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Fredriksen S, Ruijten SDE, Murray GGR, Juanpere-Borràs M, van Baarlen P, Boekhorst J, Wells JM. Transcriptomics in serum and culture medium reveal shared and differential gene regulation in pathogenic and commensal Streptococcus suis. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000992. [PMID: 37103997 PMCID: PMC10210958 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis colonizes the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs at high abundance but can also cause opportunistic respiratory and systemic disease. Disease-associated S. suis reference strains are well studied, but less is known about commensal lineages. It is not known what mechanisms enable some S. suis lineages to cause disease while others persist as commensal colonizers, or to what extent gene expression in disease-associated and commensal lineages diverge. In this study we compared the transcriptomes of 21 S. suis strains grown in active porcine serum and Todd-Hewitt yeast broth. These strains included both commensal and pathogenic strains, including several strains of sequence type (ST) 1, which is responsible for most cases of human disease and is considered to be the most pathogenic S. suis lineage. We sampled the strains during their exponential growth phase and mapped RNA sequencing reads to the corresponding strain genomes. We found that the transcriptomes of pathogenic and commensal strains with large genomic divergence were unexpectedly conserved when grown in active porcine serum, but that regulation and expression of key pathways varied. Notably, we observed strong variation of expression across media of genes involved in capsule production in pathogens, and of the agmatine deiminase system in commensals. ST1 strains displayed large differences in gene expression between the two media compared to strains from other clades. Their capacity to regulate gene expression across different environmental conditions may be key to their success as zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Fredriksen
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne D. E. Ruijten
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gemma G. R. Murray
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Juanpere-Borràs
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host–Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Zheng C, Wei M, Jia M, Cao M. Involvement of Various Enzymes in the Physiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040143. [PMID: 32977655 PMCID: PMC7712317 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes severe infections in both swine and humans, making it a serious threat to the swine industry and public health. Insight into the physiology and pathogenesis of S. suis undoubtedly contributes to the control of its infection. During the infection process, a wide variety of virulence factors enable S. suis to colonize, invade, and spread in the host, thus causing localized infections and/or systemic diseases. Enzymes catalyze almost all aspects of metabolism in living organisms. Numerous enzymes have been characterized in extensive detail in S. suis, and have shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or physiology of this pathogen. In this review, we describe the progress in the study of some representative enzymes in S. suis, such as ATPases, immunoglobulin-degrading enzymes, and eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase and phosphatase, and we highlight the important role of various enzymes in the physiology and pathogenesis of this pathogen. The controversies about the current understanding of certain enzymes are also discussed here. Additionally, we provide suggestions about future directions in the study of enzymes in S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-152-0527-9658
| | - Man Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengdie Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - ManMan Cao
- Guangdong Maoming Agriculture & Forestry Techical College, Maoming 525000, China;
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3
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Restoration of growth by manganese in a mutant strain of Escherichia coli lacking most known iron and manganese uptake systems. Biometals 2016; 29:433-50. [PMID: 27003826 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of manganese and iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in Escherichia coli can give important insights into survival of bacteria in the phagosome and under differing iron or manganese bioavailabilities. Here, we characterized a mutant strain devoid of all know iron/manganese-uptake systems relevant for growth in defined medium. Based on these results an exit strategy enabling the cell to cope with iron depletion and use of manganese as an alternative for iron could be shown. Such a strategy would also explain why E. coli harbors some iron- or manganese-dependent iso-enzymes such as superoxide dismutases or ribonucleotide reductases. The benefits for gaining a means for survival would be bought with the cost of less efficient metabolism as indicated in our experiments by lower cell densities with manganese than with iron. In addition, this strain was extremely sensitive to the metalloid gallium but this gallium toxicity can be alleviated by low concentrations of manganese.
