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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kwiecień M, Purwin C, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Borsuk-Stanulewicz M, Pogorzelska-Przybyłek P, Kiczorowska B. Fatty Acid Profile and Dietary Value of Thigh Meat of Broiler Chickens Receiving Mineral or Organic Forms of Zn. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1156. [PMID: 38672304 PMCID: PMC11047603 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mineral (sulphate) or organic (glycine chelate) forms of Zn used in quantities covering 100% or 50% of the Zn requirement on the fatty acid profile of the thigh muscles of Ross 308 broiler chickens. We also analysed the dietary value of this meat based on its fatty acid profile. The experimental factors did not influence the content of basic chemical components and the meat's pH. Although, in terms of statistics, the presented study supports the statement that the form (sulphate vs. glycine chelate) and/or amount of Zn used (100% or 50% of the requirement) affects the fatty acid profile and dietary value of thigh meat, the results imply that the requirement of Ross 308 broiler chickens for Zn was also covered in full when in it was used in amounts covering 50% of the requirement, irrespective of the form in which Zn was used. However, it cannot be explicitly confirmed that the form of Zn affects the analysed parameters of thigh meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Marta Borsuk-Stanulewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Paulina Pogorzelska-Przybyłek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Bożena Kiczorowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
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Ghaedi K, Ghasempour D, Jowshan M, Zheng M, Ghobadi S, Jafari A. Effect of zinc supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:9228-9239. [PMID: 37183697 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2209802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether zinc supplementation may improve cardio-metabolic health in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial and require further evaluation. This study aimed to summarize the effectiveness of oral zinc supplementation in improving cardio-metabolic risk markers in people with T2DM. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to April 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs of type 2 diabetic adults (aged ≥18 years) comparing zinc supplementation with placebo were included. We excluded studies if not randomized, involved co-supplementation, and were conducted in children or pregnant women. Glycemic indices, lipid profiles, blood pressure, anthropometric measure, c-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and serum zinc were extracted. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methods. We used a random-effect model to perform the dose-response analysis. Effect sizes were presented as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). 22 studies (n = 1442 participants) were included. The certainty of the evidence was rated as moderate to high. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced glycemic indices: including two-hour postprandial glucose (2hpp) (mean difference (MD): -34.34 mg/dl; 95%CI: -51.61∼ -17.07), fast blood sugar (FBS) (MD: -23.32 mg/dl; 95% CI: -33.81∼ -12.83), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (MD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.71∼ -0.23). Zinc had a favorable effect on lipid profiles low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD: -10.76 mg/dl; CI: -17.79∼-3.73), triglyceride (TG) (MD: -18.23 mg/dl; CI: -32.81∼-3.65), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: -12.74 mg/dl; CI: -21.68∼-3.80), VLDL (MD: -5.39 mg/dl; CI: -7.35∼-3.43) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD: 4.04 mg/dl; CI: 0.96 ∼ 7.12). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD): -3.64 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.77∼ -0.52), weight (MD: 1.00 kg; 95% CI: 0.34∼1.66), CRP (MD: -3.37 mg/l, 95% CI: -4.05∼ -2.70), and serum zinc (MD: 15.38 µg/dl; 95% CI: 10.74∼ 20.02) changed to a statistically significant extent with zinc supplementation. There was also a linear association between additional 10 mg/d zinc treatment with FBS, HbA1c, HDL, LDL, TG, TC, and serum zinc. A non-linear dose-response gradient was seen for FBS, HDL, and SBP (p < 0.05). Egger's test showed no substantial publication bias. Our findings strongly suggest a potential beneficial effect of zinc supplementation on type 2 diabetic patients. Further high-quality research is needed to determine the optimal form, dosage, and duration of zinc supplementation for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghaedi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dorsa Ghasempour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Jowshan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saeed Ghobadi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Knez M, Boy E. Existing knowledge on Zn status biomarkers (1963-2021) with a particular focus on FADS1 and FADS2 diagnostic performance and recommendations for further research. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1057156. [PMID: 36712514 PMCID: PMC9878572 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1057156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Zn in human health was discovered 60 years ago, and despite remarkable research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker of Zn status is still lacking. Plasma/serum Zn, currently the best available and most accepted population Zn status indicator, responds well to severe Zn deficiency, yet, mild to moderate Zn deficiency states usually remain unrecognized. Identifying early-stage Zn deficiency requires additional robust markers of Zn status. This paper discusses the sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of plasma Zn concentrations to Zn interventions. It describes the biochemical and dietary basis for the causal association between Zn and fatty acid desaturases activity, FADS1 and FADS2, based on data collected through studies performed in animals and/or humans. The influence of potential confounders and covariates on the observed relationships is considered. Additional potential Zn biomarkers are discussed and suggestions for further research in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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4
