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Sun Y, Xiao W, Wang QN, Wang J, Kong XD, Ma WH, Liu SX, Ren P, Xu LN, Zhang YJ. Multiple variation patterns of terpene synthases in 26 maize genomes. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:46. [PMID: 36707768 PMCID: PMC9881264 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are important compounds associated with the pest and herbivore resistance mechanisms of plants; consequently, it is essential to identify and explore terpene synthase (TPS) genes in maize. In the present study, we identified 31 TPS genes based on a pan-genome of 26 high-quality maize genomes containing 20 core genes (present in all 26 lines), seven dispensable genes (present in 2 to 23 lines), three near-core genes (present in 24 to 25 lines), and one private gene (present in only 1 line). Evaluation of ka/ks values of TPS in 26 varieties revealed that TPS25 was subjected to positive selection in some varieties. Six ZmTPS had ka/ks values less than 1, indicating that they were subjected to purifying selection. In 26 genomes, significant differences were observed in ZmTPS25 expression between genes affected by structural variation (SV) and those not affected by SV. In some varieties, SV altered the conserved structural domains resulting in a considerable number of atypical genes. The analysis of RNA-seq data of maize Ostrinia furnacalis feeding revealed 10 differentially expressed ZmTPS, 9 of which were core genes. However, many atypical genes for these responsive genes were identified in several genomes. These findings provide a novel resource for functional studies of ZmTPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wenqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Qing-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Kong
- Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Si-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Na Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Liu D, Zhang X, Chiqin F, Nyamwasa I, Cao Y, Yin J, Zhang S, Feng H, Li K. Octopamine modulates insect mating and Oviposition. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:628-640. [PMID: 35687218 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuro-mechanisms that regulate insect reproduction are not fully understood. Biogenic amines, including octopamine, are neuromodulators that have been shown to modulate insect reproduction in various ways, e.g., promote or inhibit insect mating or oviposition. In this study, we examined the role of octopamine in regulating the reproduction behaviors of a devastating underground insect pest, the dark black chafer (Holotrichia parallela). We first measured the abundance of octopamine in different neural tissues of the adult chafer pre- and post-mating, demonstrating that octopamine decreased in the abdominal ganglia of females but increased in males post-mating. We then fed the adult H. parallela with a concentration gradient of octopamine to test the effects on insect reproductive behaviors. Compared with its antagonist mianserin, octopamine at the concentration of 2 µg/mL resulted in the highest increase in males' preference for sex pheromone and females' oviposition, whereas the mianserin-treatment increased the survival rate and prolonged the lifespan of H. parallela. In addition, we did not observe significant differences in egg hatchability between octopamine and mianserin-treated H. parallela. Our results demonstrated that octopamine promotes H. parallela mating and oviposition with a clear low dosage effect, illustrated how neural substrates modulate insect behaviors, and provided insights for applying octopamine in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Chiqin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Innocent Nyamwasa
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 14853, Ithaca, NewYork, USA.
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology, Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Batool R, Umer MJ, Wang Y, He K, Shabbir MZ, Zhang T, Bai S, Chen J, Wang Z. Myco-Synergism Boosts Herbivory-Induced Maize Defense by Triggering Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:790504. [PMID: 35251075 PMCID: PMC8892192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.790504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocontrol strategies are the best possible and eco-friendly solution to develop resistance against O furnacalis and improve the maize yield. However, the knowledge about underlying molecular mechanisms, metabolic shifts, and hormonal signaling is limited. METHODS Here, we used an axenic and a consortium of entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana OFDH1-5 and a pathogen-antagonistic Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 in maize and observed that consortium applications resulted in higher chlorophyll contents and antioxidants activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), proline, protease, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] with a decrease in O. furnacalis survival. We performed a comprehensive transcriptome and an untargeted metabolome profiling for the first time at a vegetative stage in fungal inoculated maize leaves at 0-, 12-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h post insect infestation. RESULTS The consortium of B. bassiana and T. asperellum leads to 80-95% of O. furnacalis mortality. A total of 13,156 differentially expressed genes were used for weighted gene coexpression network analysis. We identified the six significant modules containing thirteen candidate genes [protein kinase (GRMZM2G025459), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (GRMZM5G864319), thioredoxin gene (GRMZM2G091481), glutathione S-transferase (GRMZM2G116273), patatin-like phospholipase gene (GRMZM2G154523), cytochrome P450 (GRMZM2G139874), protease inhibitor (GRMZM2G004466), (AC233926.1_FG002), chitinase (GRMZM2G453805), defensin (GRMZM2G392863), peroxidase (GRMZM2G144153), GDSL- like lipase (AC212068.4_FG005), and Beta-glucosidase (GRMZM2G031660)], which are not previously reported that are highly correlated with Jasmonic acid - Ethylene (JA-ET) signaling pathway and antioxidants. We detected a total of 130 negative and 491 positive metabolomic features using a ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Intramodular significance and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) expressions showed that these genes are the true candidate genes. Consortium treated maize had higher jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) levels. CONCLUSION Our results provide insights into the genetics, biochemicals, and metabolic diversity and are useful for future biocontrol strategies against ACB attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, China
| | - Yangzhou Wang