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In Vivo Pharmacodynamics of Cefquinome in a Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 at Varied Initial Inoculum Sizes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1114-20. [PMID: 26666923 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02065-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and causes severe disease in both pigs and human beings. Cefquinome (CEQ), a fourth-generation cephalosporin, exhibits broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as S. suis. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of CEQ against four strains of S. suis serotype 2 in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. We investigated the effect of varied inoculum sizes (10(6) to 10(8) CFU/thigh) on the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices and magnitudes of a particular PK/PD index or dose required for efficacy. Dose fractionation studies included total CEQ doses ranging from 0.625 to 640 mg/kg/24 h. Data were analyzed via a maximum effect (Emax) model using nonlinear regression. The PK/PD studies demonstrated that the percentage of time that serum drug levels were above the MIC of free drug (%ƒT>MIC) in a 24-h dosing interval was the primary index driving the efficacy of both inoculum sizes (R(2) = 91% and R(2) = 63%). CEQ doses of 2.5 and 40 mg/kg body weight produced prolonged postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of 2.45 to 8.55 h. Inoculum sizes had a significant influence on CEQ efficacy. Compared to the CEQ exposure and dosages in tests using standard inocula, a 4-fold dose (P = 0.006) and a 2-fold exposure time (P = 0.01) were required for a 1-log kill using large inocula of 10(8) CFU/thigh.
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5
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Crump KE, Bainbridge B, Brusko S, Turner LS, Ge X, Stone V, Xu P, Kitten T. The relationship of the lipoprotein SsaB, manganese and superoxide dismutase in Streptococcus sanguinis virulence for endocarditis. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:1243-59. [PMID: 24750294 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis colonizes teeth and is an important cause of infective endocarditis. Our prior work showed that the lipoprotein SsaB is critical for S. sanguinis virulence for endocarditis and belongs to the LraI family of conserved metal transporters. In this study, we demonstrated that an ssaB mutant accumulates less manganese and iron than its parent. A mutant lacking the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, SodA, was significantly less virulent than wild-type in a rabbit model of endocarditis, but significantly more virulent than the ssaB mutant. Neither the ssaB nor the sodA mutation affected sensitivity to phagocytic killing or efficiency of heart valve colonization. Animal virulence results for all strains could be reproduced by growing bacteria in serum under physiological levels of O(2). SodA activity was reduced, but not eliminated in the ssaB mutant in serum and in rabbits. Growth of the ssaB mutant in serum was restored upon addition of Mn(2+) or removal of O(2). Antioxidant supplementation experiments suggested that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were together responsible for the ssaB mutant's growth defect. We conclude that manganese accumulation mediated by the SsaB transport system imparts virulence by enabling cell growth in oxygen through SodA-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Crump
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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6
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Eijkelkamp BA, Morey JR, Ween MP, Ong CLY, McEwan AG, Paton JC, McDevitt CA. Extracellular zinc competitively inhibits manganese uptake and compromises oxidative stress management in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89427. [PMID: 24558498 PMCID: PMC3928430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae requires manganese for colonization of the human host, but the underlying molecular basis for this requirement has not been elucidated. Recently, it was shown that zinc could compromise manganese uptake and that zinc levels increased during infection by S. pneumoniae in all the niches that it colonized. Here we show, by quantitative means, that extracellular zinc acts in a dose dependent manner to competitively inhibit manganese uptake by S. pneumoniae, with an EC50 of 30.2 µM for zinc in cation-defined media. By exploiting the ability to directly manipulate S. pneumoniae accumulation of manganese, we analyzed the connection between manganese and superoxide dismutase (SodA), a primary source of protection for S. pneumoniae against oxidative stress. We show that manganese starvation led to a decrease in sodA transcription indicating that expression of sodA was regulated through an unknown manganese responsive pathway. Intriguingly, examination of recombinant SodA revealed that the enzyme was potentially a cambialistic superoxide dismutase with an iron/manganese cofactor. SodA was also shown to provide the majority of protection against oxidative stress as a S. pneumoniae ΔsodA mutant strain was found to be hypersensitive to oxidative stress, despite having wild-type manganese levels, indicating that the metal ion alone was not sufficiently protective. Collectively, these results provide a quantitative assessment of the competitive effect of zinc upon manganese uptake and provide a molecular basis for how extracellular zinc exerts a ‘toxic’ effect on bacterial pathogens, such as S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A. Eijkelkamp
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R. Morey
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Miranda P. Ween
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cheryl-lynn Y. Ong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alastair G. McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher A. McDevitt
