 seedlings, particularly HbPR-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakorn Woraathasin
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resource, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, 90112 Songkhla, Thailan
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resource, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, 90112 Songkhla, Thailan
| | - Charassri Nualsri
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), 10900 Bangkok,Thailand
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Ara N, Nakkanong K, Lv W, Yang J, Hu Z, Zhang M. Antioxidant enzymatic activities and gene expression associated with heat tolerance in the stems and roots of two cucurbit species ("Cucurbita maxima" and "Cucurbita moschata") and their interspecific inbred line "Maxchata". Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24008-28. [PMID: 24336062 PMCID: PMC3876091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of heat tolerance mechanisms is required to combat the challenges of global warming. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant enzyme responses to heat stress, at the enzymatic activity and gene expression levels, and to investigate the antioxidative alterations associated with heat tolerance in the stems and roots of squashes using three genotypes differing in heat tolerance. Plants of heat-tolerant "C. moschata", thermolabile "C. maxima" and moderately heat-tolerant interspecific inbred line "Maxchata" genotypes were exposed to moderate (37 °C) and severe (42 °C) heat shocks. "C. moschata" exhibited comparatively little oxidative damage, with the lowest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2(-)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the roots compared to stems, followed by "Maxchata". The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were found to be increased with heat stress in tolerant genotypes. The significant inductions of FeSOD, MnSOD, APX2, CAT1 and CAT3 isoforms in tolerant genotypes suggested their participation in heat tolerance. The differential isoform patterns of SOD, APX and CAT between stems and roots also indicated their tissue specificity. Furthermore, despite the sequence similarity of the studied antioxidant genes among "C. maxima" and "Maxchata", most of these genes were highly induced under heat stress in "Maxchata", which contributed to its heat tolerance. This phenomenon also indicated the involvement of other unknown genetic and/or epigenetic factors in controlling the expression of these antioxidant genes in squashes, which demands further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Ara
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Korakot Nakkanong
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkhla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wenhui Lv
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (N.A.); (K.N.); (W.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Nakkanong K, Yang JH, Zhang MF. Carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression during fruit development in novel interspecific inbred squash lines and their parents. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:5936-44. [PMID: 22574777 DOI: 10.1021/jf3007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid levels and composition during squash fruit development were compared in Cucurbita moschata , Cucurbita maxima , and two lines of their interspecific inbred lines, namely, Maxchata1 and Maxchata2. Eight genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The two squash species and their interspecific inbred lines exhibited different qualitative and quantitative carotenoid profiles and regulatory mechanisms. C. moschata had the lowest total carotenoid content and mainly accumulated α-carotene and β-carotene, as expected in a fruit with pale-orange flesh. Low carotenoid content in this species was probably due to the comparatively low expression of all genes investigated, especially PSY1 gene, compared to the other squashes. The predominant carotenoids in C. maxima were violaxanthin and lutein, which produced a corresponding yellow flesh color in mature fruit. The relationship between the expression of the CHYB and ZEP genes may result in almost equal concentrations of violaxanthin and lutein in C. maxima at fruit ripening. In contrast, their interspecific inbred lines principally accumulated lutein and β-carotene, leading to orange flesh color. The PSY1 gene exhibited higher expression levels at earlier stages of fruit development in the Maxchata lines, potentially triggering the increased carotenoid accumulation seen in these fruits. Likewise, the higher transcription level of CHYB gene observed in the two interspecific inbred lines might be correlated with high lutein in these hybrids. However, this study could not explain the observed β-carotene accumulation on the basis of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korakot Nakkanong
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Functional Improvement for Horticultural Plants, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
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