1
|
Sastre-Munar A, Pades-Jiménez A, García-Coll N, Molina-Mula J, Romero-Franco N. Injuries, Pain, and Catastrophizing Level in Gymnasts: A Retrospective Analysis of a Cohort of Spanish Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050890. [PMID: 35628027 PMCID: PMC9141380 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and psychological demands from gymnastics increase the occurrence of injuries and pain among athletes, whose consequent level of catastrophizing could affect rehabilitation and performance. Although the characteristics of each gymnastics discipline may be key factors, they remain unclear. This study aimed to describe injuries, pain, and catastrophizing levels of gymnasts, according to their discipline and training characteristics. A total of 160 gymnasts fulfilled an online survey at the end of the 2021 season. Eighty gymnasts sustained 106 injuries (mainly ankle), and 128 had current pain (mainly low back). Although results were similar among disciplines, rhythmic gymnasts had a higher prevalence of low back pain (p = 0.003) and artistic wrist pain (p = 0.011). Gymnasts who sustained an injury displayed higher hours of training (p = 0.026), and those with current pain had more sports experience (p = 0.001) and age (p < 0.001). A higher catastrophizing level was observed in injured gymnasts and correlated with pain level (p < 0.001). No other differences were found (p > 0.05). Pain and injury prevalence is extremely high among gymnasts, being specific to the gymnastics discipline and increasing catastrophizing experience. Hours of training, age, and sports experience are key related factors, regardless of discipline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Sastre-Munar
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (A.P.-J.); (N.G.-C.); (N.R.-F.)
- Sport High Performance Centre of Balearic Islands, E-07009 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Pades-Jiménez
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (A.P.-J.); (N.G.-C.); (N.R.-F.)
| | - Natalia García-Coll
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (A.P.-J.); (N.G.-C.); (N.R.-F.)
| | - Jesús Molina-Mula
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (A.P.-J.); (N.G.-C.); (N.R.-F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (A.P.-J.); (N.G.-C.); (N.R.-F.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fares R, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Olmedillas H. Effect of Active Recovery Protocols on the Management of Symptoms Related to Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
3
|
Body Composition, Training Volume/Pattern and Injury Status of Slovenian Adolescent Female High-Performance Gymnasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042019. [PMID: 33669675 PMCID: PMC7923138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Body composition (BC), training volume/pattern, and injury status are a few important factors affecting training quality and sport performance in female artistic gymnastics. We aimed to examine BC status, training volume/pattern, and injury status during the first competition period. Our cross-sectional study included 17 female gymnasts (age: 17.4 ± 4.1 years, body height: 159.8 ± 6.2 cm, and body weight: 54.8 ± 5.3 kg) who were high performance at the international and national level. The BC (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) parameters included body height and mass, body fat percentage (BF %), lean body mass (LBM), body mass index (BMI), total bone mineral density (BMD total), and total bone mineral content (BMC total). Training volume and pattern were assessed via an author-developed questionnaire, while injury status (i.e., anatomical location, symmetry and rate of injuries) was assessed via a modified questionnaire on overuse injuries used in sports injury epidemiology studies with elite-level athletes. Body composition parameters were as follows: the BMI was 21.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, BF % was 21.9 ± 4.7%, LBM was 41.2 ± 3.4 kg, BMD total was 1.22 ± 0.08 g/cm2, and BMC total was 2486 ± 344 g. Furthermore, the average weekly volume of training was 23.5 ± 1.4 h, with the highest training volume occurring on Monday and Tuesday and high variability within gymnasts. Our study also revealed that the most frequently injured joints that had the most negative impact on training volume, sport performance and pain status were the ankles and low back, followed by the knees and shoulders. This kind of yearly screening method is warranted to allow more definitive conclusions to be made on adjusted training and preventive strategies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ortiz RO, Sinclair Elder AJ, Elder CL, Dawes JJ. A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Active Recovery Interventions on Athletic Performance of Professional-, Collegiate-, and Competitive-Level Adult Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2275-2287. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Van Hooren B, Peake JM. Do We Need a Cool-Down After Exercise? A Narrative Review of the Psychophysiological Effects and the Effects on Performance, Injuries and the Long-Term Adaptive Response. Sports Med 2018; 48:1575-1595. [PMID: 29663142 PMCID: PMC5999142 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that an active cool-down is more effective for promoting post-exercise recovery than a passive cool-down involving no activity. However, research on this topic has never been synthesized and it therefore remains largely unknown whether this belief is correct. This review compares the effects of various types of active cool-downs with passive cool-downs on sports performance, injuries, long-term adaptive responses, and psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery. An active cool-down is largely ineffective with respect to enhancing same-day and next-day(s) sports performance, but some beneficial effects on next-day(s) performance have been reported. Active cool-downs do not appear to prevent injuries, and preliminary evidence suggests that performing an active cool-down on a regular basis does not attenuate the long-term adaptive response. Active cool-downs accelerate recovery of lactate in blood, but not necessarily in muscle tissue. Performing active cool-downs may partially prevent immune system depression and promote faster recovery of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. However, it is unknown