1
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Abdelbary M, Nolz JC. N-linked glycans: an underappreciated key determinant of T cell development, activation, and function. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00035. [PMID: 38027254 PMCID: PMC10662610 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that results in the decoration of newly synthesized proteins with diverse types of oligosaccharides that originate from the amide group of the amino acid asparagine. The sequential and collective action of multiple glycosidases and glycosyltransferases are responsible for determining the overall size, composition, and location of N-linked glycans that become covalently linked to an asparagine during and after protein translation. A growing body of evidence supports the critical role of N-linked glycan synthesis in regulating many features of T cell biology, including thymocyte development and tolerance, as well as T cell activation and differentiation. Here, we provide an overview of how specific glycosidases and glycosyltransferases contribute to the generation of different types of N-linked glycans and how these post-translational modifications ultimately regulate multiple facets of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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2
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Mortimer NT, Fischer ML, Waring AL, Kr P, Kacsoh BZ, Brantley SE, Keebaugh ES, Hill J, Lark C, Martin J, Bains P, Lee J, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Schlenke TA. Extracellular matrix protein N-glycosylation mediates immune self-tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017460118. [PMID: 34544850 PMCID: PMC8488588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017460118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to respond to infection, hosts must distinguish pathogens from their own tissues. This allows for the precise targeting of immune responses against pathogens and also ensures self-tolerance, the ability of the host to protect self tissues from immune damage. One way to maintain self-tolerance is to evolve a self signal and suppress any immune response directed at tissues that carry this signal. Here, we characterize the Drosophila tuSz1 mutant strain, which mounts an aberrant immune response against its own fat body. We demonstrate that this autoimmunity is the result of two mutations: 1) a mutation in the GCS1 gene that disrupts N-glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins covering the fat body, and 2) a mutation in the Drosophila Janus Kinase ortholog that causes precocious activation of hemocytes. Our data indicate that N-glycans attached to extracellular matrix proteins serve as a self signal and that activated hemocytes attack tissues lacking this signal. The simplicity of this invertebrate self-recognition system and the ubiquity of its constituent parts suggests it may have functional homologs across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790;
| | - Mary L Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Ashley L Waring
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pooja Kr
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Balint Z Kacsoh
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Susanna E Brantley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Joshua Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Chris Lark
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Julia Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pravleen Bains
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Jonathan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | | | - Todd A Schlenke
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
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3
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Fujihira H, Takakura D, Matsuda A, Abe M, Miyazaki M, Nakagawa T, Kajino K, Denda-Nagai K, Noji M, Hino O, Irimura T. Bisecting-GlcNAc on Asn388 is characteristic to ERC/mesothelin expressed on epithelioid mesothelioma cells. J Biochem 2021; 170:317-326. [PMID: 33792699 PMCID: PMC8510291 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a highly aggressive tumour associated with asbestos exposure and is histologically classified into three types: epithelioid-type, sarcomatoid-type and biphasic-type. The prognosis of mesothelioma patients is poor and there is no effective molecular-targeting therapy as yet. ERC/mesothelin is a glycoprotein that is highly expressed on several types of cancers including epithelioid mesothelioma, but also expressed on normal mesothelial cells. This is a predicted reason why there is no clinically approved therapeutic antibody targeting ERC/mesothelin. In the present study, we focussed on the differential glycosylation between ERC/mesothelin present on epithelioid mesothelioma and that on normal mesothelial cells and aimed to reveal a distinct feature of epithelioid mesothelioma cells. Lectin microarray analysis of ERC/mesothelin using cells and patient specimens showed significantly stronger binding of PHA-E4 lectin, which recognizes complex-type N-glycans having a so-called bisecting-GlcNAc structure, to ERC/mesothelin from epithelioid mesothelioma cells than that from normal mesothelial cells. Further, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis on ERC/mesothelin from epithelioid mesothelioma cells confirmed the presence of a bisecting-GlcNAc attached to Asn388 of ERC/mesothelin. These results suggest that this glycoproteome could serve as a potential target for the generation of a highly selective and safe therapeutic antibody for epithelioid mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Fujihira
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takakura
- Project for utilizing glycans in the development of innovative drug discovery technologies, Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA), Tokyo 104-0032, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Michiyo Miyazaki
- Project for utilizing glycans in the development of innovative drug discovery technologies, Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA), Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Project for utilizing glycans in the development of innovative drug discovery technologies, Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA), Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kajino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kaori Denda-Nagai
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miki Noji
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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4
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Nakić N, Tran TH, Novokmet M, Andreoletti O, Lauc G, Legname G. Site-specific analysis of N-glycans from different sheep prion strains. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009232. [PMID: 33600485 PMCID: PMC7891774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases affecting a wide range of mammalian species, including humans. During the course of the disease, the abnormally folded scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) accumulates in the central nervous system where it causes neurodegeneration. In prion disorders, the diverse spectrum of illnesses exists because of the presence of different isoforms of PrPSc where they occupy distinct conformational states called strains. Strains are biochemically distinguished by a characteristic three-band immunoblot pattern, defined by differences in the occupancy of two glycosylation sites on the prion protein (PrP). Characterization of the exact N-glycan structures attached on either PrPC or PrPSc is lacking. Here we report the characterization and comparison of N-glycans from two different sheep prion strains. PrPSc from both strains was isolated from brain tissue and enzymatically digested with trypsin. By using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry, a site-specific analysis was performed. A total of 100 structures were detected on both glycosylation sites. The N-glycan profile was shown to be similar to the one on mouse PrP, however, with additional 40 structures reported. The results presented here show no major differences in glycan composition, suggesting that glycans may not be responsible for the differences in the two analyzed prion strains. To date, prion diseases remain a controversy amongst scientists. Although we know now it is the abnormal form of the prion protein (PrPSc) that causes the disease, many questions are still left unanswered. To understand the cellular mechanism of these diseases, we should first and foremost try to fully understand the prion protein itself. Even though many findings have been made regarding the structure of the protein, a large part of it is still unknown. Since the prion protein is actually a glycoprotein, to resolve its structure we need to put our focus not only on the protein part of the glycoprotein but also on the glycan structures as well. Here we compared two different sheep prion strains and although no major differences have been found between the glycan structures, this analysis may help the understanding of the role glycans have in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Nakić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Thanh Hoa Tran
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.,VNUK Institute for Research and Executive Education, The University of Danang, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225-IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.,ELETTRA Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Rempfer C, Ruiz-Molina N, Lorenz T, Rodríguez Jahnke F, Figl R, Fode B, Altmann F, Reski R, Decker EL. Stable Protein Sialylation in Physcomitrella. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610032. [PMID: 33391325 PMCID: PMC7775405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinantly produced proteins are indispensable tools for medical applications. Since the majority of them are glycoproteins, their N-glycosylation profiles are major determinants for their activity, structural properties and safety. For therapeutical applications, a glycosylation pattern adapted to product and treatment requirements is advantageous. Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrella, moss) is able to perform highly homogeneous complex-type N-glycosylation. Additionally, it has been glyco-engineered to eliminate plant-specific sugar residues by knock-out of the β1,2-xylosyltransferase and α1,3-fucosyltransferase genes (Δxt/ft). Furthermore, Physcomitrella meets wide-ranging biopharmaceutical requirements such as GMP compliance, product safety, scalability and outstanding possibilities for precise genome engineering. However, all plants, in contrast to mammals, lack the capability to perform N-glycan sialylation. Since sialic acids are a common terminal modification on human N-glycans, the property to perform N-glycan sialylation is highly desired within the plant-based biopharmaceutical sector. In this study, we present the successful achievement of protein N-glycan sialylation in stably transformed Physcomitrella. The sialylation ability was achieved in a Δxt/ft moss line by stable expression of seven mammalian coding sequences combined with targeted organelle-specific localization of the encoded enzymes responsible for the generation of β1,4-galactosylated acceptor N-glycans as well as the synthesis, activation, transport and transfer of sialic acid. Production of free (Neu5Ac) and activated (CMP-Neu5Ac) sialic acid was proven. The glycosidic anchor for the attachment of terminal sialic acid was generated by the introduction of a chimeric human β1,4-galactosyltransferase gene under the simultaneous knock-out of the gene encoding the endogenous β1,3-galactosyltransferase. Functional complex-type N-glycan sialylation was confirmed via mass spectrometric analysis of a stably co-expressed recombinant human protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Lorenz