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Inactivation of the sodA gene of Streptococcus suis type 2 encoding superoxide dismutase leads to reduced virulence to mice. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:360-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Fittipaldi N, Segura M, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the swine pathogen and zoonotic agent Streptococcus suis. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:259-79. [PMID: 22324994 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen responsible for important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. It is also an emerging zoonotic agent of meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Since the recent recognition of the high prevalence of S. suis human disease in southeast and east Asia, the interest of the scientific community in this pathogen has significantly increased. In the last few years, as a direct consequence of these intensified research efforts, large amounts of data on putative virulence factors have appeared in the literature. Although the presence of some proposed virulence factors does not necessarily define a S. suis strain as being virulent, several cell-associated or secreted factors are clearly important for the pathogenesis of the S. suis infection. In order to cause disease, S. suis must colonize the host, breach epithelial barriers, reach and survive in the bloodstream, invade different organs, and cause exaggerated inflammation. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of different described S. suis virulence factors at each step of the pathogenesis of the infection. Finally, we briefly discuss other described virulence factors, virulence factor candidates and virulence markers for which a precise role at specific steps of the pathogenesis of the S. suis infection has not yet been clearly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc & Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, CP5000, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6, Canada
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9
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TroA of Streptococcus suis is required for manganese acquisition and full virulence. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5073-80. [PMID: 21784944 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05305-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes infections in pigs and occasionally in humans, resulting in manifestations as meningitis, sepsis, arthritis, and septic shock. For survival within the host, S. suis requires numerous nutrients including trace metals. Little is known about the specific proteins involved in metal scavenging in S. suis. In this study we evaluated the role of the putative high-affinity metal binding lipoprotein TroA in metal acquisition and virulence. A mutant strain deficient in the expression of TroA (ΔtroA mutant) was constructed. Growth of the ΔtroA mutant in Todd-Hewitt broth was similar to wild-type growth; however, growth of the ΔtroA mutant in cation-deprived Todd-Hewitt broth and in porcine serum was strongly reduced compared to growth of wild-type bacteria. Supplementing the medium with extra manganese but not with magnesium, zinc, copper, nickel, or iron restored growth to wild-type levels, indicating that TroA is specifically required for growth in environments low in manganese. The ΔtroA mutant also showed increased susceptibility to H2O2, suggesting that TroA is involved in counteracting oxidative stress. Furthermore, the expression of the troA gene was subject to environmental regulation at the transcript level. In a murine S. suis infection model, the ΔtroA mutant displayed a nonvirulent phenotype. These data indicate that S. suis TroA is involved in manganese acquisition and is required for full virulence in mice.
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10
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Li C, Tao J, Mao D, He C. A novel manganese efflux system, YebN, is required for virulence by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21983. [PMID: 21789199 PMCID: PMC3136493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese ions (Mn2+) play a crucial role in virulence and protection against oxidative stress in bacterial pathogens. Such pathogens appear to have evolved complex mechanisms for regulating Mn2+ uptake and efflux. Despite numerous studies on Mn2+ uptake, however, only one efflux system has been identified to date. Here, we report on a novel Mn2+ export system, YebN, in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial leaf blight. Compared with wild-type PXO99, the yebN mutant was highly sensitive to Mn2+ and accumulated high concentrations of intracellular manganese. In addition, we found that expression of yebN was positively regulated by Mn2+ and the Mn2+-dependent transcription regulator, MntR. Interestingly, the yebN mutant was more tolerant to methyl viologen and H2O2 in low Mn2+ medium than PXO99, but more sensitive in high Mn2+ medium, implying that YebN plays an important role in Mn2+ homoeostasis and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, deletion of yebN rendered Xoo sensitive to hypo-osmotic shock, suggesting that YebN may protect against such stress. That mutation of yebN substantially reduced the Xoo growth rate and lesion formation in rice implies that YebN could be involved in Xoo fitness in host. Although YebN has two DUF204 domains, it lacks homology to any known metal transporter. Hence, this is the first report of a novel metal export system that plays essential roles in hypo-osmotic and oxidative stress, and virulence. Our results lay the foundations for elucidating the complex and fascinating relationship between metal homeostasis and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaozu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Insight into the interaction of metal ions with TroA from Streptococcus suis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19510. [PMID: 21611125 PMCID: PMC3097204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scavenging ability of sufficient divalent metal ions is pivotal for pathogenic bacteria to survive in the host. ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type metal transporters provide a considerable amount of different transition metals for bacterial growth. TroA is a substrate binding protein for uptake of multiple metal ions. However, the function and structure of the TroA homologue from the epidemic Streptococcus suis isolates (SsTroA) have not been characterized. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we determined the crystal structure of SsTroA from a highly pathogenic streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS)-causing Streptococcus suis in complex with zinc. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis revealed that apo-SsTroA binds Zn(2+) and Mn(2+). Both metals bind to SsTroA with nanomolar affinity and stabilize the protein against thermal unfolding. Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) induce distinct conformational changes in SsTroA compared with the apo form as confirmed by both circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. NMR data also revealed that Zn(2+)/Mn(2+) bind to SsTroA in either the same site or an adjacent region. Finally, we found that the folding of the metal-bound protein is more compact than the corresponding apoprotein. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings reveal a mechanism for uptake of metal ions in S. suis and this mechanism provides a reasonable explanation as to how SsTroA operates in metal transport.
