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Wang F, Zang Z, Zhao Q, Xiaoyang C, Lei X, Wang Y, Ma Y, Cao R, Song X, Tang L, Deyholos MK, Zhang J. Advancement of Research Progress on Synthesis Mechanism of Cannabidiol (CBD). ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2008-2018. [PMID: 38900848 PMCID: PMC11264327 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a multipurpose crop with high value for food, textiles, and other industries. Its secondary metabolites, including cannabidiol (CBD), have potential for broad application in medicine. With the CBD market expanding, traditional production may not be sufficient. Here we review the potential for the production of CBD using biotechnology. We describe the chemical and biological synthesis of cannabinoids, the associated enzymes, and the application of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and heterologous expression to increasing production of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhenyuan Zang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunxiao Xiaoyang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiujuan Lei
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yiqiao Ma
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rongan Cao
- College
of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural
University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xixia Song
- Institute
of Industrial Crops of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin 150000, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute
of Industrial Crops of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin 150000, China
| | - Michael K. Deyholos
- Department
of Biology, University of British Columbia,
Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department
of Biology, University of British Columbia,
Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Tang Q, Xu Y, Gao F, Xu Y, Cheng C, Deng C, Chen J, Yuan X, Zhang X, Su J. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the differential accumulation of phenylpropanoids and terpenoids in hemp autotetraploid and its diploid progenitor. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:616. [PMID: 38049730 PMCID: PMC10696708 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis sativa, a dioecious plant that has been cultivated worldwide for thousands of years, is known for its secondary metabolites, especially cannabinoids, which possess several medicinal effects. In this study, we investigated the autopolyploidization effects on the biosynthesis and accumulation of these metabolites, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the gene expression and metabolic variations in industrial hemp autotetraploids and their diploid progenitors. RESULTS Through these analyses, we obtained 1,663 differentially expressed metabolites and 1,103 differentially expressed genes. Integrative analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis were regulated by polyploidization. No substantial differences were found in the cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinol content between tetraploids and diploids. Following polyploidization, some transcription factors, including nine bHLH and eight MYB transcription factors, affected the metabolic biosynthesis as regulators. Additionally, several pivotal catalytic genes, such as flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase, related to the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, were identified as being modulated by polyploidization. CONCLUSIONS This study enhances the overall understanding of the impact of autopolyploidization in C. sativa and the findings may encourage the application of polyploid breeding for increasing the content of important secondary metabolites in industrial hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Industrial Hemp Science and Technology Innovation, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Yunnan Academy of Industrial Hemp, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Chaohua Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Industrial Hemp Science and Technology Innovation, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Canhui Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoge Yuan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China.
- Center for Industrial Hemp Science and Technology Innovation, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China.
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Barbarić L, Bezbradica SC. A forensic application of genetic markers for distinction between drug-type and fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111853. [PMID: 37863007 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic markers can represent a valuable tool for forensic purposes in discriminating between fiber-type and drug-type cannabis. The aim of this research was to evaluate developed genetic markers for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) when applied on certified hemp (14 varieties) and forensic casework samples of four chemotypes (40 seizures). Chemotype-associated PCR-based markers did not enable reliable selective amplification despite the difference in cannabinoid composition. In order to characterize forensic samples of unknown origin, THCAS sequencing was performed. The comparison of THCAS sequences, including additional accessions, indicated high genetic similarity of hemp varieties. Confiscated samples of intermediate, THC, CBD and CBG type were clearly separated from fiber-type accessions and assigned to drug-type cluster. Despite the unknown origin, their position on the tree support the notion that they are more related to drug-type accessions than to the fiber-type. However, no clear distinction between chemotypes was found. Furthermore, 26 amino acid substitutions were revealed in THCAS that clearly separate hemp varieties and neither of them cluster with any other tested sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Barbarić
- Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vučetić", Ministry of the Interior, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kwiecień E, Kowalczuk D. Therapeutic Potential of Minor Cannabinoids in Dermatological Diseases-A Synthetic Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6149. [PMID: 37630401 PMCID: PMC10459035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatological diseases pose a significant burden on the quality of life of individuals and can be challenging to treat effectively. In this aspect, cannabinoids are gaining increasing importance due to their therapeutic potential in various disease entities including skin diseases. In this synthetic review, we comprehensively analyzed the existing literature in the field of potential dermatological applications of a lesser-known subgroup of cannabinoids, the so-called minor cannabinoids, such as cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiforol (CBDP), cannabichromene (CBC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabimovone (CBM) or cannabinol (CBN), while drawing attention to their unique pharmacological properties. We systematically searched the available databases for relevant studies and analyzed the data to provide an overview of current thematic knowledge. We looked through the full-text, bibliographic and factographic databases, especially Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Polish Scientific Journals Database, and selected the most relevant papers. Our review highlights that minor cannabinoids exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-itch properties. Several studies have reported their efficacy in mitigating symptoms associated with dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, acne, and pruritus. Furthermore, minor cannabinoids have shown potential in regulating sebum production, a crucial factor in acne pathogenesis. The findings of this review suggest that minor cannabinoids hold therapeutic promise in the management of dermatological diseases. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are warranted to elucidate their mechanisms of action, determine optimal dosage regimens, and assess long-term safety profiles. Incorporating minor cannabinoids into dermatological therapies could potentially offer novel treatment options of patients and improve their overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kwiecień
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- A-Sense Sp. z o.o., ul. Moscickiego 1, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dorota Kowalczuk