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Ferreira EV, João Júnior GC, Corrêa GSS, Kiefer C, Alencar SAS, Viana LH, Cavalheiro LF. Effects of organic Selenium- and Chromium-Enriched Diets on performance, carcass characteristics, lipid profile and fat quality of finishing pigs in different weight ranges. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200509. [PMID: 35946643 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat from barrowS of same genetic lineage supplemented with organic chromium and selenium initiated in different weight ranges in the finishing phase using 24 carcasses. Three different diets were used that represent the time when supplementation starts: control - without the inclusion of organic Cr and Se; CrSe70 - control with 500 g ton-1 of organic Cr and Se of 70 to 130 kg in body weight; and CrSe100 - control with inclusion of 500 g ton-1 of organic Cr and Se from 100 kg to 130 kg body weight. Performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid profile were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and with significant differences (p<0.05), the means were compared using the Tukey test. From 70 to 100 kg, control and CrSe70 animals consumed less feed than CrSe100. From 100 kg body weight, it reduced the C20:5n3 and C24:1n9 acids and increased the activity of the Δ-6 desaturase, elongase, Δ-5 desaturase enzymes in the supplemented animals. The moment when supplementation starts of organic chromium and selenium does not improve the performance and carcass characteristics, does not change the fatty acid profile, and does not improve the quality of the fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo V Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - G C João Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Gerusa S S Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Charles Kiefer
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 2443, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Stephan A S Alencar
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Química, Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 1555, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Viana
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Química, Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 1555, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Cavalheiro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Química, Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 1555, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Ekong MB, Iniodu CF. Nutritional therapy can reduce the burden of depression management in low income countries: A review. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:15-28. [PMID: 34939062 PMCID: PMC8664701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental and mood disorder with global health and economic burden. This burden may be overwhelming in low income countries, although there are insufficient data. Most antidepressant formulations are predicated on the monoamine, neuroendocrine and neuro-inflammation hypotheses, with little or no cognizance to other neurochemicals altered in depression. A nutritional strategy with or without conventional antidepressants is recommended, as nutrition plays vital roles in the onset, severity and duration of depression, with poor nutrition contributing to its pathogenesis. This review discusses nutritional potentials of utilizing omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and herbs or their phytochemicals in the management of depression with the aim of reducing depression burden. Literature search of empirical data in books and journals in data bases including but not limited to PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar that might contain discussions of sampling were sought, their full text obtained, and searched for relevant content to determine eligibility. Omega-3 fatty and amino acids had significant positive anti-depression outcomes, while vitamins and minerals although essential, enhanced omega-3 fatty and amino acids activities. Some herbs either as whole extracts or their phytochemicals/metabolites had significant positive anti-depression efficacy. Nutrition through the application of necessary food classes or herbs as well as their phytochemicals, may go a long way to effectively manage depression. This therefore will provide inexpensive, natural, and non-invasive therapeutic means with reduced adverse effects that can also be applied alongside clinical management. This nutritional strategy should be given more attention in research, assessment and treatment for those with depression and other mental illness in low income countries, especially in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses B Ekong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Clementina F Iniodu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria
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Khazdouz M, Djalalinia S, Sarrafi Zadeh S, Hasani M, Shidfar F, Ataie-Jafari A, Asayesh H, Zarei M, Gorabi AM, Noroozi M, Qorbani M. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:373-398. [PMID: 31494808 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors has been increasing worldwide. The results of reported studies on the effects of zinc supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors are unequivocal. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors. A systematic search was conducted through international databases (PubMed/Medline, Institute of Scientific Information, and Scopus) until December 2018 to include all randomized controlled trials (RCT), quasi-RCT, and controlled clinical trials which assessed the effect of zinc supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors including lipid profile, glycemic indices, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analysis method was used to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 20 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which included a total of 1141 participants in the intervention group. Meta-analysis showed that zinc supplementation significantly decreased plasma levels of triglyceride (SMD - 0.66, 95% CI - 1.27, - 0.06), very-low-density lipoprotein (SMD - 1.59, 95% CI - 2.86, - 0.31), and total cholesterol (SMD - 0.65, 95% CI - 1.15, - 0.15). Similarly, zinc supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (SMD - 0.52, 95% CI - 0.96, - 0.07) and HbA1c (SMD - 0.64, 95% CI - 1.27, - 0.02). The effects of zinc supplementation on blood pressure and anthropometric indices were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Zinc supplements had beneficial effects on glycemic indices and lipid profile. Thus, it appeared that zinc supplementation might be associated with a decrease in cardiometabolic risk factors contributing to a reduction in risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khazdouz