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12
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Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with many different functions. Due to this broad-ranging functionality, these proteins have a considerable significance in many phenomena, from cellular physiology through cell division and virulence. Here we give a general overview of lipoprotein biogenesis and highlight examples of the roles of lipoproteins in bacterial disease caused by a selection of medically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lipoproteins have been shown to play key roles in adhesion to host cells, modulation of inflammatory processes, and translocation of virulence factors into host cells. As such, a number of lipoproteins have been shown to be potential vaccines. This review provides a summary of some of the reported roles of lipoproteins and of how this knowledge has been exploited in some cases for the generation of novel countermeasures to bacterial diseases.
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13
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Aranda J, Garrido ME, Fittipaldi N, Cortés P, Llagostera M, Gottschalk M, Barbé J. The cation-uptake regulators AdcR and Fur are necessary for full virulence of Streptococcus suis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:246-9. [PMID: 20133089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In streptococci, the pleiotropic regulators AdcR and Fur control the transport of, zinc and iron, respectively, which are essential components of many proteins. In this work, DeltaadcR, Deltafur, and DeltaadcR Deltafur mutants of Streptococcus suis, a serious pathogen in pigs and humans, were assayed in a mouse model to determine their involvement in the virulence of this bacterium. The results showed, for the first time, that the virulence of S. suis mutants carrying an inactivation of adcR, fur, or both genes is significantly attenuated compared to the wild-type parent strain. Furthermore, all mutants were found to be more sensitive to oxidative stress. Our data provide evidence that the adcR and fur genes play important roles in the oxidative stress response of S. suis as well as in the full virulence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aranda
- Department de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Ma Z, Jacobsen FE, Giedroc DP. Coordination chemistry of bacterial metal transport and sensing. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4644-81. [PMID: 19788177 PMCID: PMC2783614 DOI: 10.1021/cr900077w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401-7005 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128 USA
| | - Faith E. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401-7005 USA
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401-7005 USA
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15
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Anjem A, Varghese S, Imlay JA. Manganese import is a key element of the OxyR response to hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:844-58. [PMID: 19400769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Very little manganese is imported into Escherichia coli under routine growth conditions: the import system is weakly expressed, the manganese content is low, and a manganese-dependent enzyme is not correctly metallated. Mutants that lack MntH, the importer, grow at wild-type rates, indicating that manganese plays no critical role. However, MntH supports the growth of iron-deficient cells, suggesting that manganese can substitute for iron in activating at least some metalloenzymes. MntH is also strongly induced when cells are stressed by hydrogen peroxide. This adaptation is essential, as E. coli cannot tolerate peroxide stress if mntH is deleted. Other workers have observed that manganese improves the ability of a variety of microbes to tolerate oxidative stress, and the prevailing hypothesis is that manganese does so by chemically scavenging hydrogen peroxide and/or superoxide. We found that manganese does not protect peroxide-stressed cells by scavenging peroxide. Instead, the beneficial effects of manganese correlate with its ability to metallate mononuclear enzymes. Because iron-loaded enzymes are vulnerable to the Fenton reaction, the substitution of manganese may prevent protein damage. Accordingly, during H2O2 stress, mutants that cannot import manganese and/or are unable to sequester iron suffer high rates of protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Anjem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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16
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El Shafey HM, Ghanem S, Merkamm M, Guyonvarch A. Corynebacterium glutamicum superoxide dismutase is a manganese-strict non-cambialistic enzyme in vitro. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:80-6. [PMID: 16809027 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) of Corynebacterium glutamicum was purified and characterized. The enzyme had a native molecular weight of about 80kDa, whereas a monomer with molecular weight of 24kDa was found on SDS-PAGE suggesting it to be homotetramer. The native SOD activity stained gel revealed a unique cytosolic enzyme. Supplementing growth media with manganese increased the specific activity significantly, while adding iron did not result in significant difference. No growth perturbation was observed with the supplemented media. In vitro metal removal and replacement studies revealed conservation of about 85% of the specific activity by substitution with manganese, while substitution with copper, iron, nickel or zinc did not restore any significant specific activity. Manganese was identified by atomic absorption spectrometer, while no signals corresponding to fixing other metallic elements were detected. Thus, C. glutamicum SOD could be considered a strict (non-cambialistic) manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD).