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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6
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Rahmani S, Defferrari MS, Wakarchuk WW, Antonescu CN. Energetic adaptations: Metabolic control of endocytic membrane traffic. Traffic 2019; 20:912-931. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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7
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Benedetti E, Pučić-Baković M, Keser T, Wahl A, Hassinen A, Yang JY, Liu L, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Razdorov G, Štambuk J, Klarić L, Ugrina I, Selman MHJ, Wuhrer M, Rudan I, Polasek O, Hayward C, Grallert H, Strauch K, Peters A, Meitinger T, Gieger C, Vilaj M, Boons GJ, Moremen KW, Ovchinnikova T, Bovin N, Kellokumpu S, Theis FJ, Lauc G, Krumsiek J. Network inference from glycoproteomics data reveals new reactions in the IgG glycosylation pathway. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1483. [PMID: 29133956 PMCID: PMC5684356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a major effector molecule of the human immune response, and aberrations in IgG glycosylation are linked to various diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying protein glycosylation are still poorly understood. We present a data-driven approach to infer reactions in the IgG glycosylation pathway using large-scale mass-spectrometry measurements. Gaussian graphical models are used to construct association networks from four cohorts. We find that glycan pairs with high partial correlations represent enzymatic reactions in the known glycosylation pathway, and then predict new biochemical reactions using a rule-based approach. Validation is performed using data from a GWAS and results from three in vitro experiments. We show that one predicted reaction is enzymatically feasible and that one rejected reaction does not occur in vitro. Moreover, in contrast to previous knowledge, enzymes involved in our predictions colocalize in the Golgi of two cell lines, further confirming the in silico predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Benedetti
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Annika Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antti Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | | | | | - Jerko Štambuk
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Klarić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivo Ugrina
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Intellomics Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Gen-info Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 81577 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marija Vilaj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Tatiana Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Yang Q, Wang LX. Mammalian α-1,6-Fucosyltransferase (FUT8) Is the Sole Enzyme Responsible for the N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I-independent Core Fucosylation of High-mannose N-Glycans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11064-71. [PMID: 27008861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biosynthetic pathway of protein glycosylation in various expression cell lines is important for controlling and modulating the glycosylation profiles of recombinant glycoproteins. We found that expression of erythropoietin (EPO) in a HEK293S N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I)(-/-) cell line resulted in production of the Man5GlcNAc2 glycoforms, in which more than 50% were core-fucosylated, implicating a clear GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway. Expression of GM-CSF and the ectodomain of FcγIIIA receptor led to ∼30% and 3% core fucosylation, suggesting that the level of core fucosylation also depends on the nature of the recombinant proteins. To elucidate the GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway, we generated a stable HEK293S GnT I(-/-) cell line with either knockdown or overexpression of FUT8 by a highly efficient lentivirus-mediated gene transfer approach. We found that the EPO produced from the FUT8 knockdown cell line was the pure Man5GlcNAc2 glycoform, whereas that produced from the FUT8-overexpressing cell line was found to be fully core-fucosylated oligomannose glycan (Man5GlcNAc2Fuc). These results provide direct evidence that FUT8, the mammalian α1,6-fucosyltransferase, is the sole enzyme responsible for the GnT I-independent core fucosylation pathway. The production of the homogeneous core-fucosylated Man5GlcNAc2 glycoform of EPO in the FUT8-overexpressed HEK293S GnT I(-/-) cell line represents the first example of production of fully core-fucosylated high-mannose glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742
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9
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Yin B, Gao Y, Chung CY, Yang S, Blake E, Stuczynski MC, Tang J, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR, Zhang H, Betenbaugh MJ. Glycoengineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells for enhanced erythropoietin N-glycan branching and sialylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2343-51. [PMID: 26154505 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid, a terminal residue on complex N-glycans, and branching or antennarity can play key roles in both the biological activity and circulatory lifetime of recombinant glycoproteins of therapeutic interest. In order to examine the impact of glycosyltransferase expression on the N-glycosylation of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO), a human α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal1) was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Sialylation increased on both EPO and CHO cellular proteins as observed by SNA lectin analysis, and HPLC profiling revealed that the sialic acid content of total glycans on EPO increased by 26%. The increase in sialic acid content was further verified by detailed profiling of the N-glycan structures using mass spectra (MS) analysis. In order to enhance antennarity/branching, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: α-1,3-D-mannoside β1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTIV/Mgat4) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:α-1,6-D-mannoside β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTV/Mgat5), was incorporated into CHO-K1 together with ST6Gal1. Tri- and tetraantennary N-glycans represented approximately 92% of the total N-glycans on the resulting EPO as measured using MS analysis. Furthermore, sialic acid content of rEPO from these engineered cells was increased ∼45% higher with tetra-sialylation accounting for ∼10% of total sugar chains compared to ∼3% for the wild-type parental CHO-K1. In this way, coordinated overexpression of these three glycosyltransferases for the first time in model CHO-K1 cell lines provides a mean for enhancing both N-glycan branching complexity and sialylation with opportunities to generate tailored complex N-glycan structures on therapeutic glycoproteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Blake
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark C Stuczynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juechun Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Helene F Kildegaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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10
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Lu J, Isaji T, Im S, Fukuda T, Hashii N, Takakura D, Kawasaki N, Gu J. β-Galactoside α2,6-sialyltranferase 1 promotes transforming growth factor-β-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34627-41. [PMID: 25344606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactoside α2,6-sialyltranferase 1 (ST6GAL1) catalyzes the addition of terminal α2,6-sialylation to N-glycans. Increased expression of ST6GAL1 has been reported in diverse carcinomas and highly correlates with tumor progression. Here, we report that St6gal1 transcription and α2,6-sialylated N-glycans are up-regulated during TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GE11 cells, requiring the Sp1 element within the St6gal1 promoter. Knockdown of St6gal1 strongly suppressed TGF-β-induced EMT with a concomitant increase in E-cadherin expression, a major determinant of epithelial cell adherens junctions. Conversely, overexpression of ST6GAL1 increased the turnover of cell surface E-cadherin and promoted TGF-β-induced EMT. Overexpressing β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltranferase 4 had little influence on EMT, indicating specificity for α2,6-sialylation. The basal mesenchymal phenotype of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was partially reversed by ST6GAL1 silencing. Moreover, ST6GAL1 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, but not Smad2, suggesting that ST6GAL1 contributes to EMT through a non-Smad signaling pathway. Taken together, our data indicate that ST6GAL1 promotes TGF-β-dependent EMT as well as maintenance of the mesenchymal state by growth signaling, providing a plausible mechanism whereby up-regulated ST6GAL1 may promote malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishun Lu
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan and
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan and
| | - Sanghun Im
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan and
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan and
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- the National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takakura
- the National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- the National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan and
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11
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Hesselink T, Rouwendal GJA, Henquet MGL, Florack DEA, Helsper JPFG, Bosch D. Expression of natural human β1,4-GalT1 variants and of non-mammalian homologues in plants leads to differences in galactosylation of N-glycans. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:717-28. [PMID: 25082356 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β1,4-Galactosylation of plant N-glycans is a prerequisite for commercial production of certain biopharmaceuticals in plants. Two different types of galactosylated N-glycans have initially been reported in plants as the result of expression of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (GalT). Here we show that these differences are associated with differences at its N-terminus: the natural short variant of human GalT results in hybrid type N-glycans, whereas the long form generates bi-antennary complex type N-glycans. Furthermore, expression of non-mammalian, chicken and zebrafish GalT homologues with N-termini resembling the short human GalT N-terminus also induce hybrid type N-glycans. Providing both non-mammalian GalTs with a 13 amino acid N-terminal extension that distinguishes the two naturally occurring forms of human GalT, acted to increase the levels of bi-antennary galactosylated N-glycans when expressed in tobacco leaves. Replacement of the cytosolic tail and transmembrane domain of chicken and zebrafish GalTs with the corresponding region of rat α2,6-sialyltransferase yielded a gene whose expression enhanced the level of bi-antennary galactosylation even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Hesselink
- Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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12
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Hanashima S, Korekane H, Taniguchi N, Yamaguchi Y. Synthesis of N-glycan units for assessment of substrate structural requirements of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4533-4537. [PMID: 25139566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) III is a glycosyltransferase which produces bisected N-glycans by transferring GlcNAc to the 4-position of core mannose. Bisected N-glycans are involved in physiological and pathological processes through the functional regulation of their carrier proteins. An understanding of the biological functions of bisected glycans will be greatly accelerated by use of specific inhibitors of GnT-III. Thus far, however, such inhibitors have not been developed and even the substrate-binding mode of GnT-III is not fully understood. To gain insight into structural features required of the substrate, we systematically synthesized four N-glycan units, the branching parts of the bisected and non-bisected N-glycans. The series of syntheses were achieved from a common core trimannose, giving bisected tetra- and hexasaccharides as well as non-bisected tri- and pentasaccharides. A competitive GnT-III inhibition assay using the synthetic substrates revealed a vital role for the Manβ(1-4)GlcNAc moiety. In keeping with previous reports, GlcNAc at the α1,3-branch is also involved in the interaction. The structural requirements of GnT-III elucidated in this study will provide a basis for rational inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hanashima
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Korekane
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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13
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Gu J, Isaji T, Xu Q, Kariya Y, Gu W, Fukuda T, Du Y. Potential roles of N-glycosylation in cell adhesion. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:599-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Xu Q, Isaji T, Lu Y, Gu W, Kondo M, Fukuda T, Du Y, Gu J. Roles of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in epithelial cell lines. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16563-74. [PMID: 22451656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in embryonic development, wound healing, tissue repair, and cancer progression. Results of this study show how transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) down-regulates expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) during EMT-like changes. Treatment with TGF-β1 resulted in a decrease in E-cadherin expression and GnT-III expression, as well as its product, the bisected N-glycans, which was confirmed by erythro-agglutinating phytohemagglutinin lectin blot and HPLC analysis in human MCF-10A and mouse GE11 cells. In contrast with GnT-III, the expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V was slightly enhanced by TGF-β1 treatment. Changes in the N-glycan patterns on α3β1 integrin, one of the target proteins for GnT-III, were also confirmed by lectin blot analysis. To understand the roles of GnT-III expression in EMT-like changes, the MCF-10A cell was stably transfected with GnT-III. It is of particular interest that overexpression of GnT-III influenced EMT-like changes induced by TGF-β1, which was confirmed by cell morphological changes of phase contrast, immunochemical staining patterns of E-cadherin, and actin. In addition, GnT-III modified E-cadherin, which served to prolong E-cadherin turnover on the cell surface examined by biotinylation and pulse-chase experiments. GnT-III expression consistently inhibited β-catenin translocation from cell-cell contact into the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, the transwell assay showed that GnT-III expression suppressed TGF-β1-induced cell motility. Taken together, these observations are the first to clearly demonstrate that GnT-III affects cell properties, which in turn influence EMT-like changes, and to explain a molecular mechanism for the inhibitory effects of GnT-III on cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Xu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
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15
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Xu Q, Akama R, Isaji T, Lu Y, Hashimoto H, Kariya Y, Fukuda T, Du Y, Gu J. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling down-regulates N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III expression: the implications of two mutually exclusive pathways for regulation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4310-8. [PMID: 21115490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we reported that N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) activity and the enzyme product, bisected N-glycans, both were induced in cells cultured under dense conditions in an E-cadherin-dependent manner (Iijima, J., Zhao, Y., Isaji, T., Kameyama, A., Nakaya, S., Wang, X., Ihara, H., Cheng, X., Nakagawa, T., Miyoshi, E., Kondo, A., Narimatsu, H., Taniguchi, N., and Gu, J. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13038-13046). Furthermore, we found that α-catenin, a component of the E-cadherin-catenin complex, was also required for this induction (Akama, R., Sato, Y., Kariya, Y., Isaji, T., Fukuda, T., Lu, L., Taniguchi, N., Ozawa, M., and Gu, J. (2008) Proteomics 8, 3221-3228). To further explore the molecular mechanism of this regulation, the roles of β-catenin, an essential molecule in both cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and canonical Wnt signaling, were investigated. Unexpectedly, shRNA knockdown of β-catenin resulted in a dramatic increase in GnT-III expression and its product, the bisected N-glycans, which was confirmed by RT-PCR and GnT-III activity and by E4-PHA lectin blot analysis. The induction of GnT-III expression increased bisecting GlcNAc residues on β1 integrin, which led to down-regulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion and cell migration. Immunostaining showed that nuclear localization of β-catenin was greatly suppressed; intriguingly, the knockdown of β-catenin in the nuclei was more effective than that in cell-cell contacts in the knockdown cells, which was also confirmed by Western blot analysis. Stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway by the addition of exogenous Wnt3a or BIO, a GSK-3β inhibitor, consistently and significantly inhibited GnT-III expression and its products. Conversely, the inhibition of β-catenin translocation into the nuclei increased GnT-III activation. Taken together, the results of the present study are the first to clearly demonstrate that GnT-III expression may be precisely regulated by the interplay of E-cadherin-catenin complex-mediated cell-cell adhesion and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which are both crucial in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Xu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
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16
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Karg SR, Frey AD, Kallio PT. Reduction of N-linked xylose and fucose by expression of rat beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in tobacco BY-2 cells depends on Golgi enzyme localization domain and genetic elements used for expression. J Biotechnol 2010; 146:54-65. [PMID: 20083147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant-specific N-glycosylation, such as the introduction of core alpha1,3-fucose and beta1,2-xylose residues, is a major obstacle to the utilization of plant cell- or plant-derived recombinant therapeutic proteins. The beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII) introduces a bisecting GlcNAc residue into N-glycans, which exerts a high level of substrate mediated control over subsequent modifications, for example inhibiting mammalian core fucosylation. Based on similar findings in plants, we used Nicotianatabacum BY-2 cells to study the effects of localization and expression levels of GnTIII in the remodeling of the plant N-glycosylation pathway. The N-glycans produced by the cells expressing GnTIII were partially bisected and practically devoid of the paucimannosidic type which is typical for N-glycans produced by wildtype BY-2 suspension cultured cells. The proportion of human-compatible N-glycans devoid of fucose and xylose could be increased from an average of 4% on secreted protein from wildtype cells to as high as 59% in cells expressing chimeric GnTIII, named GnTIII(A.th.) replacing its native localization domain with the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane, and stem region of Arabidopsis thaliana mannosidase II. The changes in N-glycosylation observed were dependent on the catalytic activity of GnTIII, as the expression of catalytically inactive GnTIII mutants did not show a significant effect on N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Ivancic MM, Gadgil HS, Halsall HB, Treuheit MJ. LC/MS analysis of complex multiglycosylated human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein as a model for developing identification and quantitation methods for intact glycopeptide analysis. Anal Biochem 2010; 400:25-32. [PMID: 20100450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific characterization of the complex glycans in multiglycosylated proteins requires developing methods where the carbohydrates remain covalently bound to the protein. The complexity in the carbohydrate composition of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AAG) makes it an ideal model protein for such development. AAG has five N-asparaginyl-linked glycosylation sites, each varying in its bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary glycan content. We present an on-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method that uses high-low cone voltage switching for in-source fragmentation to determine the structures of the complex glycans present on each site for the two gene products of AAG. High cone voltage caused carbohydrate fragmentation, leading to the generation of signature carbohydrate ions that we used as markers to identify the glycopeptides. Low cone voltage produced minimal carbohydrate fragmentation and enabled the identification and quantification of the intact oligosaccharide structures on each glycopeptide based on its monoisotopic mass and intensity. Quantitation was accomplished by using the intensities of peaks from deconvoluted and deisotoped mass spectra or from the areas of the extracted ion chromatograms from the tryptic peptide maps. The combined results from the two methods can be used to better characterize and quantitate site heterogeneity in multiglycosylated proteins.