whether this reduces the likelihood of post-exercise illnesses, syncope, and cardiovascular complications. Most evidence indicates that active cool-downs do not significantly reduce muscle soreness, or improve the recovery of indirect markers of muscle damage, neuromuscular contractile properties, musculotendinous stiffness, range of motion, systemic hormonal concentrations, or measures of psychological recovery. It can also interfere with muscle glycogen resynthesis. In summary, based on the empirical evidence currently available, active cool-downs are largely ineffective for improving most psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery, but may nevertheless offer some benefits compared with a passive cool-down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mkaouer B, Jemni M, Chaabene H, Amara S, Njah A, Chtara M. Effect of Two Different Types of Olympic Rotation Order on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Variables in Men's Artistic Gymnastics. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:179-187. [PMID: 29599870 PMCID: PMC5873347 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotation sequence-order differs from a gymnast to another according to the draw at the time of the qualifying competitions in men's artistic gymnastics. Only the six best gymnasts start on the floor exercises, the others could start on any of the other five apparatuses. It has been demonstrated that some gymnastics events are physiologically less taxing than others; hence some gymnasts could experience lower and/or higher levels of cardiovascular and metabolic stress compared to others, depending on the apparatus they start with. In this regard, the objective of this investigation was to compare cardiovascular and metabolic variables between two different types of Olympic rotation-order; one began with the floor exercises and the other began with the pommel horse. Six elite male gymnasts took part in this investigation. Heart rates, synchronized with real-time video acquisition, as well as capillary lactate concentration following each apparatus routine were monitored. Cardiovascular and metabolic stresses were significantly higher when gymnasts started their rotation with the pommel horse in all apparatuses except the pommel horse. The floor exercises' score was significantly affected when gymnasts ended up their competition on this apparatus. As a conclusion, starting gymnastics' competition on the floor exercises implicates less cardiovascular and metabolic stress associated with better performance compared with the other rotation order. As a matter of fact, best gymnasts who start on this apparatus could have a slight advantage compared with the other athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bessem Mkaouer
- Department of Sports and Physical Activities, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Monèm Jemni
- Department of Sport Science, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Amara
- Department of Sports and Physical Activities, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Ahmad Njah
- Department of Sports and Physical Activities, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Chtara
- Department of Sports and Physical Activities, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isacco L, Ennequin G, Cassirame J, Tordi N. Physiological Pattern Changes in Response to a Simulated Competition in Elite Women's Artistic Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:2768-2777. [PMID: 28796126 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isacco, L, Ennequin, G, Cassirame, J, and Tordi, N. Physiological pattern changes in response to a simulated competition in elite women's artistic gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2768-2777, 2019-The outstanding progress in women's artistic gymnastics in recent decades has led to increased technical and physiological demands. The aim of this study was to investigate (a) the physiological demands of elite French gymnasts and (b) the impact of a competitive routine on physiological pattern changes. Fourteen French elite female gymnasts performed anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests, and a simulated 4-event competition. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded throughout the duration of the simulated competition. Blood lactate concentrations were assessed at rest, before the beginning and at 2, 4, and 10 minutes after completion of the routine on each apparatus. Isometric handgrip strength and anaerobic endurance and power were assessed during the simulated competition. The highest values of HR and blood lactate concentrations were reached during the floor and uneven bar exercises. Blood lactate concentrations and HR kinetics were apparatus dependent and values remained significantly increased at 10 minutes of recovery compared with resting data. Anaerobic endurance and power decreased significantly as the competition progressed (p < 0.001). The present results show specifically cardiorespiratory and anaerobic apparatus-dependent responses throughout a simulated competition. Recovery approaches seem relevant to prevent and minimize fatigue and optimize performance in these athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Isacco
- EA 3920 and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Gael Ennequin
- EA 4267 and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- EA 4660 and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- EA 4267 and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France.,Inserm CIC-CIT 808, University Hospital Besançon, Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Gymnastics is noted for involving highly specialized strength, power, agility and flexibility. Flexibility is perhaps the single greatest discriminator of gymnastics from other sports. The extreme ranges of motion achieved by gymnasts require long periods of training, often occupying more than a decade. Gymnasts also start training at an early age (particularly female gymnasts), and the effect of gymnastics training on these young athletes is poorly understood. One of the concerns of many gymnastics professionals is the training of the spine in hyperextension-the ubiquitous 'arch' seen in many gymnastics positions and movements. Training in spine hyperextension usually begins in early childhood through performance of a skill known as a back-bend. Does practising a back-bend and other hyperextension exercises harm young gymnasts? Current information on spine stretching among gymnasts indicates that, within reason, spine stretching does not appear to be an unusual threat to gymnasts' health. However, the paucity of information demands that further study be undertaken.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Örer GE, Güzel NA, Arslan E. Recovery levels after eccentric and concentric loading in maximal force. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1743-7. [PMID: 27390407 PMCID: PMC4932048 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to compare the differences in recovery
