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Qian A, Hsieh TB, Hossain MM, Lin JJC, Jin JP. A rapid degradation of calponin 2 is required for cytokinesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C355-C368. [PMID: 34133238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00569.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calponin 2 is an actin cytoskeleton-associated protein and plays a role in regulating cell motility-related functions such as phagocytosis, migration, and division. We previously reported that overexpression of calponin 2 inhibits the rate of cell proliferation. To investigate the underlying mechanism, our present study found that the levels of endogenous calponin 2 in NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells rapidly decreased before cell division characterized by an absence at the actin contractile ring. In cells lacking endogenous calponin 2, transfective expression of GFP-fusion calponin 2 inhibited cell proliferation similar to that of nonfusion calponin 2. Fluorescent imaging studies of mitotic cells indicated that a proper level of calponin 2 expression and effective degradation during cytokinesis are necessary for normal cell division. Computer-assisted dynamic image analysis of dividing cells revealed that overexpression of calponin 2 significantly affects motility and shape behaviors of cells only on the interval from the start of anaphase to the start of cytokinesis, i.e., the pre-cytokinesis phase, but not on the interval from the start of cytokinesis to 50% completion of cytokinesis. The pre-cytokinesis degradation of calponin 2 was attenuated by MG132 inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome and inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), suggesting that PKC phosphorylation-triggered degradation of calponin 2 could determine the rate of cytokinesis. The novel role of calponin 2 in regulating the rate of cytokinesis may be targeted for therapeutic applications such as in an inhibition of malignant tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Qian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tzu-Bou Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - M Moazzem Hossain
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jim J-C Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Duong VT, Dang TT, Hwang CH, Back SH, Koo KI. Coaxial printing of double-layered and free-standing blood vessel analogues without ultraviolet illumination for high-volume vascularised tissue. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045033. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abafc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cetin O, Karaman E, Boza B, Cim N, Sahin HG. Maternal serum calponin 1 level as a biomarker for the short-term prediction of preterm birth in women with threatened preterm labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31:216-222. [PMID: 28068849 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1280021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the utility of maternal serum calponin 1 level in the prediction of delivery within 7 days among pregnancies complicated with threatened preterm labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible women who presented at 24-34 weeks of gestation with threatened preterm labor underwent sampling for serum calponin 1 level and cervical length measurement. They were followed up until delivery prospectively and the perinatal outcomes of the patients were recorded. RESULTS Of 73 women included in the study, 36 women delivered within 7 days and 37 women delivered beyond 7 days after admission. The maternal serum calponin 1 level was significantly high in women who delivered within 7 days (p: 0.031). The threshold value of 2 ng/mL for maternal serum calponin 1 predicted delivery within 7 days with 61.1% sensitivity and 62.2 specificity (area under curve, 0.658, confidence interval 0.53-0.79). The general accuracy values for maternal cervical length measurement (≤25 mm), serum calponin 1 level (>2 ng/mL) and the combination of two tests to predict delivery within 7 days was found to be 64.4%, 61.6% and 72.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The maternal serum calponin 1 level may be a useful biomarker in short-term prediction of preterm birth among pregnancies complicated with threatened preterm labor, in addition to cervical length measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Cetin
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Erbil Karaman
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Baris Boza
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Numan Cim
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Hanım Guler Sahin
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
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Thatcher SE, Black JE, Tanaka H, Kohama K, Fultz ME, Cassis LA, Wright GL. Matrix Metalloproteinases -14, -9 and -2 are Localized to the Podosome and Involved in Podosome Development in the A7r5 Smooth Muscle Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5. [PMID: 30931350 PMCID: PMC6436839 DOI: 10.13188/2332-3671.1000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aim The purpose of the study was to localize matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, -9, and -2 in the A7r5 smooth muscle cell and to understand the interaction between these MMPs and the cytoskeleton. This interaction was observed under non-stimulating and phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-stimulating conditions. Methods Confocal microscopy was utilized to define the localizations of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the A7r5 cell and to determine interaction between MMPs and the cytoskeleton. Under PDBu-stimulating conditions, the presence of MMP active forms and activity by gel zymography was evaluated in the A7r5 cell. Actin and microtubule-polymerization inhibitors were used to evaluate MMP interaction with the cytoskeleton and the cytoskeleton was observed on matrix and within a Type I collagen gel. Results MMP-14, -9, and -2 were localized to the podosome in the A7r5 smooth muscle cell and interactions were seen with these MMPs and the actin cytoskeleton. PDBu-stimulation induced increases in the protein abundance of the active forms of the MMPs and MMP-2 activity was increased. MMPs also interact with a-actin and not β-tubulin in the A7r5 cell. Galardin, also known as GM-6001, was shown to inhibit podosome formation and prevented MMP localization to the podosome. This broad spectrum MMP inhibitor also prevented collagen gel contraction and prevented cell adhesion and spreading of A7r5 cells within this collagen matrix. Conclusion MMPs are important in the formation and function of podosomes in the A7r5 smooth muscle cell. MMPs interact with a-actin and not β-tubulin in the A7r5 cell. Podosomes play an important role in cell migration and understanding the function of podosomes can lead to insights into cancer metastasis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - J E Black
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Marshall University, USA
| | - H Tanaka
- Department of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Japan