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18
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Taniguchi N. From the gamma-glutamyl cycle to the glycan cycle: a road with many turns and pleasant surprises. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34469-78. [PMID: 19840938 PMCID: PMC2787308 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x109.023150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Disease Glycomics, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan.
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19
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Akasaka-Manya K, Manya H, Sakurai Y, Wojczyk BS, Kozutsumi Y, Saito Y, Taniguchi N, Murayama S, Spitalnik SL, Endo T. Protective effect of N-glycan bisecting GlcNAc residues on -amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease. Glycobiology 2009; 20:99-106. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Gu J, Sato Y, Kariya Y, Isaji T, Taniguchi N, Fukuda T. A mutual regulation between cell-cell adhesion and N-glycosylation: implication of the bisecting GlcNAc for biological functions. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:431-5. [PMID: 19053837 DOI: 10.1021/pr800674g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in oligosaccharide structures are associated with numerous physiological and pathological events. E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is believed to be both temporally and spatially regulated during development, and represents a key step in the acquisition of the invasive phenotype for many tumors. Here, we focus mainly on a mutual regulation between E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) expression, and discuss its implications for biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
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21
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Frey AD, Karg SR, Kallio PT. Expression of rat beta(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in Nicotiana tabacum remodels the plant-specific N-glycosylation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:33-48. [PMID: 18778316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant N-linked glycans differ substantially from their mammalian counterparts, mainly with respect to modifications of the core glycan, which typically contains a beta(1,2)-xylose and an alpha(1,3)-fucose. The addition of a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residue by beta(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII) is known to control the processing of N-linked glycans in mammals, for example by preventing alpha(1,6)-fucosylation of the core glycan. In order to outcompete plant-specific beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha(1,3)-fucose modifications, rat GnTIII was expressed either with its native localization domain (GnTIII) or with the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane domain and stem region (CTS) of Arabidopsis thaliana mannosidase II (ManII) (GnTIII(A.th.)). Both CTSs targeted enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) to a brefeldin A-sensitive compartment, indicative of Golgi localization. GnTIII expression increased the fraction of N-glycans devoid of xylose and fucose from 13% +/- 7% in wild-type plants to 60% +/- 8% in plants expressing GnTIII(A.th.). N-Glycans of plants expressing rat GnTIII contained three major glycan structures of complex bisected, complex, or hybrid bisected type, accounting for 70%-85% of the total N-glycans. On expression of GnTIII(A.th.), N-glycans displayed a higher heterogeneity and were of hybrid type. Co-expression of A. thaliana ManII significantly increased the amount of complex bisected structures relative to the plants expressing GnTIII or GnTIII(A.th.), whereas co-expression of human ManII did not redirect the pool of hybrid structures towards complex-type structures. The method described offers the advantage that it can be implemented in any desired plant system for effective removal of beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha(1,3)-fucose from the N-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Frey
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Okada T, Ihara H, Ito R, Taniguchi N, Ikeda Y. Bidirectional N-acetylglucosamine transfer mediated by beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III. Glycobiology 2008; 19:368-74. [PMID: 19095698 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalyzes the formation of the bisecting GlcNAc and plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of the N-linked oligosaccharide. In this study, we examined whether the glycosyl transfer catalyzed by GnT-III is reversible, and, in addition, investigated the equilibrium of the GnT-III-catalyzed reaction. Incubation of the agalactosyl-bisected biantennary oligosaccharide with GnT-III in the presence of the sufficiently high concentration of uridine diphosphate (UDP) resulted in conversion of the bisected oligosaccharide into the nonbisected one. This reaction was accompanied by the stoichiometric formation of UDP-GlcNAc, which appeared to result from the transfer of GlcNAc from the oligosaccharide to UDP. Thus, these results indicate that GnT-III is capable of perceivably catalyzing the reverse reaction in vitro, as found in some glycosyltransferases. When the equilibrium of the reaction was kinetically analyzed, it was found that the state of the equilibrium is greatly displaced toward the formation of the bisecting GlcNAc. In terms of free energy change, as estimated, the reaction by GnT-III can be comparable to the hydrolysis of ATP. Although GnT-III catalyzes bidirectional transfer of GlcNAc between the oligosaccharide and UDP, the removal of the bisecting GlcNAc is unlikely in vivo, due to the displacement of the equilibrium. It is known that equilibria of certain glycosyltransferase reactions are not biased as greatly as the case of GnT-III, and thus it seems likely that there are a variety of equilibrium states in glycosyltransferase reactions. In living cells, the assembly of oligosaccharides could be regulated by not only rate control but also equilibrium control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okada
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Gu J, Taniguchi N. Potential of N-glycan in cell adhesion and migration as either a positive or negative regulator. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:243-5. [PMID: 19262156 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.4.6748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslational modification reactions, and nearly half of all known proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated. In fact, changes in oligosaccharide structure (glycan) are associated with many physiological and pathological events, including cell adhesion, migration, cell growth, cell differentiation and tumor invasion. Glycosylation reactions are catalyzed by the action of glycosyltransferases, which add sugar chains to various complex carbohydrates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans. Functional glycomics, which uses sugar remodeling by glycosyltransferases, is a promising tool for the characterization of glycan functions. Here, we will focus on the positive and negative regulation of biological functions of integrins by the remodeling of N-glycans with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V), which catalyze branched N-glycan formations, bisecting GlcNAc and beta1,6 GlcNAc, respectively. Typically, integrins are modified by GnT-III, which inhibits cell migration and cancer metastasis. In contrast, integrins modified by GnT-V promote cell migration and cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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24
