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Huang L, Zeng Y, Li J, Deng Y, Su G, Zhang J. One hundred single-copy nuclear sequence markers for olive variety identification: a case of fingerprinting database construction in China. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:86. [PMID: 38028815 PMCID: PMC10678893 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Olive is an ancient oil-producing tree, widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries, and now spread to other areas of the world, including China. Recently, several molecular databases were constructed in different countries and platforms for olive identification using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, comparing their results across laboratories was difficult. Herein, hundreds of polymorphic single-copy nuclear sequence markers were developed from the olive genome. Using the advantage of multiplex PCR amplification and high-throughput sequencing, a fingerprint database was constructed for the majority of olives cultivated in China. We used 100 high-quality sequence loci and estimated the genetic diversity and structure among all these varieties. We found that compared with that based on SSRs, the constructed fingerprint database based on these 100 sequences or a few of them, could provide a reliable olive variety identification platform in China, with high discrimination among different varieties using the principle of BLAST algorithm. An example of such identification platform based on this study was displayed on the web for the olive database in China (http://olivedb.cn/jianding). After resolving redundant genotypes, we identified 126 olive varieties with distinct genotypes in China. These varieties could be divided into two clusters, and it was revealed that the grouping of the varieties has a certain relationship with their origin. Herein, it is concluded that these single-copy orthologous nuclear sequences could be used to construct a universal fingerprint database of olives across different laboratories and platforms inexpensively. Based on such a database, variety identification can be performed easily by any laboratory, which would further facilitate olive breeding and variety exchange globally. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01434-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yanfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jinhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yu Deng
- Institute of Olive, Longnan Academy of Economic Forestry, Longnan, 746000 Gansu China
| | - Guangcan Su
- Liangshan Zhongze New Technology Development Co. Ltd., Xichang, 615042 Sichuan China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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Julca I, Vargas P, Gabaldón T. Phylogenomics of the Olea europaea complex using 15 whole genomes supports recurrent genetic admixture together with differentiation into seven subspecies. BMC Biol 2023; 21:85. [PMID: 37069619 PMCID: PMC10111821 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last taxonomic account of Olea recognises six subspecies within Olea europaea L., including the Mediterranean olive tree (subsp. europaea) and five other subspecies (laperrinei, guanchica, maroccana, cerasiformis, and cuspidata) distributed across the Old World, including Macaronesian islands. The evolutionary history of this monophyletic group (O. europaea complex) has revealed a reticulated scenario involving hybridization and polyploidization events, leading to the presence of a polyploid series associated with the subspecies. However, how the polyploids originated, and how the different subspecies contributed to the domestication of the cultivated olive are questions still debated. Tracing the recent evolution and genetic diversification of the species is key for the management and preservation of its genetic resources. To study the recent history of the O. europaea complex, we compared newly sequenced and available genomes for 27 individuals representing the six subspecies. RESULTS Our results show discordance between current subspecies distributions and phylogenomic patterns, which support intricate biogeographic patterns. The subspecies guanchica, restricted to the Canary Islands, is closely related to subsp. europaea, and shows a high genetic diversity. The subsp. laperrinei, restricted now to high mountains of the Sahara desert, and the Canarian subsp. guanchica contributed to the formation of the allotetraploid subsp. cerasiformis (Madeira islands) and the allohexaploid subsp. maroccana (western Sahara region). Our phylogenomic data support the recognition of one more taxon (subsp. ferruginea) for the Asian populations, which is clearly segregated from the African subsp. cuspidata. CONCLUSIONS In sum, the O. europaea complex underwent several processes of hybridization, polyploidy, and geographical isolation resulting in seven independent lineages with certain morphological traits recognised into subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Besnard G, Gorrilliot O, Raimondeau P, Génot B, El Bakkali A, Anthelme F, Baali-Cherif D. Contrasting Genetic Footprints among Saharan Olive Populations: Potential Causes and Conservation Implications. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061207. [PMID: 34198539 PMCID: PMC8231981 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Laperrine's olive is endemic to the Saharan Mountains. Adapted to arid environments, it may constitute a valuable genetic resource to improve water-stress tolerance in the cultivated olive. However, limited natural regeneration coupled with human pressures make it locally endangered in Central Sahara. Understanding past population dynamics is thus crucial to define management strategies. Nucleotide sequence diversity was first investigated on five nuclear genes and compared to the Mediterranean and African olives. These data confirm that the Laperrine's olive has a strong affinity with the Mediterranean olive, but it shows lower nucleotide diversity than other continental taxa. To investigate gene flows mediated by seeds and pollen, polymorphisms from nuclear and plastid microsatellites from 383 individuals from four Saharan massifs were analyzed. A higher genetic diversity in Ahaggar (Hoggar, Algeria) suggests that this population has maintained over the long term a larger number of individuals than other massifs. High-to-moderate genetic differentiation between massifs confirms the role of desert barriers in limiting gene flow. Yet contrasting patterns of isolation by distance were observed within massifs, and also between plastid and nuclear markers, stressing the role of local factors (e.g., habitat fragmentation, historical range shift) in seed and pollen dispersal. Implications of these results in the management of the Laperrine's olive genetic resources are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Océane Gorrilliot
