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Stahel P, Xiao C, Nahmias A, Tian L, Lewis GF. Multi-organ Coordination of Lipoprotein Secretion by Hormones, Nutrients and Neural Networks. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:815-838. [PMID: 33743013 PMCID: PMC8599201 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), particularly atherogenic remnant lipoproteins, contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hypertriglyceridemia may arise in part from hypersecretion of TRLs by the liver and intestine. Here we focus on the complex network of hormonal, nutritional, and neuronal interorgan communication that regulates secretion of TRLs and provide our perspective on the relative importance of these factors. Hormones and peptides originating from the pancreas (insulin, glucagon), gut [glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and 2 (GLP-2), ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY], adipose tissue (leptin, adiponectin) and brain (GLP-1) modulate TRL secretion by receptor-mediated responses and indirectly via neural networks. In addition, the gut microbiome and bile acids influence lipoprotein secretion in humans and animal models. Several nutritional factors modulate hepatic lipoprotein secretion through effects on the central nervous system. Vagal afferent signaling from the gut to the brain and efferent signals from the brain to the liver and gut are modulated by hormonal and nutritional factors to influence TRL secretion. Some of these factors have been extensively studied and shown to have robust regulatory effects whereas others are "emerging" regulators, whose significance remains to be determined. The quantitative importance of these factors relative to one another and relative to the key regulatory role of lipid availability remains largely unknown. Our understanding of the complex interorgan regulation of TRL secretion is rapidly evolving to appreciate the extensive hormonal, nutritional, and neural signals emanating not only from gut and liver but also from the brain, pancreas, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priska Stahel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Avital Nahmias
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lili Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Franklin Lewis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aurora SK, Shrewsbury SB, Ray S, Hindiyeh N, Nguyen L. A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: Insights into the gut-brain connection. Headache 2021; 61:576-589. [PMID: 33793965 PMCID: PMC8251535 DOI: 10.1111/head.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Migraine is a complex, multifaceted, and disabling headache disease that is often complicated by gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, such as gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). Functional dyspepsia and CVS are part of a spectrum of disorders newly classified as disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI). Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia are both associated with delayed gastric emptying, while nausea and vomiting are prominent in CVS, which are also symptoms that commonly occur with migraine attacks. Furthermore, these gastric disorders are comorbidities frequently reported by patients with migraine. While very few studies assessing GI disorders in patients with migraine have been performed, they do demonstrate a physiological link between these conditions. Objective To summarize the available studies supporting a link between GI comorbidities and migraine, including historical and current scientific evidence, as well as provide evidence that symptoms of GI disorders are also observed outside of migraine attacks during the interictal period. Additionally, the importance of route of administration and formulation of migraine therapies for patients with GI symptoms will be discussed. Methods A literature search of PubMed for articles relating to the relationship between the gut and the brain with no restriction on the publication year was performed. Studies providing scientific support for associations of gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and CVS with migraine and the impact these associations may have on migraine treatment were the primary focus. This is a narrative review of identified studies. Results Although the association between migraine and GI disorders has received very little attention in the literature, the existing evidence suggests that they may share a common etiology. In particular, the relationship between migraine, gastric motility, and vomiting has important clinical implications in the treatment of migraine, as delayed gastric emptying and vomiting may affect oral dosing compliance, and thus, the absorption and efficacy of oral migraine treatments. Conclusions There is evidence of a link between migraine and GI comorbidities, including those under the DGBI classification. Many patients do not find adequate relief with oral migraine therapies, which further necessitates increased recognition of GI disorders in patients with migraine by the headache community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena K Aurora
- Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sutapa Ray
- Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nada Hindiyeh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Sudo N. Biogenic Amines: Signals Between Commensal Microbiota and Gut Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:504. [PMID: 31417492 PMCID: PMC6685489 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the interactions among the gut microbiota, gut, and brain, which is often referred to as the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. Biogenic amines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamines are all generated by commensal gut microorganisms and are suggested to play roles as signaling molecules mediating the function of the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. In addition, such amines generated in the gut have attracted attention in terms of possible clues into the etiologies of depression, anxiety, and even psychosis. This review covers the latest research related to the potential role of microbe-derived amines such as catecholamine, serotonin, histamine, as well as other trace amines, in modulating not only gut physiology but also brain function of the host. Further attention in this field can offer not only insight into expanding the fundamental roles and impacts of the human microbiome, but also further offer new therapeutic strategies for psychological disorders based on regulating the balance of resident bacteria.