- Insect Ecology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhao SW, Wang X, Li YS, Liu JN, Wang S, Xi JH. The herbivore-induced plant volatile tetradecane enhances plant resistance to Holotrichia parallela larvae in maize roots. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:550-560. [PMID: 34585511 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many herbivore-induced volatiles have been proven to act as signaling compounds to regulate nearby plant defense responses. However, the precise roles of key volatiles produced by maize roots after Holotrichia parallela larva feeding remain largely unknown. RESULTS We investigated changes in phytohormones and volatiles in maize roots after H. parallela larval infestation. Marked increases in the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the volatiles jasmone and tetradecane were induced by herbivores, whereas the salicylic acid content decreased. In addition, pre-exposure to tetradecane markedly increased the levels of the stress hormone JA, its precursors and derivatives, and related gene expression. In addition, pre-exposure altered the production of defensive benzoxazinoid secondary metabolites, resulting in increased plant resistance to H. parallela larvae. Plants pre-exposed to jasmone did not differ from control plants. In addition, bioassays showed that H. parallela larval growth was suppressed by feeding maize roots after pre-exposure to tetradecane. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that tetradecane may function as a potent defense induction signal that prepares neighboring plants for incoming attacks. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun-Shuo Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Nan Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shang Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chung SH, Bigham M, Lappe RR, Chan B, Nagalakshmi U, Whitham SA, Dinesh‐Kumar SP, Jander G. A sugarcane mosaic virus vector for rapid in planta screening of proteins that inhibit the growth of insect herbivores. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1713-1724. [PMID: 33763921 PMCID: PMC8428830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a notorious pest that threatens maize production worldwide. Current control measures involve the use of chemical insecticides and transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Although additional transgenes have confirmed insecticidal activity, limited research has been conducted in maize, at least partially due to the technical difficulty of maize transformation. Here, we describe implementation of a sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) vector for rapidly testing the efficacy of both endogenous maize genes and heterologous genes from other organisms for the control of S. frugiperda in maize. Four categories of proteins were tested using the SCMV vector: (i) maize defence signalling proteins: peptide elicitors (Pep1 and Pep3) and jasmonate acid conjugating enzymes (JAR1a and JAR1b); (ii) maize defensive proteins: the previously identified ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2) and maize proteinase inhibitor (MPI), and two proteins with predicted but unconfirmed anti-insect activities, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and a lectin (JAC1); (iii) lectins from other plant species: Allium cepa agglutinin (ACA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA); and (iv) scorpion and spider toxins: peptides from Urodacus yaschenkoi (UyCT3 and UyCT5) and Hadronyche versuta (Hvt). In most cases, S. frugiperda larval growth was reduced by transient SCMV-mediated overexpression of genes encoding these proteins. Additionally, experiments with a subset of the SCMV-expressed genes showed effectiveness against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). Together, these results demonstrate that SCMV vectors are a rapid screening method for testing the efficacy and insecticidal activity of candidate genes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan R. Lappe
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Barry Chan
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchIthacaNYUSA
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Li E, Qin J, Feng H, Li J, Li X, Nyamwasa I, Cao Y, Ruan W, Li K, Yin J. Immune-related genes of the larval Holotrichia parallela in response to entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:192. [PMID: 33731017 PMCID: PMC7967997 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) emerge as compatible alternatives to conventional insecticides in controlling Holotrichia parallela larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). However, the immune responses of H. parallela against EPNs infection remain unclear. Results In present research, RNA-Seq was firstly performed. A total of 89,427 and 85,741 unigenes were achieved from the midgut of H. parallela larvae treated with Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF for 24 and 72 h, respectively; 2545 and 3156 unigenes were differentially regulated, respectively. Among those differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 74 were identified potentially related to the immune response. Notably, some immune-related genes, such as peptidoglycan recognition protein SC1 (PGRP-SC1), pro-phenoloxidase activating enzyme-I (PPAE-I) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), were induced at both treatment points. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST were all involved in anti-parasitic immune process. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the three immune-related genes were expressed in all developmental stages; PGRP-SC1 and PPAE-I had higher expressions in midgut and fat body, respectively, while GST exhibited high expression in both of them. Moreover, in vivo silencing of them resulted in increased susceptibility of H. parallela larvae to H. beicherriana LF. Conclusion These results suggest that H. parallela PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST are involved in the immune responses to resist H. beicherriana LF infection. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome resource of H. parallela exposure to nematode challenge that will help to support further comparative studies on host-EPN interactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jinqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Innocent Nyamwasa
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Pan Y, Zhao S, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Lee Y, Xi J. Quantitative proteomics suggests changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of maize in response to larvae of the belowground herbivore Holotrichia parallela. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9819. [PMID: 32913681 PMCID: PMC7456535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Holotrichia parallela, a destructive belowground herbivore, may cause yield losses of up to 20% in maize in a typical year. To understand the protein-level mechanisms governing the response of maize to this herbivore, tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics was used for the comparative analysis of protein abundance in the maize roots after H. parallela larval attack. A total of 351 upregulated proteins and 303 downregulated proteins were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were most strongly associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways, such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and fructose and mannose metabolism. Most glycolysis-related proteins were significantly induced. In addition, H. parallela larval attack decreased the glucose concentrations in the roots. This study demonstrates that maize can manipulate carbohydrate metabolism by modifying glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway response to root-feeding herbivorous attackers. The results of this study may help to establish a foundation for further functional studies of key protein-mediated responses to H. parallela larvae in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Shiwen Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, ChangChun, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Yunshuo Lee
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
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