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Akama R, Sato Y, Kariya Y, Isaji T, Fukuda T, Lu L, Taniguchi N, Ozawa M, Gu J. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III expression is regulated by cell-cell adhesion via the E-cadherin-catenin-actin complex. Proteomics 2008; 8:3221-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Nakano M, Nakagawa T, Ito T, Kitada T, Hijioka T, Kasahara A, Tajiri M, Wada Y, Taniguchi N, Miyoshi E. Site-specific analysis of N-glycans on haptoglobin in sera of patients with pancreatic cancer: A novel approach for the development of tumor markers. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2301-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Rouwendal GJA, Wuhrer M, Florack DEA, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, Bakker H, Stoopen GM, van Die I, Helsper JPFG, Hokke CH, Bosch D. Efficient introduction of a bisecting GlcNAc residue in tobacco N-glycans by expression of the gene encoding human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III. Glycobiology 2007; 17:334-44. [PMID: 17179169 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that introduction of human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-III gene into tobacco plants leads to highly efficient synthesis of bisected N-glycans. Enzymatically released N-glycans from leaf glycoproteins of wild-type and transgenic GnT-III plants were profiled by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) in native form. After labeling with 2-aminobenzamide, profiling was performed using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and glycans were structurally characterized by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and reverse-phase nano-liquid chromatography-MS/MS. These analyses revealed that most of the complex-type N-glycans in the plants expressing GnT-III were bisected and carried at least two terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues in contrast to wild-type plants, where a considerable proportion of N-glycans did not contain GlcNAc residues at the nonreducing end. Moreover, we have shown that the majority of N-glycans of an antibody produced in a plant expressing GnT-III is also bisected. This might improve the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies produced in this type of transgenic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J A Rouwendal
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International BV, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Akama TO, Nakagawa H, Wong NK, Sutton-Smith M, Dell A, Morris HR, Nakayama J, Nishimura SI, Pai A, Moremen KW, Marth JD, Fukuda MN. Essential and mutually compensatory roles of {alpha}-mannosidase II and {alpha}-mannosidase IIx in N-glycan processing in vivo in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8983-8. [PMID: 16754854 PMCID: PMC1474017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603248103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins synthesized through the secretory pathway receive posttranslational modifications, including N-glycosylation. alpha-Mannosidase II (MII) is a key enzyme converting precursor high-mannose-type N-glycans to matured complex-type structures. Previous studies showed that MII-null mice synthesize complex-type N-glycans, indicating the presence of an alternative pathway. Because alpha-mannosidase IIx (MX) is a candidate enzyme for this pathway, we asked whether MX functions in N-glycan processing by generating MII/MX double-null mice. Some double-nulls died between embryonic days 15.5 and 18.5, but most survived until shortly after birth and died of respiratory failure, which represents a more severe phenotype than that seen in single-nulls for either gene. Structural analysis of N-glycans revealed that double-nulls completely lack complex-type N-glycans, demonstrating a critical role for at least one of these enzymes for effective N-glycan processing. Recombinant mouse MX and MII showed identical substrate specificities toward N-glycan substrates, suggesting that MX is an isozyme of MII. Thus, either MII or MX can biochemically compensate for the deficiency of the other in vivo, and either of two is required for late embryonic and early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya O. Akama
- *Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hiroaki Nakagawa
- *Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Nyet Kui Wong
- Biochemistry Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Sutton-Smith
- Biochemistry Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- Biochemistry Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard R. Morris
- Biochemistry Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- M-SCAN Mass Spectrometry Research and Training Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ashok Pai
- *Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jamey D. Marth
- **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Michiko N. Fukuda
- *Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bakker H, Rouwendal GJA, Karnoup AS, Florack DEA, Stoopen GM, Helsper JPFG, van Ree R, van Die I, Bosch D. An antibody produced in tobacco expressing a hybrid beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase is essentially devoid of plant carbohydrate epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7577-82. [PMID: 16675551 PMCID: PMC1472489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600879103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation of a mAb may have a major impact on its therapeutic merits. Here, we demonstrate that expression of a hybrid enzyme (called xylGalT), consisting of the N-terminal domain of Arabidopsis thaliana xylosyltransferase and the catalytic domain of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (GalT), in tobacco causes a sharp reduction of N-glycans with potentially immunogenic core-bound xylose (Xyl) and fucose (Fuc) residues as shown by Western blot and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. A radioallergosorbent test inhibition assay with proteins purified from leaves of WT and these transgenic tobacco plants using sera from allergic patients suggests a significant reduction of potential immunogenicity of xylGalT proteins. A mAb purified from leaves of plants expressing xylGalT displayed an N-glycan profile that featured high levels of galactose, undetectable xylose, and a trace of fucose. Hence, a transgenic plant expressing the hybrid GalT might yield more effective and safer monoclonals for therapeutic purposes than WT plants and even transgenic plants expressing the unchanged GalT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bakker
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. A. Rouwendal
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton S. Karnoup
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, MI 48667
| | - Dion E. A. Florack
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert M. Stoopen
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P. F. G. Helsper
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma van Die
- Glycoimmunology Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dirk Bosch
- *Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- **Membrane Enzymology, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Iijima J, Zhao Y, Isaji T, Kameyama A, Nakaya S, Wang X, Ihara H, Cheng X, Nakagawa T, Miyoshi E, Kondo A, Narimatsu H, Taniguchi N, Gu J. Cell-Cell Interaction-dependent Regulation of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III and the Bisected N-Glycans in GE11 Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13038-13046. [PMID: 16537539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601961200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in oligosaccharide structures are associated with numerous physiological and pathological events. In this study, the effects of cell-cell interactions on N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) were investigated in GE11 epithelial cells. N-glycans were purified from whole cell lysates by hydrazinolysis and then detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, the population of the bisecting GlcNAc-containing N-glycans, the formation of which is catalyzed by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III), was substantially increased in cells cultured under dense conditions compared with those cultured under sparse conditions. The expression levels and activities of GnT-III but not other glycosyltransferases, such as GnT-V and alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase, were also consistently increased in these cells. However, this was not observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts or MDA-MB231 cells, in which E-cadherin is deficient. In contrast, perturbation of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion by treatment with EDTA or a neutralizing anti-E-cadherin antibody abolished the up-regulation of expression of GnT-III. Furthermore, we observed the significant increase in GnT-III activity under dense growth conditions after restoration of the expression of E-cadherin in MDA-MB231 cells. Our data together indicate that a E-cadherin-dependent pathway plays a critical role in regulation of GnT-III expression. Given the importance of GnT-III and the dynamic regulation of cell-cell interaction during tissue development and homeostasis, the changes in GnT-III expression presumably contribute to intracellular signaling transduction during such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Iijima
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yanyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan, and the
| | - Akihiko Kameyama
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Nakaya
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Xiangchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xinyao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Glycotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kondo
- Department of Glycotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan, and the.