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Affiliation(s)
- H M El Shafey
- Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt.
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17
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Johnston JW, Briles DE, Myers LE, Hollingshead SK. Mn2+-dependent regulation of multiple genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae through PsaR and the resultant impact on virulence. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1171-80. [PMID: 16428766 PMCID: PMC1360317 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1171-1180.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of Mn2+ is 1,000-fold higher in secretions than it is at internal sites of the body, making it a potential signal by which bacteria can sense a shift from a mucosal environment to a more invasive site. PsaR, a metal-dependent regulator in Streptococcus pneumoniae, was found to negatively affect the transcription of psaBCA, pcpA, rrgA, rrgB, rrgC, srtBCD, and rlrA in the presence of Mn2+. psaBCA encode an ABC-type transporter for Mn2+. pcpA, rrgA, rrgB, and rrgC encode several outer surface proteins. srtBCD encode a cluster of sortase enzymes, and rlrA encodes a transcriptional regulator. Steady-state RNA levels are high under low Mn2+ concentrations in the wild-type strain and are elevated under both high and low Mn2+ concentrations in a psaR mutant strain. RlrA is an activator of rrgA, rrgB, rrgC, and srtBCD (D. Hava and A. Camilli, Mol. Microbiol. 45:1389-1406, 2002), suggesting that PsaR may indirectly control these genes through rlrA, while PsaR-dependent repression of psaBCA, pcpA, and rlrA transcription is direct. The impact of Mn2+-dependent regulation on virulence was further examined in mouse models of pneumonia and nasopharyngeal carriage. The abilities of DeltapsaR, pcpA, and DeltapsaR DeltapcpA mutant strains to colonize the lung were reduced compared to those of the wild type, confirming that both PcpA-mediated gene regulation and PsaR-mediated gene regulation are required for full virulence in the establishment of pneumonia. Neither PcpA nor PsaR was found to be required for colonization of the nasopharynx in a carriage model. This is the first demonstration of Mn2+ acting as a signal for the expression of virulence factors within different host sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, BSB 3-401, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Iron, as the ferrous or ferric ion, is essential for the life processes of all eukaryotes and most prokaryotes; however, the element is toxic when in excess of that needed for cellular homeostasis. Ferrous ions can react with metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide to yield toxic hydroxyl radicals that in turn degrade lipids, DNA, and other cellular biomolecules. Mechanisms have evolved in living systems for iron detoxification and for the removal of excess ferrous ions from the cytosol. These detoxification mechanisms involve the oxidation of excess ferrous ions to the ferric state and storage of the ferric ions in ferritin-like proteins. There are at least three types of ferritin-like proteins in bacteria: bacterial ferritin, bacterioferritin, and dodecameric ferritin. These bacterial proteins are related to the ferritins found in eukaryotes. The structure and physical characteristics of the ferritin-like compounds have been elucidated in several bacteria. Unfortunately, the physiological roles of the bacterial ferritin-like compounds have been less thoroughly studied. A few studies conducted with mutants indicated that ferritin-like compounds can protect bacterial cells from iron overload, serve as an iron source when iron is limited, protect the bacterial cells against oxidative stress and/or protect DNA against enzymatic or oxidative attack. There is very little information available concerning the roles that ferritin-like compounds might play in the survival of bacteria in food, water, soil, or eukaryotic host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Smith
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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Johnston JW, Myers LE, Ochs MM, Benjamin WH, Briles DE, Hollingshead SK. Lipoprotein PsaA in virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: surface accessibility and role in protection from superoxide. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5858-67. [PMID: 15385487 PMCID: PMC517531 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5858-5867.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PsaA of Streptococcus pneumoniae, originally believed to be an adhesin, is the lipoprotein component of an Mn2+ transporter. Mutations in psaA cause deficiencies in growth, virulence, adherence, and the oxidative stress response. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that PsaA is hidden beneath the cell wall and the polysaccharide capsule and only exposed to antibodies upon cell wall removal. A psaBC deletion mutant, expressing PsaA normally, was as deficient in adherence to Detroit 562 cells as were strains lacking PsaA. Thus, PsaA does not appear to act directly as an adhesin, but rather, psaA mutations indirectly affect this process through the disruption of Mn2+ transport. The deficiency in Mn2+ transport also causes hypersensitivity to oxidative stress from H2O2 and superoxide. In a chemically defined medium, growth of the wild-type strain was possible in the absence of Fe2+ and Mn2+ cations after a lag of about 15 h. Addition of Mn2+ alone or together with Fe2+ allowed prompt and rapid growth. In the absence of Mn2+, the addition of Fe2+ alone extended the 15-h lag phase to 25 h. Thus, while Fe2+ adversely affects the transition from lag phase to log phase, perhaps through increasing oxidative stress, this effect is relieved by the presence of Mn2+. A scavenger specific for superoxides but not those specific for hydroxyl radicals or H2O2 was able to eliminate the inhibition of growth caused by iron supplementation in the absence of Mn2+. This implies that superoxides are a key player in oxidative stress generated in the presence of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Janulczyk R, Ricci S, Björck L. MtsABC is important for manganese and iron transport, oxidative stress resistance, and virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2656-64. [PMID: 12704140 PMCID: PMC153223 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2656-2664.