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Interactions Between Bacteria and the Gut Mucosa: Do Enteric Neurotransmitters Acting on the Mucosal Epithelium Influence Intestinal Colonization or Infection? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:121-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Catecholamine-Directed Epithelial Cell Interactions with Bacteria in the Intestinal Mucosa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:79-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Farr S, Baker C, Naples M, Taher J, Iqbal J, Hussain M, Adeli K. Central Nervous System Regulation of Intestinal Lipoprotein Metabolism by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 via a Brain–Gut Axis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1092-100. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farr
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Christopher Baker
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Mark Naples
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Jennifer Taher
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Mahmood Hussain
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., J.T., K.A.); Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.F., C.B., M.N., J.T., K.A.); and Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.I., M.H.)
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Lee YD, Yoon JS, Yoon HH, Youn HJ, Kim J, Lee JH. Expression of Bis in the mouse gastrointestinal system. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:160-9. [PMID: 23094204 PMCID: PMC3472142 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 interacting death suppressor (Bis) protein is known to be involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. We recently generated bis-deficient mice, which exhibited early lethality with typical nutritional deprivation status. To further investigate the molecular basis for the malnutrition phenotype of bis deficient mice, we explored Bis expression in the digestive system of normal mice. Western blot analysis and quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that Bis expression is highest in the esophagus, followed by the stomach, colon, jejunum and ileum. Immunohistochemical data indicated that Bis expression is restricted to the stratified squamous epitheliums in the esophagus and forestomach, and was not notable in the columnar epitheliums in the stomach, small intestine and colon. In addition, strong Bis immunoreactivity was detected in the striated muscles surrounding the esophagus and smooth muscles at a lesser intensity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Ganglionated plexuses, located in submucous layers, as well as intermuscular layers, were specifically immunoreactive for Bis. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Bis is co-localized in glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing enteric glial cells. Immunostaining with neuron specific esterase antibodies indicate that Bis is also present in the cell bodies of ganglions in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Our findings indicate that Bis plays a role in regulating GI functions, such as motility and absorption, through modulating signal transmission between the ENS and smooth muscles or the intestinal epitheliums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Dae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Takayanagi Y, Osawa S, Ikuma M, Takagaki K, Zhang J, Hamaya Y, Yamada T, Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Miyajima H, Sugimoto K. Norepinephrine suppresses IFN-γ and TNF-α production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via the β₁ adrenoceptor. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 245:66-74. [PMID: 22398028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether norepinephrine (NE) had direct effects on cytokine production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), compared with splenocytes. CD3⁺ IELs and CD3⁺ splenocytes expressed α(1B), α(1D), α(2C), β₁, β₂, and β₃ adrenoceptors (ARs). NE significantly suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α production by IELs and splenocytes ex vivo. The suppressive effects of NE in IELs were reversed by β₁ AR antagonist CGP-20712A, whereas those in splenocytes were reversed by β₂ AR antagonist ICI118,551. In IELs, β₁ AR agonist xamoterol mimicked the suppressive effects of NE. These results indicated NE regulates intestinal mucosal immune responses mediated by IELs via β₁ AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takayanagi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Mourad FH, Saadé NE. Neural regulation of intestinal nutrient absorption. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:149-62. [PMID: 21854830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract share several common features including reciprocal interconnections and several neurotransmitters and peptides known as gut peptides, neuropeptides or hormones. The processes of digestion, secretion of digestive enzymes and then absorption are regulated by the neuro-endocrine system. Luminal glucose enhances its own absorption through a neuronal reflex that involves capsaicin sensitive primary afferent (CSPA) fibres. Absorbed glucose stimulates insulin release that activates hepatoenteric neural pathways leading to an increase in the expression of glucose transporters. Adrenergic innervation increases glucose absorption through α1 and β receptors and decreases absorption through activation of α2 receptors. The vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of diurnal variation in transporter expression and in anticipation to food intake. Vagal CSPAs exert tonic inhibitory effects on amino acid absorption. It also plays an important role in the mediation of the inhibitory effect of intestinal amino acids on their own absorption at the level of proximal or distal segment. However, chronic extrinsic denervation leads to a decrease in intestinal amino acid absorption. Conversely, adrenergic agonists as well as activation of CSPA fibres enhance peptides uptake through the peptide transporter PEPT1. Finally, intestinal innervation plays a minimal role in the absorption of fat digestion products. Intestinal absorption of nutrients is a basic vital mechanism that depends essentially on the function of intestinal mucosa. However, intrinsic and extrinsic neural mechanisms that rely on several redundant loops are involved in immediate and long-term control of the outcome of intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Lyte M, Vulchanova L, Brown DR. Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa-bacteria interactions. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:23-32. [PMID: 20941511 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress has profound effects on gastrointestinal function, and investigations over the past few decades have examined the mechanisms by which neural and hormonal stress mediators act to modulate gut motility, epithelial barrier function and inflammatory states. With its cellular diversity and large commensal bacterial population, the intestinal mucosa and its overlying mucous environment constitute a highly interactive environment for eukaryotic host cells and prokaryotic bacteria. The elaboration of stress mediators, particularly norepinephrine, at this interface influences host cells engaged in mucosal protection and the bacteria which populate the mucosal surface and gut lumen. This review will address growing evidence that norepinephrine and, in some cases, other mediators of the adaptation to stress modulate mucosal interactions with enteric bacteria. Stress-mediated changes in this delicate interplay may shift the microbial colonization patterns on the mucosal surface and alter the susceptibility of the host to infection. Moreover, changes in host-microbe interactions in the digestive tract may also influence ongoing neural activity in stress-responsive brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 8162, Lubbock, TX 79430-8162, USA.
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Saada HN, Rezk RG, Eltahawy NA. Lycopene protects the structure of the small intestine against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress. Phytother Res 2009; 24 Suppl 2:S204-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Eliassi A, Aleali F, Ghasemi T. PERIPHERAL DOPAMINE D2-LIKE RECEPTORS HAVE A REGULATORY EFFECT ON CARBACHOL-, HISTAMINE- AND PENTAGASTRIN-STIMULATED GASTRIC ACID SECRETION. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1065-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Martìnez-Carrillo BE, Barbosa-Cabrera E, Garfias HR, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of restraint stress on the population of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:265-75. [PMID: 17900858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of restraint stress on the intestinal immune system, particularly on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL), has not been described in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of restraint stress, including those produced by increases in glucocorticoids and catecholamines, on the population of i-IEL. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4h restraint stress for 4 day, and the number of IEL in the mucosa of the proximal small intestine was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, and treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone, and epinephrine. The main findings were that: (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the i-IEl population in the small intestine; (2) adrenalectomy, treatment with RU-486 and chemical sympathectomy decreased the number of gammadelta, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in non-stressed groups; (3) dexamethasone reduced the number of gammadelta and CD8+ T cells, and (4) epinephrine reduced the number of gammadelta, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrated that restraint stress decreased the number of i-IEL in the proximal small intestine of mice, mainly by the combined action of higher concentrations of catecholamines and glucocorticoids, and that lower concentrations of glucocorticoids and catecholamines in unstressed mice preserved the population of i-IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340 México, DF, Mexico
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Brown DR, Price LD. Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs decrease early Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into porcine Peyer's patches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 52:29-35. [PMID: 18031537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peyer's patches of the small intestine serve as inductive sites for mucosal immunity as well as targets for invasive enteropathogens, including Salmonella. Because they are innervated by catecholamine-containing enteric nerves, the hypothesis that the endogenous catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine or sympathomimetic drugs alter Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into Peyer's patches was tested. Porcine jejunal Peyer's patch explants were mounted in Ussing chambers and inoculated with a porcine field isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Salmonella recovery from gentamicin-treated tissues increased significantly between 30 and 90 min of bacterial exposure to the mucosal surface. Addition of the neuronal conduction blocker saxitoxin (0.1 micromol L(-1)) or dopamine (30 micromol L(-1)) to the contraluminal aspect of explants decreased bacterial recovery after 60 min of Salmonella exposure. The effects of dopamine were mimicked by cocaine and methamphetamine (30 micromol L(-1)), which act on catecholaminergic nerve terminals to increase synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations. These results suggest that enteric catecholaminergic nerves modulate Salmonella colonization of Peyer's patches at the earliest stages of infection, in part by altering epithelial uptake of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