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30
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Kwon DN, Song H, Park JY, Lee SY, Cho SK, Kang SJ, Jang JS, Seo HG, Kim JH. Dynamic Control of Oligosaccharide Modification in the Mammary Gland: Linking Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:37-55. [PMID: 16475009 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-3519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed two transgenic mouse lines that secrete rhEPO in their milk to assess the dynamic control of N-linked oligosaccharides. Since pharmaceutically available epoetin alpha and beta are produced in CHO cells, we compared transgenic mammary gland-derived rhEPO to its CHO cell-derived counterpart. The major glycosyltransferases that determine the N-oligosaccharides patterns of rhEPO include N-acetylglycosaminyltransferase (GnT) and alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferase (Fuc-TIV), GnT-III, -V and Fuc-TIV expression in the mouse mammary gland is significantly higher than that in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived cells, where the protein is not detectable. The data suggest that N-linked sugar chain patterns of recombinant glycoproteins, produced by the mammary gland differ, since GnT-III alters the sugar pattern extensively. In our experiments, rhEPO produced by the transgenic mice contains more tetra-acidic oligosaccharide structures than epoetin alpha derived from CHO cells, a rhEPO that is widely used therapeutically. Accordingly, we examined milk-derived rhEPO activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The rhEPO protein purified from the milk of mammary glands upregulates the EPO receptor-mediated expression of the STAT5 gene in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, similar to the effects of epoetin alpha. Furthermore, direct injection of rhEPO into the mouse tail vein leads to an increase in the levels of blood components, such as red blood cells and platelets. In light of these findings, we suggest that the mammary glands of transgenic animals provide a sufficient environment to generate rhEPO with post-translational modifications for biopharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Dairy Science, Division of Applied Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 660-701, Chinju, GyeongNam, Korea
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31
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Akama TO, Fukuda MN. N-Glycan structure analysis using lectins and an alpha-mannosidase activity assay. Methods Enzymol 2006; 416:304-14. [PMID: 17113875 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)16020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidase IIx (MX) and alpha-mannosidase II (MII) are homologous enzymes whose critical roles in N-glycan processing were established in large part by analysis of the MII/MX double-knockout mouse. To analyze the structures of N-glycans synthesized in the mutant mice, we employed lectin blot and lectin histochemistry in addition to mass spectrometry analysis and two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mapping. We also produced soluble MII and MX by transfecting mammalian cells with expression vectors and determined substrate specificity of MX. This chapter describes methods using lectins to analyze N-glycans in knockout mice and provides a protocol to assay alpha-mannosidase activity using soluble MX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya O Akama
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Menon KN, Ikeda T, Fujimoto I, Narimatsu H, Nakakita SI, Hase S, Ikenaka K. Changes inN-linked sugar chain patterns induced by moderate-to-high expression of the galactosyltransferase I gene in a brain-derived cell line, CG4. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:29-36. [PMID: 15723386 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides with biantennae and bisecting N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues attached to the mannose in the beta1-4 trimannosyl core (BA2) are enriched in the brain and considered brain-type sugar chains. We investigated the significance of the interplay between galactosyltransferase I (GalTase I) and BA2 formation in a brain-derived cell line, CG4. Increased GalTase expression in different glial- and neuronal-derived cell lines was accompanied by decreased or undetectable levels of BA2, depending on the level of GalTase expression. Forceful expression of GalTase I in CG4 cells expressing high levels of BA2 and low GalTase activity significantly reduced BA2 levels. In addition, a sixfold increase in an abnormal sugar chain A1(6)G1Fo and a moderate increase in A2G2Fo(6)F were evident. The increased levels of A1(6)G1Fo indicate a diversion or abrogation of the N-linked sugar chain biosynthetic pathway from normal. The accumulation of A1(6)G1Fo and increased A2G2Fo(6)F levels were accompanied by decreased levels of the high mannose-type sugar chains, M5A, M6B, M8A, and M9A. Increased GalTase I expression also led to stunted growth and abnormal morphology of CG4 cells, with increased mortality. Even moderate overexpression of GalTase I thus disrupts the normal biosynthetic pathway of N-linked sugar chains, and high overexpression is fatal to CG4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar N Menon
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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33
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Kotani N, Asano M, Inoue N, Iwakura Y, Takasaki S. Polylactosamine synthesis and branch formation of N-glycans in β1,4-galactosyltransferase-1-deficient mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 426:258-65. [PMID: 15158676 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of glycans from erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins from beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 (beta4GalT-1)-deficient mice revealed moderately decreased galactosylation but comparable polylactosamine content compared to control beta4GalT-1(+/-) mice. The increased expression of more branched N-glycans was observed in beta4GalT-1(-/-) mice, and its extent was more remarkable in elder beta4GalT-1(-/-) mice (28 weeks old) than in younger beta4GalT-1(-/-) mice (6-9 weeks old). In relation to this issue, the less galactosylation of biantennary glycans was observed in the elder group, suggesting that beta4GalTs actually compete with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases IV and V in erythroid cells. In contrast, approximately 80% of core 2 O-glycans were not beta1,4-galactosylated regardless of age of the knockout mice. These results suggest that beta4GalT-1 expressed in erythroid cells may regulate a constant branch formation of N-glycans and plays a predominant role in beta1,4-galactosylation of core 2 O-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kotani
- Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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van Vliet C, Thomas EC, Merino-Trigo A, Teasdale RD, Gleeson PA. Intracellular sorting and transport of proteins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 83:1-45. [PMID: 12757749 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(03)00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The secretory and endocytic pathways of eukaryotic organelles consist of multiple compartments, each with a unique set of proteins and lipids. Specific transport mechanisms are required to direct molecules to defined locations and to ensure that the identity, and hence function, of individual compartments are maintained. The localisation of proteins to specific membranes is complex and involves multiple interactions. The recent dramatic advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of membrane transport has been due to the application of a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating membrane biology, genetics, imaging, protein and lipid biochemistry and structural biology. The aim of this review is to summarise the general principles of protein sorting in the secretory and endocytic pathways and to highlight the dynamic nature of these processes. The molecular mechanisms involved in this transport along the secretory and endocytic pathways are discussed along with the signals responsible for targeting proteins to different intracellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine van Vliet
- The Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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35
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Sasai K, Ikeda Y, Ihara H, Honke K, Taniguchi N. Caveolin-1 regulates the functional localization of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III within the golgi apparatus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25295-301. [PMID: 12716887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301913200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In an investigation of the mechanism underlying the functional sublocalization of glycosyltransferases within the Golgi apparatus, caveolin-1 was identified as a possible cellular factor. Caveolin-1 appears to regulate the localization of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) in the intra-Golgi subcompartment. Structural analyses of total cellular N-glycans indicated that the overexpression of GnT-III in human hepatoma cells, in which caveolin-1 is not expressed, failed to reduce branch formation, whereas expression of caveolin-1 led to a dramatic decrease in the extent of branching with no enhancement in GnT-III activity. Because the addition of a bisecting GlcNAc by GnT-III to the core beta-Man in N-glycans prevents the action of GnT-IV and GnT-V, both of which are involved in branch formation, this result suggests that caveolin-1 facilitates the prior action of GnT-III, relative to the other GnTs, on the nascent sugar chains in the Golgi apparatus and that GnT-III is redistributed in the earlier Golgi subcompartment by caveolin-1. Indeed, when caveolin-1 was expressed in human hepatoma cells, it was found to be co-localized with GnT-III, as evidenced by the fractionation of Triton X-100-insoluble cellular membranes by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Caveolin-1 may modify the biosynthetic pathway of sugar chains via the regulation of the intra-Golgi subcompartment localization of this key glycosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sasai
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Ihara H, Ikeda Y, Koyota S, Endo T, Honke K, Taniguchi N. A catalytically inactive beta 1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) behaves as a dominant negative GnT-III inhibitor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:193-201. [PMID: 11784313 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