periods after maximal concentric and eccentric exercises. [Subjects and Methods]
Twenty-two participants voluntarily participated and were divided into two groups: the
athlete and sedentary groups. An incremental treadmill running test was performed until
exhaustion. During the subsequent passive recovery session, heart rate and venous blood
lactate level were determined every 3 minutes until the venous blood lactate level reached
2 mmol/l. The same test protocol was implemented 15 days later. [Results] Both groups
showed significantly shorter running durations in concentric exercise, while significant
differences were found between the athlete and sedentary groups in terms of venous blood
lactate level responses. In addition, there were significant differences between the
athlete and sedentary groups in terms of running duration and heart rate in concentric and
eccentric exercises. [Conclusion] The present study revealed no difference between the
athlete and sedentary groups in terms of recovery durations after eccentric and concentric
loadings, although the athletes demonstrated faster recovery in terms of HR compared with
the sedentary group. It was thought that concentric exercises cause greater physiological
responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Erikoğlu Örer
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Turkey
| | - Nevin Atalay Güzel
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Turkey
| | - Erşan Arslan
- Department of School of Physical Education and Sports, Siirt University, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Development of a specific anaerobic field test for aerobic gymnastics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123115. [PMID: 25876039 PMCID: PMC4395203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current investigation aimed to develop a valid specific field test to evaluate anaerobic physical performance in Aerobic Gymnastics athletes. We first designed the Specific Aerobic Gymnast Anaerobic Test (SAGAT), which included gymnastics-specific elements performed in maximal repeated sprint fashion, with a total duration of 80-90 s. In order to validate the SAGAT, three independent sub-studies were performed to evaluate the concurrent validity (Study I, n=8), the reliability (Study II, n=10) and the sensitivity (Study III, n=30) of the test in elite female athletes. In Study I, a positive correlation was shown between lower-body Wingate test and SAGAT performance (Mean power: p = 0.03, r = -0.69, CI: -0.94 to 0.03 and Peak power: p = 0.02, r = -0.72, CI: -0.95 to -0.04) and between upper-body Wingate test and SAGAT performance (Mean power: p = 0.03, r = -0.67, CI: -0.94 to 0.02 and Peak power: p = 0.03, r = -0.69, CI: -0.94 to 0.03). Additionally, plasma lactate was similarly increased in response to SAGAT (p = 0.002), lower-body Wingate Test (p = 0.021) and a simulated competition (p = 0.007). In Study II, no differences were found between the time to complete the SAGAT in repeated trials (p = 0.84; Cohen’s d effect size = 0.09; ICC = 0.97, CI: 0.89 to 0.99; MDC95 = 0.12 s). Finally, in Study III the time to complete the SAGAT was significantly lower during the competition cycle when compared to the period before the preparatory cycle (p < 0.001), showing an improvement in SAGAT performance after a specific Aerobic Gymnastics training period. Taken together, these data have demonstrated that SAGAT is a specific, reliable and sensitive measurement of specific anaerobic performance in elite female Aerobic Gymnastics, presenting great potential to be largely applied in training settings.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Achieving an appropriate balance between training and competition stresses and recovery is important in maximising the performance of athletes. A wide range of recovery modalities are now used as integral parts of the training programmes of elite athletes to help attain this balance. This review examined the evidence available as to the efficacy of these recovery modalities in enhancing between-training session recovery in elite athletes. Recovery modalities have largely been investigated with regard to their ability to enhance the rate of blood lactate removal following high-intensity exercise or to reduce the severity and duration of exercise-induced muscle injury and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Neither of these reflects the circumstances of between-training session recovery in elite athletes. After high-intensity exercise, rest alone will return blood lactate to baseline levels well within the normal time period between the training sessions of athletes. The majority of studies examining exercise-induced muscle injury and DOMS have used untrained subjects undertaking large amounts of unfamiliar eccentric exercise. This model is unlikely to closely reflect the circumstances of elite athletes. Even without considering the above limitations, there is no substantial scientific evidence to support the use of the recovery modalities reviewed to enhance the between-training session recovery of elite athletes. Modalities reviewed were massage, active recovery, cryotherapy, contrast temperature water immersion therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, compression garments, stretching, electromyostimulation and combination modalities. Experimental models designed to reflect the circumstances of elite athletes are needed to further investigate the efficacy of various recovery modalities for elite athletes. Other potentially important factors associated with recovery, such as the rate of post-exercise glycogen synthesis and the role of inflammation in the recovery and adaptation process, also need to be considered in this future assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Barnett
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|