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Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Garfias HR, Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovsky A, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:681-92. [PMID: 17590521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of restraint stress on the intestinal humoral immune system, particularly those about intestinal IgA production, have not been explored in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of restraint stress on the production and secretion of intestinal IgA as well as on the number of IgA+ cells in the intestinal lamina propria. The involvement of glucocorticoids and catecholamines were also evaluated. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4 h restraint stress for 4 d. The intestinal IgA concentration was quantified by ELISA and the number of IgA containing cells in the lamina propria was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone and epinephrine. The main findings were that (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the intestinal IgA concentration without changing the number of IgA+ cells in lamina propria; (2) adrenalectomy restored the production of IgA in stressed mice; (3) RU486 and chemical sympathectomy partially blocked the decrease in intestinal IgA in stressed mice; and (4) pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and epinephrine significantly reduced the intestinal IgA concentration and the number of IgA+ cells. The restraint stress probably reduced the intestinal IgA concentration through the effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP 11340, México, DF
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Baglole CJ, Sigalet DL, Meddings JB. Alpha1-adrenoceptors down-regulate ClC-2 chloride channels in epithelial cells from the acutely denervated jejunum. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 565:202-6. [PMID: 17466294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute sympathetic denervation of the small intestine up-regulates alpha1-adrenoceptors on villus enterocytes and activation of these alpha1-adrenoceptors inhibits chloride secretion. We tested whether alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of chloride secretion was the result of reduced ClC-2 chloride channel expression. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (a protein kinase C (PKC) activator) had no effect on ClC-2 levels. In contrast, alpha1-adrenoceptor activation significantly decreased ClC-2 protein levels in both the villus (1.58+/-0.19 to 0.75+/-0.19 arbitrary units) and crypt (1.69+/-0.15 to 0.37+/-0.23 arbitrary units) epithelial cells from the acutely denervated jejunum but not innervated controls. These data suggest that inhibition of chloride secretion following alpha1-adrenoceptor activation in the acutely denervated small intestine may be through ClC-2 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Baglole CJ, Sigalet DL, Martin GR, Yao S, Meddings JB. Acute denervation alters the epithelial response to adrenoceptor activation through an increase in alpha1-adrenoceptor expression on villus enterocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:101-8. [PMID: 16258526 PMCID: PMC1615844 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of sympathetic input due to intestinal denervation results in hypersensitivity and increased intestinal secretion. It is unknown whether denervation-induced alterations in intestinal epithelial physiology are the result of changes in adrenoceptors on enterocytes (ENTs). The purpose of this study was to examine adrenoceptor distribution and pharmacology on small intestinal ENTs following acute intestinal denervation. Lewis rats underwent small bowel transplantation (SBT) or sham operation and proximal small intestinal segments were harvested 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Intestinal electrolyte movement was assessed using short-circuit current (Isc) measurements of stripped epithelial sheets following stimulation with phenylephrine (PE), an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist. The presence of adrenoceptor subtypes on separated villus and crypt ENTs was assessed using flow cytometry. Alpha(1)-adrenoceptors were found on approximately 27% of jejunal villus ENTs, but not crypt ENTs, following acute extrinsic denervation. ENTs from the Lewis rat have few beta-adrenoceptors. Alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation of acutely denervated intestinal epithelial sheets decreased Isc by -13.45%. This effect was mediated by a reduction in chloride (Cl(-)) secretion; the absence of Cl(-) reversed the Isc to +13.79%. In conclusion, loss of sympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal epithelium causes acute upregulation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on villus ENTs, leading to inhibition of Cl(-) secretion at the villus tip. The increase in adrenoceptors may reflect a compensatory mechanism to combat the increased secretory state of the bowel due to the loss of the sympathetic innervation and tonic control over intestinal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - David L Sigalet
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Gary R Martin
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jon B Meddings
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Author for correspondence:
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