- School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sarrafi Zadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Hasani
- School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Ataie-Jafari
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Knez M, Stangoulis JCR, Glibetic M, Tako E. The Linoleic Acid: Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Ratio (LA:DGLA)-An Emerging Biomarker of Zn Status. Nutrients 2017; 9:E825. [PMID: 28763004 PMCID: PMC5579618 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common aliment predicted to affect 17% of the world's population. Zinc is a vital micronutrient used for over 300 enzymatic reactions and multiple biochemical and structural processes in the body. Although whole blood, plasma, and urine zinc decrease in severe zinc deficiency, accurate assessment of zinc status, especially in mild to moderate deficiency, is difficult as studies with these biomarkers are often contradictory and inconsistent. Hence, as suggested by the World Health Organization, sensitive and specific biological markers of zinc status are still needed. In this review, we provide evidence to demonstrate that the LA:DGLA ratio (linoleic acid:dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ratio) may be a useful additional indicator for assessing Zn status more precisely. However, this biomarker needs to be tested further in order to determine its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - James C R Stangoulis
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Maria Glibetic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA/ARS (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service), Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
A total of 16 pure-bred Iberian (IB) sows, all of them suckling six piglets, were used, eight of them in each of the two consecutive trials (1 and 2). Daily milk yield and composition were determined weekly over a 34-day lactation period. Within each litter, one piglet at birth and four piglets on day 35 of life were slaughtered. Milk intake per piglet tended to be greater in trial 2 (832 v. 893 g/day; P=0.066), but piglets grew at 168±3.3 g/day, irrespective of the trial. In the IB sow milk, the linoleic (LA) : linolenic (LNA) acid ratio averaged 14.6 and 15.2 in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. A fivefold increase in piglet body fat content was observed over lactation (P<0.001). Most of this fat (81.4%) was present in the carcass. After 34 days of lactation, whole-body relative content of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were very close to those in the milk consumed, suggesting direct deposition. Daily deposition of LA derivatives and of LNA and its derivatives was found to be extremely low (<0.02 g, on average). Moreover, some of the arachidonic acid (ARA) in tissues of the IB piglet at birth disappeared throughout the lactating period. An overall fractional deposition for total fatty acids (FA) was 0.409. Fractional oxidation (disappearance) rates were 0.939 and 0.926 for n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated FA. The overall rate of disappearance for the major non-essential FA (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids), estimated as 1-the overall fractional deposition rate, was 0.546. It is concluded that the high degree of FA unsaturation, high oxidation rate of LA and LNA, and poor synthesis of ARA from LA and of docosahexaenoic acid from LNA found in the suckling piglet might increase the energy cost of whole-body fat accretion, a contributor to the observed low efficiency of use of milk energy for growth.
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Shiraseb F, Siassi F, Sotoudeh G, Qorbani M, Rostami R, Sadeghi-Firoozabadi V, Narmaki E. Association of blood antioxidants status with visual and auditory sustained attention. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 18:345-54. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Metabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and deposition) of long-chain n-3 fatty acids is affected by sex and by the oil source (krill oil or fish oil) in the rat. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:684-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of krill oil as an alternative source of n-3 long-chain PUFA have been investigated recently. There are conflicting results from the few available studies comparing fish oil and krill oil. The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability and metabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and tissue deposition) of n-3 fatty acids originating from krill oil (phospholipid-rich) or fish oil (TAG-rich) in rats of both sexes using the whole-body fatty acid balance method. Sprague–Dawley rats (thirty-six male, thirty-six female) were randomly assigned to be fed either a krill oil diet (EPA+DHA+DPA=1·38 mg/g of diet) or a fish oil diet (EPA+DHA+DPA=1·61 mg/g of diet) to constant ration for 6 weeks. The faeces, whole body and individual tissues were analysed for fatty acid content. Absorption of fatty acids was significantly greater in female rats and was only minimally affected by the oil type. It was estimated that most of EPA (>90 %) and more than half of DHA (>60 %) were β-oxidised in both diet groups. Most of the DPA was β-oxidised (57 and 67 % for female and male rats, respectively) in the fish oil group; however, for the krill oil group, the majority of DPA was deposited (82–83 %). There was a significantly greater deposition of DPA and DHA in rats fed krill oil compared with those fed fish oil, not due to a difference in bioavailability (absorption) but rather due to a difference in metabolic fate (anabolism v. catabolism).