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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Garrido J, Rico S, Corral C, Sánchez C, Vidal N, Martínez-Quesada JJ, Ferreiro-Vera C. Exogenous application of stress-related signaling molecules affect growth and cannabinoid accumulation in medical cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1082554. [PMID: 36605951 PMCID: PMC9809906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a source of bioactive phytochemicals with promising pharmacological and therapeutic applications. Enhancing the accumulation of valuable bioactive compounds is potentially a way of increasing the economic importance of this crop. Signaling molecules like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, several phytohormones regulate plant trichome formation and elicit the synthesis of secondary metabolites in many plant species in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Therefore, exogenously delivered plant signaling molecules have the potential to modify the chemical profiles of medical cannabis. In this study, we found that the foliar application of SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and GABA produces changes in the accumulation of the two major cannabinoids, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), in leaves and inflorescences of a medical cannabis variety. MeJA at 0.1 mM increased the CBDA content in inflorescences by 15.6%, while SA and MeJA at 0.1 mM increased CBDA and THCA accumulation in leaves by up to 57.3%. Treatments did not change the expression of genes participating in the final steps of the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids: olivetolic acid cyclase (CsOAC-1 and CsOAC-2), 2-acylphloroglucinol 4-prenyltransferase (CsPT4), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CsCBDAS), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (CsTHCAS). Trichome density was not significantly different from the control plants in any treatment. Besides, we found strong correlations between several plant growth parameters and cannabinoid yields, showing a direct link between plant fitness and the production of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Garrido
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Saleta Rico
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carolina Corral
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Conchi Sánchez
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Vidal
- Departamento Fisiología Vegetal, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG)-Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez-Quesada
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferreiro-Vera
- Phytoplant Research Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada Unipersonal (S.L.U), Departamento de Hibridación y Cultivo, Parque Científico-Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There have been many debates, discussions, and published writings about the therapeutic value of cannabis plant and the hundreds of cannabinoids it contains. Many states and countries have attempted, are attempting, or have already passed bills to allow legal use of cannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), as medicines to treat a wide range of clinical conditions without having been approved by a regulatory body. Therefore, by using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we have reviewed published papers during the past 30 years on cannabinoids as medicines and comment on whether there is sufficient clinical evidence from well-designed clinical studies and trials to support the use of CBD or any other cannabinoids as medicines. RECENT FINDINGS Current research shows that CBD and other cannabinoids currently are not ready for formal indications as medicines to treat a wide range of clinical conditions as promoted except for several exceptions including limited use of CBD for treating two rare forms of epilepsy in young children and CBD in combination with THC for treating multiple-sclerosis-associated spasticity. SUMMARY Research indicates that CBD and several other cannabinoids have potential to treat multiple clinical conditions, but more preclinical, and clinical studies and clinical trials, which follow regulatory guidelines, are needed to formally recommend CBD and other cannabinoids as medicines.
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Khalsa JH, Bunt G, Blum K, Maggirwar SB, Galanter M, Potenza MN. Review: Cannabinoids as Medicinals. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:630-646. [PMID: 36093358 PMCID: PMC9449267 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review
There have been many debates, discussions, and published writings about the therapeutic value of cannabis plant and the hundreds of cannabinoids it contains. Many states and countries have attempted, are attempting, or have already passed bills to allow legal use of cannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), as medicines to treat a wide range of clinical conditions without having been approved by a regulatory body. Therefore, by using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we have reviewed published papers during the past 30 years on cannabinoids as medicines and comment on whether there is sufficient clinical evidence from well-designed clinical studies and trials to support the use of CBD or any other cannabinoids as medicines. Recent findings Current research shows that CBD and other cannabinoids currently are not ready for formal indications as medicines to treat a wide range of clinical conditions as promoted except for several exceptions including limited use of CBD for treating two rare forms of epilepsy in young children and CBD in combination with THC for treating multiple-sclerosis-associated spasticity. Summary Research indicates that CBD and several other cannabinoids have potential to treat multiple clinical conditions, but more preclinical, and clinical studies and clinical trials, which follow regulatory guidelines, are needed to formally recommend CBD and other cannabinoids as medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jag H. Khalsa
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Special Volunteer, 16071 Industrial Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Ross Hall Room 502A, 2300 I Street, Washington, NWDC 20037 USA
- Drug Addiction and Co-occurring Infections, Aldie, VA 20105-5572 USA
| | - Gregory Bunt
- Samaritan Day Top Village, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Behavioral Health & Sports, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Precision Translational Medicine, LLC, San Antonio, TX USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Institute of Behavior & Neurogenetics, LLC, San Antonio, TX USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Ross Hall Room 502A, 2300 I Street, Washington, NWDC 20037 USA
| | - Marc Galanter
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Room NBV20N28, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Rm726, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
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Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Misleading Name but a Promising Opportunity for Biomedical Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081084. [PMID: 36008978 PMCID: PMC9406211 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the very large number of phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), bioactivity studies have long remained focused on the so called “Big Four” [Δ9-THC (1), CBD (2), CBG (3) and CBC (4)] because of their earlier characterization and relatively easy availability via isolation and/or synthesis. Bioactivity information on the chemical space associated with the remaining part of the cannabinome, a set of ca 150 compounds traditionally referred to as “minor phytocannabinoids”, is scarce and patchy, yet promising in terms of pharmacological potential. According to their advancement stage, we sorted the bioactivity data available on these compounds, better referred to as the “dark cannabinome”, into categories: discovery (in vitro phenotypical and biochemical assays), preclinical (animal models), and clinical. Strategies to overcome the availability issues associated with minor phytocannabinoids are discussed, as well as the still unmet challenges facing their development as mainstream drugs.
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