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MtsABC is a Streptococcus pyogenes ABC transporter which was previously shown to be involved in iron and zinc accumulation. In this study, we showed that an mtsABC mutant has impaired growth, particularly in a metal-depleted medium and an aerobic environment. In metal-depleted medium, growth was restored by the addition of 10 microM MnCl(2), whereas other metals had modest or no effect. A characterization of metal radioisotope accumulation showed that manganese competes with iron accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, iron competes with manganese accumulation but to a lesser extent. The mutant showed a pronounced reduction (>90%) of (54)Mn accumulation, showing that MtsABC is also involved in Mn transport. Using paraquat and hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress, we show that the mutant has an increased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Moreover, activity of the manganese-cofactored superoxide dismutase in the mutant is reduced, probably as a consequence of reduced intracellular availability of manganese. The enzyme functionality was restored by manganese supplementation during growth. The mutant was also attenuated in virulence, as shown in animal experiments. These results emphasize the role of MtsABC and trace metals, especially manganese, for S. pyogenes growth, susceptibility to oxidative stress, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Janulczyk
- Section for Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, University of Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Labbé N, Parent S, Villemur R. Addition of trace metals increases denitrification rate in closed marine systems. WATER RESEARCH 2003; 37:914-920. [PMID: 12531274 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo) on the denitrification unit at the Montreal Biodome. Two dosages of the five trace metals were tested on a denitrifying bacterial population which was extracted from the denitrification unit and cultured in 250 mL chemostats with artificial seawater. The low dosage showed a 20% increase in the denitrification rate whereas the high dosage had a more pronounced effect with a 250% increase. No increase in bacterial growth was observed, suggesting that the trace metals had an effect on the denitrification activity. When the trace metals were tested separately, only iron had a significant effect similar to the increase in the denitrification rate observed when the five trace metals were added. The combination of Fe and Mn caused a small but significant increase compared to the five trace metals. We then tested the effect of adding Fe, Mn and Cu to the denitrification unit at the Montreal Biodome. A high dosage of these trace metals showed a 250% increase in the denitrification rate, which went from 200 to 700 g NO(x)-N/d. Our results showed that the addition of trace metals is crucial for denitrification activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand Labbé
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul des Prairies, Laval, Canada H7V 1B7
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Jakubovics NS, Smith AW, Jenkinson HF. Oxidative stress tolerance is manganese (Mn(2+)) regulated in Streptococcus gordonii. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:3255-3263. [PMID: 12368459 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-10-3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Sca permease in the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii is a member of a family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type transporters for manganese (Mn(2+)) and related cations that are associated with streptococcal virulence in a number of infection models. Since Mn(2+) has a protective function against oxidative damage in a variety of bacteria, we have investigated the role of Sca permease in oxidative stress tolerance in Streptococcus gordonii. A single Mn(2+)-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD), encoded by sodA, is expressed by S. gordonii and was >10-fold up-regulated under oxidative stress conditions. Inactivation of sodA resulted in increased susceptibility of S. gordonii cells to growth inhibition by dioxygen (O(2)), and to killing by paraquat (a superoxide anion generator) and by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Expression of thiol peroxidase, encoded by the tpx gene located immediately downstream of the scaCBA operon, was also up-regulated under oxidative conditions. Inactivation of tpx led to increased susceptibility of cells to H(2)O(2), but not to O(2) or paraquat. In low-Mn(2+) medium (0.01 micro M Mn(2+)) sodA and tpx genes were transcriptionally down-regulated, SOD activity was reduced and cells were more sensitive to growth inhibition by O(2). A Sca permease-deficient (scaC) mutant showed further reduced SOD activity and hypersensitivity to O(2) in medium containing <0.1 micro M Mn(2+). These results demonstrate that the Sca (Mn(2+)) permease in S. gordonii is essential for protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Oral Microbiology Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK1