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Ghasemifard S, Sinclair AJ, Kaur G, Lewandowski P, Turchini GM. What Is the Most Effective Way of Increasing the Bioavailability of Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids--Daily vs. Weekly Administration of Fish Oil? Nutrients 2015; 7:5628-45. [PMID: 26184297 PMCID: PMC4517018 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recommendations on the intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) vary from eating oily fish ("once to twice per week") to consuming specified daily amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ("250-500 mg per day"). It is not known if there is a difference in the uptake/bioavailability between regular daily consumption of supplementsvs. consuming fish once or twice per week. In this study, the bioavailability of a daily dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Constant treatment), representing supplements, vs. a large weekly dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Spike treatment), representing consuming once or twice per week, was assessed. Six-week old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a Constant treatment, a Spike treatment or Control treatment (no n-3 LC-PUFA), for six weeks. The whole body, tissues and faeces were analysed for fatty acid content. The results showed that the major metabolic fate of the n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA+docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) + DHA) was towards catabolism (β-oxidation) accounting for over 70% of total dietary intake, whereas deposition accounted less than 25% of total dietary intake. It was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were β-oxidised when originating from the Constant treatment (84% of dose), compared with the Spike treatment (75% of dose). Conversely, it was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were deposited when originating from the Spike treatment (23% of dose), than from the Constant treatment (15% of dose). These unexpected findings show that a large dose of n-3 LC-PUFA once per week is more effective in increasing whole body n-3 LC-PUFA content in rats compared with a smaller dose delivered daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunveen Kaur
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (CPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia.
| | | | - Giovanni M Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool 3280, Australia.
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12
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Ounnas F, Salen P, Demeilliers C, Calani L, Scazzina F, Hazane-Puch F, Laporte F, Melegari C, Del Rio D, de Lorgeril M. Wheat aleurone fractions and plasma n-3 fatty acids in rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:391-4. [PMID: 25812156 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1024206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of two wheat aleurone (WA) fractions on circulating n-3 fatty acids in rats. We demonstrated that only the fraction able to induce the highest urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites (>1µmol) resulted in a significant increase in plasma level of Eicosapentanoic acid (+22%, p < 0.05). While other constituents of whole wheat can be involved in this response, our data suggest that cereals containing high levels of phenolic compounds can increase blood n-3 without affecting n-6 fatty acids. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis and explore the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Ounnas
- Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Equipe PRETA, Cœur et Nutrition, Université Joseph Fourier , Grenoble I , France
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Justus J, Weigand E. The effect of a moderate zinc deficiency and dietary fat source on the activity and expression of the Δ(3)Δ (2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase in the liver of growing rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:365-75. [PMID: 24682920 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Auxiliary enzymes participate in β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of a moderate zinc deficiency and a high intake of polyunsaturated fat on Δ(3)Δ(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase (ECI) in the liver and other tissues. Five groups of eight weanling rats each were fed moderately zinc-deficient (ZD) or zinc-adequate (ZA) semisynthetic diets (7 or 50 mg Zn/kg) enriched with 22 % cocoa butter (CB) or 22 % safflower oil (SO) for 4 weeks: (1) ZD-CB, fed free choice; (2) ZA-CBR, ZA-CB diet fed in equivalent amounts consumed by the ZD-CB group; (3) ZD-SO, fed free choice; (4) ZA-SOR, ZA-SO diet fed in equivalent amounts consumed by the ZD-SO group; and (5) ZA-SO, fed free choice. Growth and Zn status markers were markedly reduced in the ZD groups. ECI activity in the liver of the animals fed the ZD- and ZA-SO diets were significantly higher (approximately 2- and 3-fold, respectively) as compared with the CB-fed animals, whereas activities in extrahepatic tissues (kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, testes, adipose tissue) were not altered by dietary treatments. Transcript levels of the mitochondrial Eci gene in the liver did not significantly differ between ZD and ZA rats, but were 1.6-fold higher in the ZA-SO- than in the ZD-CB-fed animals (P < 0.05). It is concluded that diets enriched with safflower oil as a source high in linoleic acid induce markedly increased hepatic ECI activities and that a moderate Zn deficiency does not affect transcription of the mitochondrial Eci gene in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Justus