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Pauline Raimondeau
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Benoit Génot
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | | | - Fabien Anthelme
- AMAP, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France;
| | - Djamel Baali-Cherif
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, USTHB/INA, BP44, Alger 16000, Algeria;
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Salimonti A, Carbone F, Romano E, Pellegrino M, Benincasa C, Micali S, Tondelli A, Conforti FL, Perri E, Ienco A, Zelasco S. Association Study of the 5'UTR Intron of the FAD2-2 Gene With Oleic and Linoleic Acid Content in Olea europaea L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32117401 PMCID: PMC7031445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is the most ancient and spread tree crop in the Mediterranean basin. An important quality trait for the extra virgin olive oil is the fatty acid composition. In particular, a high content of oleic acid and low of linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acid is considered very relevant in the health properties of the olive oil. The oleate desaturase enzyme encoding-gene (FAD2-2) is the main responsible for the linoleic acid content in the olive fruit mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil revealing to be the most important candidate gene for the linoleic acid biosynthesis. In this study, an in silico and structural analysis of the 5'UTR intron of the FAD2-2 gene was conducted with the aim to explore the natural sequence variability and its role in the gene expression regulation. In order to identify functional allele variants, the 5'UTR intron was isolated and partially sequenced in 97 olive cultivars. The sequence analysis allowed to find a 117-bp insertion including two long duplications never found before in FAD2-2 genes in olive and the existence of many intron-mediated enhancement (IME) elements. The sequence polymorphism analysis led to detect 39 SNPs. The candidate gene association study conducted for oleic and linoleic acids content revealed seven SNPs and one indel significantly associated able to explain a phenotypic variation ranging from 7% to 16% among the years. Our study highlighted new structural variants within the FAD2-2 gene in olive, putatively involved in the regulation mechanisms of gene expression associated with the variation of the content of oleic and linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Salimonti
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Elvira Romano
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Benincasa
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Sabrina Micali
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tondelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, CREA, Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy
| | - Francesca L. Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Enzo Perri
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Samanta Zelasco
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
- *Correspondence: Samanta Zelasco,
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Cultrera NGM, Sarri V, Lucentini L, Ceccarelli M, Alagna F, Mariotti R, Mousavi S, Ruiz CG, Baldoni L. High Levels of Variation Within Gene Sequences of Olea europaea L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1932. [PMID: 30671076 PMCID: PMC6331486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene sequence variation in cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea), the most important oil tree crop of the Mediterranean basin, has been poorly evaluated up to now. A deep sequence analysis of fragments of four genes, OeACP1, OeACP2, OeLUS and OeSUT1, in 90 cultivars, revealed a wide range of polymorphisms along all recognized allele forms and unexpected allele frequencies and genotype combinations. High linkage values among most polymorphisms were recorded within each gene fragment. The great sequence variability corresponded to a low number of alleles and, surprisingly, to a small fraction of genotype combinations. The distribution, frequency, and combination of the different alleles at each locus is possibly due to natural and human pressures, such as selection, ancestrality, or fitness. Phylogenetic analyses of allele sequences showed distant and complex patterns of relationships among cultivated olives, intermixed with other related forms, highlighting an evolutionary connection between olive cultivars and the O. europaea subspecies cuspidata and cerasiformis. This study demonstrates how a detailed and complete sequence analysis of a few gene portions and a thorough genotyping on a representative set of cultivars can clarify important issues related to sequence polymorphisms, reconstructing the phylogeny of alleles, as well as the genotype combinations. The identification of regions representing blocks of recombination could reveal polymorphisms that represent putatively functional markers. Indeed, specific mutations found on the analyzed OeACP1 and OeACP2 fragments seem to be correlated to the fruit weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò G. M. Cultrera
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vania Sarri
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Livia Lucentini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Ceccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Alagna
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
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Besnard G, Terral JF, Cornille A. On the origins and domestication of the olive: a review and perspectives. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:385-403. [PMID: 29293871 PMCID: PMC5838823 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Unravelling domestication processes is crucial for understanding how species respond to anthropogenic pressures, forecasting crop responses to future global changes and improving breeding programmes. Domestication processes for clonally propagated perennials differ markedly from those for seed-propagated annual crops, mostly due to long generation times, clonal propagation and recurrent admixture with local forms, leading to a limited number of generations of selection from wild ancestors. However, additional case studies are required to document this process more fully. Scope The olive is an iconic species in Mediterranean cultural history. Its multiple uses and omnipresence in traditional agrosystems have made this species an economic pillar and cornerstone of Mediterranean agriculture. However, major questions about the domestication history of the olive remain unanswered. New paleobotanical, archeological, historical and molecular data have recently accumulated for olive, making it timely to carry out a critical