| | - Anthony W Smith
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK2
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- Oral Microbiology Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK1
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Tseng HJ, McEwan AG, Paton JC, Jennings MP. Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: PsaA mutants are hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1635-9. [PMID: 11854257 PMCID: PMC127802 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1635-1639.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
psaA encodes a 37-kDa pneumococcal lipoprotein which is part of an ABC Mn(II) transport complex. Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 psaA mutants have previously been shown to be significantly less virulent than wild-type D39, but the mechanism underlying the attenuation has not been resolved. In this study, we have shown that psaA and psaD mutants are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, i.e., to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which might explain why they are less virulent than the wild-type strain. Our investigations revealed altered expression of the key oxidative-stress response enzymes superoxide dismutase and NADH oxidase in psaA and psaD mutants, suggesting that PsaA and PsaD may play important roles in the regulation of expression of oxidative-stress response enzymes and intracellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Tseng
- Centre for Metals in Biology and Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Jakubovics NS, Jenkinson HF. Out of the iron age: new insights into the critical role of manganese homeostasis in bacteria. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1709-1718. [PMID: 11429449 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-7-1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Oral Microbiology Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Dental School and Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK1
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- Oral Microbiology Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Dental School and Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK1
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25
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Niven DF, Ekins A. Iron content of Streptococcus suis and evidence for a dpr homologue. Can J Microbiol 2001; 47:412-6. [PMID: 11400731 DOI: 10.1139/w01-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The type strain of Streptococcus suis was investigated for features that might help the organism to tolerate the H2O2 that is produced during growth. Enzyme assays, using soluble extracts, revealed that the type strain, which lacks catalase, lacks NADH peroxidase in both the mid-exponential and stationary phases of the growth cycle. Although iron could not be detected colourimetrically in dense cell suspensions, determination of the cellular iron content following growth to early stationary phase in the presence of 55FeCl3 demonstrated that S. suis does contain iron and hence is incapable of iron exclusion. Gene amplification, using oligonucleotide primers based on dpr of Streptococcus mutans, followed by nucleotide sequencing, revealed in S. suis, the presence of a gene that encodes a Dpr homologue. It is concluded that in S. suis, tolerance of H2O2 is due to iron sequestration by Dpr and the consequent effect of this process on the extent of Fenton chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Niven
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.
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26
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Smith HE, Buijs H, de Vries R, Wisselink HJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smits MA. Environmentally regulated genes of Streptococcus suis: identification by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:271-280. [PMID: 11158344 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-2-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of environmentally regulated genes of Streptococcus suis by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets is described. Eighteen unique iron-restriction-induced (iri) genes and 22 unique in-vivo-selected (ivs) genes of Strep. suis were found. None of the ivs genes was exclusively expressed in vivo. Four iri genes were identical to four clones selected in piglets. Two ivs genes were similar to genes for putative virulence factors. One of these ivs genes was identical to the epf gene of virulent Strep. suis serotype 2 strains and the other showed homology to a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus gordonii. Two additional ivs genes showed homology to environmentally regulated genes previously identified by using an in vivo expression technology (IVET) selection system in other bacterial species. One of these showed similarity to the agrA gene of Staphylococcus aureus, a key locus involved in the regulation of numerous virulence proteins. The promoter selection system described in this paper has been successfully used for the identification of many environmentally regulated genes potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Strep. suis infections in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde E Smith
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Herma Buijs
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth de Vries
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Wisselink
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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