- Dussmann Service Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Justus J, Weigand E. A Moderate Zinc Deficiency Does Not Impair Gene Expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and Mitochondrial Enoyl-CoA Delta Isomerase in the Liver of Growing Rats. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7:29-37. [PMID: 24855375 PMCID: PMC4024054 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a moderate zinc deficiency and a high intake of polyunsaturated fat on the mRNA expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and mitochondrial Δ3Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (ECI) in the liver. Weanling rats were assigned to five groups (eight animals each) and fed semi-synthetic, low-carbohydrate diets containing 7 or 50 mg Zn/kg (low-Zn (LZ) or high-Zn (HZ)) and 22% cocoa butter (CB) or 22% safflower (SF) oil for four weeks. One group each was fed the LZ-CB, LZ-SF, or HZ-SF diet free choice, and one group each was fed the HZ-CB and HZ-SF diets in restricted amounts according to intake of the respective LZ diets. The LZ diets markedly lowered growth and zinc concentrations in plasma and femur. Hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and ECI were not reduced by the moderate zinc deficiency. Overall, ECI-mRNA abundance was marginally higher in the SF-fed than in the CB-fed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Justus
- Dussmann Service Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edgar Weigand
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Kumar KA, Lalitha A, Pavithra D, Padmavathi IJN, Ganeshan M, Rao KR, Venu L, Balakrishna N, Shanker NH, Reddy SU, Chandak GR, Sengupta S, Raghunath M. Maternal dietary folate and/or vitamin B12 restrictions alter body composition (adiposity) and lipid metabolism in Wistar rat offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:25-31. [PMID: 22703962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Maternal vitamin deficiencies are associated with low birth weight and increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that maternal folate and/or vitamin B(12) restrictions alter body composition and fat metabolism in the offspring. Female weaning Wistar rats received ad libitum for 12 weeks a control diet (American Institute of Nutrition-76A) or the same with restriction of folate, vitamin B(12) or both (dual deficient) and, after confirming vitamin deficiency, were mated with control males. The pregnant/lactating mothers and their offspring received their respective diets throughout. Biochemical and body composition parameters were determined in mothers before mating and in offspring at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Vitamin restriction increased body weight and fat and altered lipid profile in female Wistar rats, albeit differences were significant with only B(12) restriction. Offspring born to vitamin-B(12)-restricted dams had lower birth weight, while offspring of all vitamin-restricted dams weighed higher at/from weaning. They had higher body fat (specially visceral fat) from 3 months and were dyslipidemic at 12 months, when they had high circulating and adipose tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor α, leptin and interleukin 6 and low levels of adiponectin and interleukin 1β. Vitamin-restricted offspring had higher activities of hepatic fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase and higher plasma cortisol levels. In conclusion, maternal and peri-/postnatal folate and/or vitamin B(12) restriction increased visceral adiposity (due to increased corticosteroid stress), altered lipid metabolism in rat offspring perhaps by modulating adipocyte function and may thus predispose them to high morbidity later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Anand Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad-500 604, India
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16
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Sadli N, Ackland ML, De Mel D, Sinclair AJ, Suphioglu C. Effects of zinc and DHA on the epigenetic regulation of human neuronal cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:87-98. [PMID: 22415078 DOI: 10.1159/000337590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of zinc and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA) have health benefits for a number of human diseases. However, the molecular basis of these health benefits remains unclear. Recently, we reported that zinc and DHA affect expression levels of histones H3 and H4 in human neuronal M17 cells. Here, using immunoblotting and densitometric analysis, we aimed to investigate the effect of zinc and DHA on post-translational modifications of histone H3 in M17 cells. In response to increase in zinc concentration, we observed increase in deacetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of H3 and decrease in acetylation. We also investigated the role of zinc in apoptosis, and found that zinc reduced the levels of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 while increasing the apoptotic marker caspase-3 levels, correlating with cell viability assays. Conversely, DHA treatment resulted in increase in acetylation of H3 and Bcl-2 levels and decrease in deacetylation, methylation, phosphorylation of H3 and caspase-3 levels, suggesting that DHA promotes gene expression and neuroprotection. Our novel findings show the opposing effects of zinc and DHA on the epigenetic regulation of human neuronal cells and highlight the potential benefit of dietary intake of DHA for management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sadli