re-evaluation of the biogeography of wild olives and the history of their cultivation. We review here the chronological history of wild olives and discuss the questions that remain unanswered, or even unasked, about their domestication history in the Mediterranean Basin. We argue that more detailed ecological genomics studies of wild and cultivated olives are crucial to improve our understanding of olive domestication. Multidisciplinary research integrating genomics, metagenomics and community ecology will make it possible to decipher the evolutionary ecology of one of the most iconic domesticated fruit trees worldwide. Conclusion The olive is a relevant model for improving our knowledge of domestication processes in clonally propagated perennial crops, particularly those of the Mediterranean Basin. Future studies on the ecological and genomic shifts linked to domestication in olive and its associated community will provide insight into the phenotypic and molecular bases of crop adaptation to human uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENSFEA-IRD, EDB, UMR 5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex , France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- ISEM, UMR 5554, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE, Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie, Montpellier Cedex, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA, CNRS) EVOLea, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- GQE - Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Besnard G, Cuneo P. An ecological and evolutionary perspective on the parallel invasion of two cross-compatible trees. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw056. [PMID: 27519914 PMCID: PMC5018386 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Invasive trees are generally seen as ecosystem-transforming plants that can have significant impacts on native vegetation, and often require management and control. Understanding their history and biology is essential to guide actions of land managers. Here, we present a summary of recent research into the ecology, phylogeography and management of invasive olives, which are now established outside of their native range as high ecological impact invasive trees. The parallel invasion of European and African olive in different climatic zones of Australia provides an interesting case study of invasion, characterized by early genetic admixture between domesticated and wild taxa. Today, the impact of the invasive olives on native vegetation and ecosystem function is of conservation concern, with European olive a declared weed in areas of South Australia, and African olive a declared weed in New South Wales and Pacific islands. Population genetics was used to trace the origins and invasion of both subspecies in Australia, indicating that both olive subspecies have hybridized early after introduction. Research also indicates that African olive populations can establish from a low number of founder individuals even after successive bottlenecks. Modelling based on distributional data from the native and invasive range identified a shift of the realized ecological niche in the Australian invasive range for both olive subspecies, which was particularly marked for African olive. As highly successful and long-lived invaders, olives offer further opportunities to understand the genetic basis of invasion, and we propose that future research examines the history of introduction and admixture, the genetic basis of adaptability and the role of biotic interactions during invasion. Advances on these questions will ultimately improve predictions on the future olive expansion and provide a solid basis for better management of invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS, UPS, ENFA, Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, 31062 Toulouse 4, France
| | - Peter Cuneo
- The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
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Association Mapping in Turkish Olive Cultivars Revealed Significant Markers Related to Some Important Agronomic Traits. Biochem Genet 2016; 54:506-533. [PMID: 27209034 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit trees especially in the Mediterranean countries due to high consumption of table olive and olive oil. In olive breeding, the phenotypic traits associated to fruit are the key factors that determine productivity. Association mapping has been used in some tree species and a lot of crop plant species, and here, we perform an initial effort to detect marker-trait associations in olive tree. In the current study, a total of 96 olive genotypes, including both oil and table olive genotypes from Turkish Olive GenBank Resources, were used to examine marker-trait associations. For olive genotyping, SNP, AFLP, and SSR marker data were selected from previously published study and association analysis was performed between these markers and 5 yield-related traits. Three different approaches were used to check for false-positive results in association tests, and association results obtained from these models were compared. Using the model utilizing both population structure and relative kinship, eleven associations were significant with FDR ≤ 0.05. The largest number of significant associations was detected for fruit weight and stone weight. Our results suggested that association mapping could be an effective approach for identifying marker-trait associations in olive genotypes, without the development of mapping populations. This study shows for the first time the use of association mapping for identifying molecular markers linked to important traits in olive tree.
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Atherton RA, Lockhart PJ, McLenachan PA, de Lange PJ, Wagstaff SJ, Shepherd LD. A molecular investigation into the origin and relationships of karaka/kōpi (Corynocarpus laevigatus) in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2015.1093006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Zedane L, Hong-Wa C, Murienne J, Jeziorski C, Baldwin BG, Besnard G. Museomics illuminate the history of an extinct, paleoendemic plant lineage (Hesperelaea, Oleaceae) known from an 1875 collection from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loubab Zedane
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Cynthia Hong-Wa
- Missouri Botanical Garden; PO Box 299 St. Louis MO 63166-0299 USA
| | - Jérôme Murienne
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Céline Jeziorski
- INRA; UAR1209; département de Génétique Animale; INRA Auzeville 31326; Castanet-Tolosan France
- GeT-PlaGe; Genotoul; INRA Auzeville 31326; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Bruce G. Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-2465 USA
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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