beta 1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of N-glycans, and it has been suggested that its product, a bisecting GlcNAc, is involved in a variety of biological events as well as in regulating the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharides. In this study, it was found, on the basis of sequence homology, that GnT-III contains a small region that is significantly homologous to both snail beta 1,4GlcNAc transferase and beta1,4Gal transferase-1. Subsequent mutational analysis demonstrated an absolute requirement for two conserved Asp residues (Asp321 and Asp323), which are located in the most homologous region of rat GnT-III, for enzymatic activity. The overexpression of Asp323-substituted, catalytically inactive GnT-III in Huh6 cells led to the suppression of the activity of endogenous GnT-III, but no significant decrease in its expression, and led to a specific inhibition of the formation of bisected sugar chains, as shown by structural analysis of the total N-glycans from the cells. These findings indicate that the mutant serves a dominant negative effect on a specific step in N-glycan biosynthesis. This type of 'dominant negative glycosyltransferase', identified has potential value as a powerful tool for defining the precise biological roles of the bisecting GlcNAc structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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37
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Koyota S, Ikeda Y, Miyagawa S, Ihara H, Koma M, Honke K, Shirakura R, Taniguchi N. Down-regulation of the alpha-Gal epitope expression in N-glycans of swine endothelial cells by transfection with the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III gene. Modulation of the biosynthesis of terminal structures by a bisecting GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32867-74. [PMID: 11443114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102371200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The down-regulation of the alpha-Gal epitope (Galalpha1,3Galbeta-R) in swine tissues would be highly desirable, in terms of preventing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. In an earlier study, we reported that the introduction of the beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) III gene into swine endothelial cells resulted in a substantial reduction in the expression of the alpha-Gal epitope. In this study, we report on the mechanism for this down-regulation of the alpha-Gal epitope by means of structural and kinetic analyses. The structural analyses revealed that the amount of N-linked oligosaccharides bearing the alpha-Gal epitopes in the GnT-III-transfected cells was less than 10% that in parental cells, due to the alteration of the terminal structures as well as a decrease in branch formation. In addition, it appeared that the addition of a bisecting GlcNAc, which is catalyzed by GnT-III, leads to a more efficient sialylation rather than alpha-galactosylation. In vitro kinetic analyses showed that the bisecting GlcNAc has an inhibitory effect on alpha-galactosylation, but does not significantly affect the sialylation. These results suggest that the bisecting GlcNAc in the core is capable of modifying the biosynthesis of the terminal structures via its differential effects on the capping glycosyltransferase reactions. The findings may contribute to the development of a novel strategy to eliminate carbohydrate xenoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Fukuta K, Abe R, Yokomatsu T, Minowa MT, Takeuchi M, Asanagi M, Makino T. The widespread effect of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase on N-glycan processing. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 392:79-86. [PMID: 11469797 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated beta 1,4-GalT (UDP-galactose: beta-d-N-acetylglucosaminide beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase) in terms of intracellular competition with GnT-IV (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase) and GnT-V (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha1,6-d-mannoside beta 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase). The beta 1,4-GalT-I gene was introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing human interferon (hIFN)-gamma (IM4/V/IV cells) and five clones expressing various levels of beta 1,4-GalT were isolated. As we previously reported, parental IM4/V/IV cells express high levels of GnT-IVa and -V and produce hIFN-gamma having primarily tetraantennary sugar chains. The branching of sugar chains on hIFN-gamma was suppressed in the beta 1,4-GalT-enhanced clones to a level corresponding to the intracellular activity of beta 1,4-GalT relative to GnTs. Moreover, the contents of hybrid-type and high-mannose-type sugar chains increased in these clones. The results showed that beta 1,4-GalT widely affects N-glycan processing by competing with GnT-IV, GnT-V, and alpha-mannosidase II in cells and also by some other mechanisms that suppress the conversion of high-mannose-type sugar chains to the hybrid type.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuta
- Life Science Laboratory, Mitsui Chemicals, Incorporated, 1144 Togo, Mobara, Chiba 297-0017, Japan.
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39
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Abstract
This review covers discoveries made over the past 30-35 years that were important to our understanding of the synthetic pathway required for initiation of the antennae or branches on complex N-glycans and O-glycans. The review deals primarily with the author's contributions but the relevant work of other laboratories is also discussed. The focus of the review is almost entirely on the glycosyltransferases involved in the process. The following topics are discussed. (1) The localization of the synthesis of complex N-glycan antennae to the Golgi apparatus. (2) The "evolutionary boundary" at the stage in N-glycan processing where there is a change from oligomannose to complex N-glycans; this switch correlates with the appearance of multicellular organisms. (3) The discovery of the three enzymes which play a key role in this switch, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I and II and mannosidase II. (4) The "yellow brick road" which leads from oligomannose to highly branched complex N-glycans with emphasis on the enzymes involved in the process and the factors which control the routes of synthesis. (5) A short discussion of the characteristics of the enzymes involved and of the genes that encode them. (6) The role of complex N-glycans in mammalian and Caenorhabditis elegans development. (7) The crystal structure of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. (8) The discovery of the enzymes which synthesize O-glycan cores 1, 2, 3 and 4 and their elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schachter
- Department of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont, Canada.
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40
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Cointe D, Béliard R, Jorieux S, Leroy Y, Glacet A, Verbert A, Bourel D, Chirat F. Unusual N-glycosylation of a recombinant human erythropoietin expressed in a human lymphoblastoid cell line does not alter its biological properties. Glycobiology 2000; 10:511-9. [PMID: 10764840 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a 166 amino acids protein containing three N-glycosylation sites (Asn-24, Asn-38, and Asn-83) and 1 O- glycosylation site (Ser-126) and involved in the regulation of the level of red blood cells. Today, only one recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo), produced in CHO cell line, is extensively used in therapy to cure severe anemia. The structure of the glycan chains of this rHuEpo slightly differ of those of the urinary human Epo (uHuEpo), considered as the natural Epo molecule. In an attempt to produce a rHuEpo as close as possible to the uHuEpo, Epo gene was expressed in a human lymphoblastoid cell line, named RPMI 1788. In order to fully characterize the Epo-RPMI, structural characterizations of the protein skeleton as well as glycan chains were undergone. As expected, the amino acid sequence of the Epo-RPMI conformed to that of uHuEpo. Surprisingly, the structure of some N-glycan chains, as mainly determined by ESI-MS, revealed some unusual characteristics. Thus, 80% of N-glycans possess a bisecting GlcNAc residue, 25% bear a second fucose residue which is present, in a large part, in a sialyl Le(x)motif, and 13% contain more than three LacNAc repeats (up to five per molecule). Despite these unusual structural characteristics, the data concerning the in vitro and in vivo biological activities were not impaired when compared to Epo-CHO and uHuEpo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cointe
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche du CNRS No 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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41
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Kang R, Ikeda Y, Miyoshi E, Wang W, Li W, Ihara Y, Sheng Y, Taniguchi N. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III in a human colon cancer cell line, Colo201. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374:52-8. [PMID: 10640395 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for cell-cycle-dependent regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) activity was investigated using synchronized culture of Colo201, a human colon cancer cell line. In the synchronized culture, it was found that GnT-III activity rapidly increased in the M phase and the maximal activity was five times higher than the basal level found in the G1 phase. Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed that the increase in the activity is due not to an increase in expression level of its mRNA but, rather, to the level of protein. Furthermore, it was shown by a pulse-chase experiment that the increased protein level of GnT-III is the result of its prolonged turnover rate. Lectin blotting with erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin showed that the content of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine structure in glycoproteins was transiently increased during the M phase in conjunction with the increased activity of GnT-III. These results suggest that GnT-III activity undergoes a cell-cycle-dependent regulation and thereby oligosaccharide structures of N-glycans vary specifically during the M phase of the cell cycle. Thus, it is possible that the cell-cycle-dependent alteration of N-glycans by GnT-III might play a role in biological events, such as the progression of cell cycle and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Valley U, Nimtz M, Conradt HS, Wagner R. Incorporation of ammonium into intracellular UDP-activatedN-acetylhexosamines and into carbohydrate structures in glycoproteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990820)64:4<401::aid-bit3>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Qu Z, Sharkey RM, Hansen HJ, Shih LB, Govindan SV, Shen J, Goldenberg DM, Leung SO. Carbohydrates engineered at antibody constant domains can be used for site-specific conjugation of drugs and chelates. J Immunol Methods 1998; 213:131-44. [PMID: 9692846 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve the efficiency of site-specific conjugation of chelates and drugs to antibodies, and to minimize the incidence of immunoreactivity perturbation to the resultant immunoconjugates, Asn-linked oligosaccharide moieties were designed and engineered into the constant domains of a humanized anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody, hLL2. From 10 potential glycosylation mutants, two CH1 domain glycosylation sites, HCN1 and HCN5, were identified that were positioned favorably for glycosylation. The carbohydrate (CHO) chains attached at these sites were differentially processed so that HCN5-CHOs were physically larger than HCN1-CHOs. Although both the CH1-appended CHOs, and the LL2 Vkappa-appended CHOs conjugated efficiently with small chelates, the HCN5-CHOs, due to the structural and positional superiority, appear to be a better conjugation site for large drug complexes, such as 18 kDa doxorubicin (DOX)-dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Qu