| | - K Kohama
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Japan
| | - M E Fultz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, USA
| | - L A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - G L Wright
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Marshall University, USA
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Cao C, Luo X, Ji X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhong L. Osteopontin regulates the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in response to gingipains treatment. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 33:51-56. [PMID: 28302392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the possible effects of osteopontin (OPN) in the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) stimulated by gingipains. METHODS The proliferation of RASMCs in response to active gingipains treatment was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. OPN siRNA was designed, constructed and transfected into RASMCs at different concentrations. The cell cycle of RASMCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. OPN, α-SMA and calponin expression were examined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Gingipains promoted the proliferation of RASMCs and OPN expression. With siRNA-mediated OPN expression knockdown, the cell cycle of RASMCs was blocked in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the expression of specific differentiation markers, α-SMA and calponin, also decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OPN has an impact on the proliferation and differentiation of RASMCs stimulated by gingipains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cao
- Department of Periodontology, Caochong Dental Clinic, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, The Basic Medical Sciences College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- Department of Periodontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Pengtao Zhang
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Liu R, Jin JP. Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Gene 2016; 585:143-153. [PMID: 26970176 PMCID: PMC5325697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and many types of non-muscle cells. Three homologous genes, CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3, encoding calponin isoforms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are present in vertebrate species. All three calponin isoforms are actin-binding proteins with functions in inhibiting actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton, while each isoform executes different physiological roles based on their cell type-specific expressions. Calponin 1 is specifically expressed in smooth muscle cells and plays a role in fine-tuning smooth muscle contractility. Calponin 2 is expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and regulates multiple actin cytoskeleton-based functions. Calponin 3 participates in actin cytoskeleton-based activities in embryonic development and myogenesis. Phosphorylation has been extensively studied for the regulation of calponin functions. Cytoskeleton tension regulates the transcription of CNN2 gene and the degradation of calponin 2 protein. This review summarizes our knowledge learned from studies over the past three decades, focusing on the evolutionary lineage of calponin isoform genes, their tissue- and cell type-specific expressions, structure-function relationships, and mechanoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Chaterji S, Lam CH, Ho DS, Proske DC, Baker AB. Syndecan-1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89824. [PMID: 24587062 PMCID: PMC3934950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the role of syndecan-1 in modulating the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in the context of endogenous inflammatory factors and altered microenvironments that occur in disease or injury-induced vascular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) display a continuum of phenotypes that can be altered during vascular remodeling. While the syndecans have emerged as powerful and complex regulators of cell function, their role in controlling vSMC phenotype is unknown. Here, we isolated vSMCs from wild type (WT) and syndecan-1 knockout (S1KO) mice. Gene expression and western blotting studies indicated decreased levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), calponin, and other vSMC-specific differentiation markers in S1KO relative to WT cells. The spread area of the S1KO cells was found to be greater than WT cells, with a corresponding increase in focal adhesion formation, Src phosphorylation, and alterations in actin cytoskeletal arrangement. In addition, S1KO led to increased S6RP phosphorylation and decreased AKT and PKC-α phosphorylation. To examine whether these changes were present in vivo, isolated aortae from aged WT and S1KO mice were stained for calponin. Consistent with our in-vitro findings, the WT mice aortae stained higher for calponin relative to S1KO. When exposed to the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, WT vSMCs had an 80% reduction in syndecan-1 expression. Further, with TNF-α, S1KO vSMCs produced increased pro-inflammatory cytokines relative to WT. Finally, inhibition of interactions between syndecan-1 and integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 using the inhibitory peptide synstatin appeared to have similar effects on vSMCs as knocking out syndecan-1, with decreased expression of vSMC differentiation markers and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, receptors, and osteopontin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results support that syndecan-1 promotes vSMC differentiation and quiescence. Thus, the presence of syndecan-1 would have a protective effect against vSMC dedifferentiation and this activity is linked to interactions with integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somali Chaterji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christoffer H. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Derek S. Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Proske
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron B. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Liu Y, Rayatpisheh S, Chew SY, Chan-Park MB. Impact of endothelial cells on 3D cultured smooth muscle cells in a biomimetic hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1378-1387. [PMID: 22296557 DOI: 10.1021/am201648f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For the development of vascular tissue engineering, the impact of endothelial cells (ECs) on smooth muscle cell (SMC) spreading, proliferation, and differentiation is explored in the current study using a coculture model. In this coculture model, SMCs were encapsulated in a biomimetic hydrogel based on methacrylated dextran-graft-lysine (Dex-MA-LA) and methacrylamide-modified gelatin (Gel-MA), and exposed to a monolayer of ECs. With EC coculture, SMC proliferation in 3D hydrogel was promoted at initial period, and the formation of denser cellular networks was enhanced. ECs dynamically modulated SMC phenotype by promoting a more contractile SMC phenotype initially (on day 2), indicated by the upregulated expression of contractile genes α-actin, calponin, smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), and smoothelin; however, the onset of maximum expressions was delayed by ECs. Full differentiation of SMCs was not obtained even with EC coculture. Higher level of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were detected in medium of coculture. These biochemical cues together with the physical cue of tensional force within cellular networks may be responsible for the dynamic modulation of SMC phenotype in coculture. Synthesis of elastin was promoted by ECs at transcriptional level. The formation of denser cellular networks and synthesis of elastin suggest that coculture with ECs is a potential method to construct functional vessel media layer in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Gao H, Steffen MC, Ramos KS. Osteopontin regulates α-smooth muscle actin and calponin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:155-61. [PMID: 22032345 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
vSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) lose differentiation markers and gain uncontrolled proliferative activity during the early stages of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that OPN (osteopontin) mRNA and protein levels increase significantly on induction of proliferative activity by allylamine (an atherogenic amine) and that this response can be inhibited by OPN antibodies. We have investigated the role of OPN in vSMC differentiation. Primary cultures of aortic mouse vSMCs were transfected with an OPN expression plasmid and several vSMC differentiation markers including α-SM actin (α-smooth muscle actin), SM22-α, tropomyosin and calponin were monitored in this cellular model. α-SM actin and calponin protein levels were significantly decreased by OPN overexpression. Down-regulation of α-SM actin and calponin was also observed on extracellular treatment of mouse vSMCs with recombinant OPN. In addition, calponin mRNA was significantly decreased under serum-restricted conditions when OPN mRNA was dramatically increased, while α-SM actin mRNA remained unchanged. These data indicate that OPN down-regulates α-SM actin and calponin expression through an extracellular signalling pathway. Functional connectivity between OPN and vSMC differentiation markers has been established. Since vSMCs lose differentiation features during early atherosclerosis, a mechanistic basis for OPN functions as a critical regulator of proliferative cardiovascular disease has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Yotsumoto N, Takeoka M, Yokoyama M. Tail-suspended mice lacking calponin H1 experience decreased bone loss. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 221:221-7. [PMID: 20551601 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.221.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calponin h1 (CNh1) is an actin-binding protein originally isolated from vascular smooth muscle and has been reported to suppress bone formation. We are therefore curious how CNh1 is involved in bone loss that is caused by space flight in microgravity. We assessed the effects of tail suspension (TS) in C57BL/6J wild (CN+/+) and CNh1-deleted (CN-/-) mice to elucidate the role of CNh1 in bone loss under weightless conditions. Bone mineral density (BMD) of tibiae was measured by single energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone volume fraction (BV/TV), mineral apposition rate (MAR), and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) were measured by bone histomorphometry. BMD, BV/TV, MAR, and BFR/BS were lower in CN+/+ mice with TS than in those without. In the CN-/- group, however, the decrease in each of these parameters by TS was ameliorated. Decreases in serum osteocalcin levels by TS in CN+/+ mice were attenuated in CN-/- mice. Furthermore, urinary deoxypyridinolin (DPD), an indicator of bone resorption, was increased in CN+/+ mice following TS, but not in CN-/- mice. In transfection experiments, the degree of induction of bone formation markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 mRNA expression, under stimulation with BMP-2, was lower in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast-like cells expressing CNh1 than that in mock transfected cells. Notably, the BMP-2-induced ALP activity was decreased by CNh1 expression, which was partially rescued by treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632. Taken together, these results indicate that CNh1 is responsible for weightlessness-induced bone loss in part through Rho signaling pathway.
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van Wieringen T, Kimani SG, Hultgård-Ekwall AK, Forsberg J, Reyhani V, Engström Å, Rubin K. Opposite effects of PDGF-BB and prostaglandin E1 on cell-motility related processes are paralleled by modifications of distinct actin-binding proteins. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1745-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Calponin is an inhibitor of the actin-activated myosin ATPase. Three isoforms of calponin have been found in the vertebrates. Whereas the role of calponin in regulating smooth muscle contractility has been extensively investigated, the function and regulation of calponin in non-muscle cells is much less understood. Based on recent progresses in the field, this review focuses on the studies of calponin in non-muscle cells, especially its regulation by cytoskeleton tension and function in cell motility. The ongoing research has demonstrated that calponin plays a regulatory role in non-muscle cell motility. Therefore, non-muscle calponin is an attractive target for the control of cell proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, and the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Wu
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Assembly and biological role of podosomes and invadopodia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:235-41. [PMID: 18337078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulated tissue invasion via motile and lytic events is critical for physiological processes such as immune system function and inflammatory responses, wound healing, and organ development, but pathological subversion of this process drives tumour cell invasion and metastasis. Cell migration and invasion require the integration of several processes that include: first, the local modulation of cytoskeleton structure and contractile forces; second, the turnover of substrate adhesions and their associated microfilaments; and third, the generation of specialised, transient domains that mediate the protease-dependent focal degradation of the extracellular matrix. Recent work has re-discovered prominent actin-based cellular structures, termed invadopodia and podosomes, as unique structural and functional modules through which major invasive mechanisms are regulated. The stage is now set to unravel their roles in the physiology and pathology of tissue plasticity and repair.
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Gimona M. The microfilament system in the formation of invasive adhesions. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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