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Moazami M, Askari B. Effect of Six Months of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Levels of Insulin, Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Hormone 1 in Sedentary Obese Women. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.4.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Patel H, Alkhawam H, Madanieh R, Shah N, Kosmas CE, Vittorio TJ. Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system. World J Cardiol 2017; 9:134-138. [PMID: 28289526 PMCID: PMC5329739 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Patel
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Hassan Alkhawam
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Raef Madanieh
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Niel Shah
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Constantine E Kosmas
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Timothy J Vittorio
- Harsh Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Brooklyn - School of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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Moraes C, Marinho S, Lobo JC, Stockler-Pinto MB, Barros AF, Jacobson LV, da Nobrega ACL, Rosa MLG, Denise M. Effects of resistance exercise training on acyl-ghrelin and obestatin levels in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2015; 37:851-7. [PMID: 25897771 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1033634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) present altered levels of appetite hormones such as acyl-ghrelin (orexigenic) and obestatin (anorexigenic), which may contribute to anorexia. Physical exercise may affect these hormones and improve appetite in these patients. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a resistance exercise program in appetite hormones, body composition, and nutritional status in HD patients. DESIGN Intervention study with the control group. SUBJECTS Fifty-two patients on regular HD program were enrolled into two groups: 37 patients performed exercises (56.7% male, 45 ± 12.8 years, 57 (9-192) months on HD) and 15 patients comprised the control group (66.7% men, 50 ± 10.6 years, 57 (11-153) months on HD). MEASUREMENTS Exercise program (performed with elastic bands and ankle cuffs in both lower limbs) was supervised three times a week during 6 months (72 sessions). Patients had their blood drawn in a regular HD day after overnight fasting, before and after 6 months of exercise program. Obestatin, acyl-ghrelin, routine biochemical parameters, quality of life, and anthropometric data were collected and analyzed before and after 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months of exercise, obestatin levels reduced [from 3.0 ng/mL (2.3-3.4) to 1.9 ng/mL (0.6-3.4)] and acyl-ghrelin levels increased [from 21.5 pg/mL (1.3-77.7) to 37.2 pg/mL (16.7-94.1)] and the control group presented no significant differences in both plasma levels of hormones. Body composition and physical functional assessed by SF-36 and albumin levels (3.7 ± 0.3 to 3.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.05) improved after exercises. CONCLUSION Six months of resistance exercises contributed to changes in plasma appetite hormones, body composition, and nutritional status in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Moraes
- a Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Martins C, Kulseng B, Rehfeld JF, King NA, Blundell JE. Effect of chronic exercise on appetite control in overweight and obese individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:805-12. [PMID: 23247700 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827d1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of exercise on body mass is likely to be partially mediated through changes in appetite control. However, no studies have examined the effect of chronic exercise on obestatin and cholecystokinin (CCK) plasma concentrations or the sensitivity to detect differences in preload energy in obese individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on 1) fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of obestatin, CCK, leptin, and glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and 2) the accuracy of energy compensation in response to covert preload manipulation. METHODS This study used a 12-wk supervised exercise program in 22 sedentary overweight/obese individuals. Fasting/postprandial plasma concentrations of obestatin, CCK, leptin, and GIP were assessed before and after the intervention. Energy compensation at a 30-min test meal after a high-energy (607 kcal) or a low-energy (246 kcal) preload and for the rest of the day (cumulative energy intake [EI]) was also measured. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the plasma concentration of fasting plasma GIP and both fasting and postprandial leptin concentrations after the exercise intervention (P < 0.05 for all). No significant changes were observed for CCK or obestatin. A significant preload-exercise interaction (P = 0.011) was observed on cumulative EI and energy compensation for the same period (-87% ± 196% vs 68% ± 165%, P = 0.011). Weight loss (3.5 ± 1.4 kg, P < 0.0001) was not correlated with changes in energy compensation. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that exercise improves the accuracy of compensation for previous EI, independent of weight loss. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to GIP and leptin, exercise-induced weight loss had no effect on obestatin or CCK concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Lund MT, Taudorf L, Hartmann B, Helge JW, Holst JJ, Dela F. Meal induced gut hormone secretion is altered in aerobically trained compared to sedentary young healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2737-47. [PMID: 23979179 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial insulin release is lower in healthy aerobically trained (T) compared to untrained (UT) individuals. This may be mediated by a lower release of the two incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] in T. The aim of this study was to assess and compare gut hormone response and satiety changes after a liquid meal intake in young, healthy T and UT males. Postprandial gut hormone release and subjective feelings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption were assessed before and frequently for the following 3 h after a 200 ml liquid meal (1,260 kJ and 27, 41 and 32 energy % as protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively) in ten T and ten UT young, healthy male subjects. The insulin and GIP responses were markedly lower in T than UT and correlated during the first 30 min after the liquid meal. Baseline GLP-1 concentration was higher in T versus UT, but the response in the following 3 h after a liquid meal was similar in T and UT. Satiety measures did not differ between groups throughout the test. It is possible that in aerobically T subjects, a lower GIP release is partly responsible for a lower postprandial incretin stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taulo Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Tiryaki-Sonmez G, Ozen S, Bugdayci G, Karli U, Ozen G, Cogalgil S, Schoenfeld B, Sozbir K, Aydin K. Effect of exercise on appetite-regulating hormones in overweight women. Biol Sport 2013; 30:75-80. [PMID: 24744470 PMCID: PMC3944580 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1044220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin, acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin. These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body's nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise. Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise trial, subjects ran for 60 min at 50% of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period. In the control trial, subjects rested for 2 h. Obestatin, acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min after baseline. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.05) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin. However, changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise resulted in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels, it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tiryaki-Sonmez
- Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - S Ozen
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - G Bugdayci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - U Karli
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - G Ozen
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - S Cogalgil
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - B Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - K Sozbir
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - K Aydin
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Zhang JV, Li L, Huang Q, Ren PG. Obestatin receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:89-107. [PMID: 23317783 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the bioinformatic prediction, Zhang and colleagues discovered obestatin, a new 23-amino acid hormone from rat stomach extract encoded by the ghrelin gene. Obestatin is present not only in the gastrointestinal tract, but also in the spleen, mammary gland, breast milk, and plasma. Obestatin appears to function as part of a complex gut-brain network whereby hormones and substances from the stomach, intestine and the brain about satiety or hunger. Given the current research regarding the effects of obestatin and its possible cognate receptor(s), this chapter provides the latest review of the physiological and pathological characteristics of this hormone and its possible receptor(s) in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian V Zhang
- Research Center for Gene and Cell Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advance Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Ghanbari-Niaki A, Jafari A, Moradi M, Kraemer RR. Short-,moderate-, and long-term treadmill training protocols reduce plasma, fundus, but not small intestine ghrelin concentrations in male rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:439-43. [PMID: 21183796 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that circulating ghrelin levels are upregulated by fasting, hypoglycemic status, and a physical exercise-induced energy deficit. AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate the timecourse adaptations of the plasma, fundus, and small intestine ghrelin concentrations as well as related hormones and liver ATP levels to 3, 6, and 12 weeks of treadmill endurance running. MATERIAL/SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine male Wistar rats (12-14 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 3 control (C3, no.=5; C6, no.=7 and C12, no.=7) and 3 training groups (E3, no.=6; E6, no.=7 and E12, no.=7). The rats in the 3 training groups were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last session of each training program and tissues were analyzed. RESULTS Total ghrelin concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) lower in trained rat plasma and fundus tissue after all treadmill endurance running programs. Small intestine ghrelin concentrations remained unchanged. Plasma GH concentrations and liver ATP content were significantly higher in E6 and E12 groups. CONCLUSION Data indicate that as little as 3 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise reduces plasma and fundus total ghrelin concentrations with elevated plasma GH and liver ATP content occurring after 6 and 12 weeks of training. Exercise training-induced improvement of energy source availability and negative feedback from increased GH levels may play a role in reducing plasma and fundus ghrelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghanbari-Niaki
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Mazandran University, Babolsar Mazandran, Iran
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Plasma nesfatin-1 and glucoregulatory hormone responses to two different anaerobic exercise sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:863-8. [PMID: 20625762 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ghanbari-Niaki A, Soltani R, Shemshaki A, Kraemer RR. Effects of acute ethionine injection on plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels in trained male rats. Metabolism 2010; 59:982-7. [PMID: 20045146 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, that are secreted from the stomach mucosa into the circulation. These peptides have opposing actions on food intake, weight gain, and adiposity. It is thought that ghrelin is sensitive to a negative energy environment and also plays a considerable role in short- and long-term energy balance and glucose homeostasis. It has been suggested that the levels of ghrelin and obestatin are upregulated by fasting, hypoglycemic status, and a physical-exercise-induced energy deficit. Ethionine (ETH), the ethyl analogue of methionine, has been shown to increase food intake, decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen levels, and inhibit protein synthesis in the liver. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a single dose of ETH (0.7 mg/g of body weight) injection on resting plasma total ghrelin and obestatin concentrations in male trained rats. Thirty-two adult Wistar male rats weighing 180 to 200 g were randomly assigned to control (n = 16) and training (n =16) groups. The training group was exercised for 10 weeks (25 m/min, 0% grade, 60 minutes, and 5 d/wk). Seventy-two hours after the last exercise session, rats were injected with either saline (NaCl) or ETH and then killed. Ethionine compared with a NaCl injection resulted in significant (P < .013) reductions in resting hepatic ATP and glycogen levels, and in a significant (P < .001) increase in concentrations of plasma total ghrelin but not obestatin. The results indicate that ETH-induced liver ATP and glycogen deficiency could exert a powerful regulatory influence on plasma total ghrelin, but this is not the case for obestatin. Findings demonstrate the short-term energy-regulating capacity of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mazandaran University, Baboulsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
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Seim I, Herington AC, Chopin LK. New insights into the molecular complexity of the ghrelin gene locus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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