- Immunomedics, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
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44
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) are plasma proteins whose concentration and glycosylation alters in response to tissue injury, inflammation, or tumor growth. Significant interspecies and sex differences in APP response exist. APP are produced mainly by hepatocytes, and their synthesis and glycosylation are controlled by a network consisting of cytokines, their soluble receptors, and glucocorticoids. The major cytokines involved in these processes belong to a group of interleukin-6-type cytokines that act through the hematopoietin receptor complex on hepatocytes and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway. Transformed cells (hepatoma) display significant differences in synthesis of APP, cytokine responsiveness, expression of cytokine-receptor subunits and signal-transduction machinery. The most striking variability relates to the glycosylation alterations induced by cytokines. However, transformed cells (hepatoma) form a basic model for studying and understanding mechanisms controlling the synthesis and glycosylation of APP. Furthermore, APP may be secreted by transformed (tumor) cells of various origins and may display a growth factor-like function in certain cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University School of Medical Sciences, GreatPoland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
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45
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Uozumi N, Yanagidani S, Miyoshi E, Ihara Y, Sakuma T, Gao CX, Teshima T, Fujii S, Shiba T, Taniguchi N. Purification and cDNA cloning of porcine brain GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha1-->6fucosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27810-7. [PMID: 8910378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GDP-L-Fuc:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha1-->6fucosyltransferase (alpha1-6FucT; EC 2.4.1.68), which catalyzes the transfer of fucose from GDP-Fuc to N-linked type complex glycopeptides, was purified from a Triton X-100 extract of porcine brain microsomes. The purification procedures included sequential affinity chromatographies on GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-6(GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1- 2)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbet a1-4GlcNAc-Asn-Sepharose 4B and synthetic GDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose 4B columns. The enzyme was recovered in a 12% final yield with a 440, 000-fold increase in specific activity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme gave a major band corresponding to an apparent molecular mass of 58 kDa. The alpha1-6FucT has 575 amino acids and no putative N-glycosylation sites. The cDNA was cloned in to pSVK3 and was then transiently transfected into COS-1 cells. alpha1-6FucT activity was found to be high in the transfected cells, as compared with non- or mock-transfected cells. Northern blotting analyses of rat adult tissues showed that alpha1-6FucT was highly expressed in brain. No sequence homology was found with other previously cloned fucosyltransferases, but the enzyme appears to be a type II transmembrane protein like the other glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uozumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
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46
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Endo T, Fujiwara T, Ikehara Y, Kobata A. Comparative study of the sugar chains of alkaline phosphatases purified from rat liver and rat AH-130 hepatoma cells. Occurrence of fucosylated high-mannose-type and hybrid-type sugar chains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:579-90. [PMID: 8612632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.t01-1-00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The N-linked sugar chains of alkaline phosphatases, purified from rat AH-130 hepatoma and from normal rat liver, were released quantitatively as oligosaccharides by hydrazinolysis and were labeled by reduction with NaB3H4. A comparative study of their structures revealed that following structural differences are induced by hepatocyte carcinogenesis: complex-type tetraantennary sugar chains and hybrid-type sugar chains appear; outer-chain moieties of the sugar chains of the hepatoma enzyme contain exclusively the Gal(Beta 1-4)GlcNAc groups (type 2 chains) but those of the normal enzyme contain other Gal(Beta 1-)GlcNAc groups and type 2 chains; and novel fucosylated high-mannose-type sugar chains are found in the oligosaccharides of the hepatoma enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Balaji PV, Qasba PK, Rao VS. Molecular dynamics simulations of hybrid and complex type oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 1996; 18:101-14. [PMID: 8852759 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(95)01064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Conformational preferences of hybrid (GlcNAc1Man5GlcNAc2) and complex (GlcNAc1Man3GlcNAc2; GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2) type asparagine-linked oligosaccharides and the corresponding bisected oligosaccharides have been studied by molecular dynamics simulations for 2.5 ns. The fluctuations of the core Man-alpha 1,3-Man fragment are restricted to a region around (-30 degrees, -30 degrees) due to a 'face-to-face' arrangement of bisecting GlcNAc and the beta 1,2-GlcNAc on the 1,3-arm. However, conformations where such a 'face-to-face' arrangement is disrupted are also accessed occasionally. The orientation of the 1,6-arm is affected not only by changes in chi, but also by changes in phi and psi around the core Man-alpha 1,6-Man linkage. The conformation around the core Man-alpha 1,6-Man linkage is different in the hybrid and the two complex types suggesting that the preferred values of phi, psi, and chi are affected by the addition or deletion of saccharides to the alpha 1,6-linked mannose. The conformational data are in agreement with the available experimental studies and also explain the branch specificity of galactosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Balaji
- Laboratory of Mathematical Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8105, USA
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48
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Gawlitzek M, Valley U, Nimtz M, Wagner R, Conradt HS. Characterization of changes in the glycosylation pattern of recombinant proteins from BHK-21 cells due to different culture conditions. J Biotechnol 1995; 42:117-31. [PMID: 7576532 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation patterns of a genetically engineered human interleukin-2 variant glycoprotein (IL-Mu6), produced by BHK-21 cells from long-term suspension and microcarrier cultures in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum were compared. IL-Mu6 was used as a model protein in studying the effect of different controlled cell culture conditions on the expression of N-glycans in recombinant glycoproteins. IL-Mu6 contains a single amino acid substitution (Glu100<==>Asn) generating a potential N-glycosylation recognition site (Asn100-Xxx-Thr/Ser) in addition to the natural O-glycosylation at position Thr3. Parallel cell cultivations were carried out in two continuously perfused 2.5-liter stirred bioreactors under defined culture conditions. Major differences were found in the glycoprotein products obtained during these different cultivation conditions. Serum-free cultures resulted in a higher level of terminal sialylation and proximal alpha 1-6 fucosylation. The ratio of O- to N-glycans as well as the amount of nonglycosylated product and the antennarity of N-linked carbohydrates in the model protein exhibited major differences depending on the presence or absence of serum, the condition of growth and the cultivation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gawlitzek
- Department for Cell Culture Techniques, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung m.b.H., Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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D'Agostaro GA, Zingoni A, Moritz RL, Simpson RJ, Schachter H, Bendiak B. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding the rat UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-6-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15211-21. [PMID: 7797505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:alpha-6-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (EC 2.4.1.143) (GnT II) is a Golgi resident enzyme that catalyzes an essential step in the biosynthetic pathway leading from high mannose to complex N-linked oligosaccharides. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the enzyme purified from rat liver revealed a polypeptide of 42 kDa. Amino acid sequences were obtained from the N terminus and a tryptic peptide. Overlapping cDNA clones coding for the full-length rat GnT II were obtained. The complete nucleotide sequence revealed a 1326-base pair open reading frame that codes for a polypeptide of 442 amino acids, including a presumptive N-terminal membrane-anchoring domain. The region of cDNA coding for the C-terminal 389 amino acids of rat GnT II was linked in frame to a cDNA segment encoding the cleavable signal sequence of the human interleukin-2 receptor and transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. A 77-fold enhancement of GnT II activity over a control carrying the GnT II cDNA out-of-frame was detected in the culture medium at 72 h after transfection. 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the oligosaccharide synthesized in vitro by the recombinant enzyme was the product of GnT II activity. These data verify the identity of the cloned GnT II cDNA and demonstrate that the C-terminal region of the protein includes the catalytic domain.
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50
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Gryska K, Słupianek A, Laciak M, Górny A, Mackiewicz K, Baumann H, Mackiewicz A. Inflammatory cytokines controlling branching of N-heteroglycans of acute phase protein. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 376:239-45. [PMID: 8597254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1885-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Gryska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University School of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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