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Sato A, Nakashima Y. Rats allowed to self-select zinc-deficient lard and fish-oil diets did not develop a preference for fish-oil diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:156-61. [PMID: 21697635 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-deficiency causes a reduction in food intake and alters adipose metabolism. The effect of zinc restriction in rats on the selection of fish-oil and lard was studied during a period of reduced appetite. The reduction of appetite was caused by an experimentally induced Zn-deficiency. Four-week-old male rats were divided into three dietary treatment groups: Zn-adequate (ZnA, 30.9 mg Zn/kg), marginal Zn-deficient (ZnM, 5.9 mg Zn/kg) or Zn-deficient (ZnD, 0.9 mg Zn/kg). The three groups were placed on a self-selection regimen of the ZnA-fish-oil diet (ZnA-FD) and the ZnA-lard diet (ZnA-LD), the ZnM-FD and the ZnM-LD or the ZnD-FD and the ZnD-LD, respectively for 24 d. The amount of the FD intake in the ZnD group decreased to 0.5 g/d after day 4-6 of self-selecting on the LD and the FD and no significant increase in the FD intake in the group was observed during the self-selection period. However, after day 7-9 and 13-15, the FD intake of the ZnA and the ZnM groups increased, respectively, and at the end of the self-selection period the ZnM and the ZnA rats consumed about 2.0 g FD/d and 4.5 g FD/d, respectively. The FD intake ratio [FD intake (g)/total intake (g)] in the ZnD rats during the self-selection period was the lowest and that in the ZnA rats was the highest of three groups. In conclusion, we showed that zinc status alters fish-oil and lard selection patterns and ZnD rats did not show a preference for fish-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Sato
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Suboptimal intake of Zn is one of the most common nutritional problems worldwide. Previously, we have shown that Zn deficiency (ZD) produces oxidative and nitrosative stress in the lung of rats. We analyse the effect of moderate ZD on the expression of several intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, as well as the effect of restoring Zn during the refeeding period. Adult male rats were divided into three groups: Zn-adequate control (CO) group; ZD group; Zn-refeeding group. CerbB-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was increased in the ZD group while the other parameters did not change. During the refeeding time, CerbB-2, cytokeratins, vimentin and PCNA immunostaining was higher than that in the CO group. The present findings indicate that the overexpression of some markers could lead to the fibrotic process in the lung. Perhaps ZD implications must be taken into account in health interventions because an inflammation environment is associated with ZD in the lung.
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Nakashima Y. Zinc's role in rat preference for a low-fat diet in a two-choice diet program of low- and high-fat diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:42-7. [PMID: 21512290 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the change in preference for a low-fat diet (LFD) and a high-fat diet (HFD) under disorders induced by a zinc (Zn)-deficiency, two groups of 4-wk-old male rats were fed a two-choice diet of Zn-deficient (ZnD; 0.75 mg/kg) and Zn-adequate (ZnA; 30.75 mg/kg) LFD and HFD. After 21 d, 10 rats in each of the two groups were sacrificed. The remaining ZnD rats were switched to ZnA diets for 7 d. Intakes of the LFD and the HFD were measured to determine the diet preferences of the ZnD, the ZnA and the Zn-recovered groups. Energy intake of the ZnD group was significantly lower than that of the ZnA group and showed cyclical 3- to 4-d patterns of decrease. In the ZnD group, although the LFD intake decreased parallel to the reduction in the energy intake, the HFD intake did not show the cyclical pattern of decrease. The reduced intake of the LFD in the ZnD rats was accompanied by a low carbohydrate intake and a low plasma insulin concentration. When the ZnD group recovered sufficient amounts of Zn, the energy intake was restored to normal levels and the difference in the LFD intake and the plasma insulin concentration disappeared between the ZnD and the ZnA groups. It was supposed that the specific change in the LFD intake patterns during development and recovery from Zn-deficiency might be related to Zn-mediated changes in impaired synthesis and the release of insulin from the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakashima
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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20
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Biaggio VS, Pérez Chaca MV, Valdéz SR, Gómez NN, Gimenez MS. Alteration in the expression of inflammatory parameters as a result of oxidative stress produced by moderate zinc deficiency in rat lung. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:31-44. [PMID: 20128680 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903061787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal intake of dietary zinc (Zn) is one of the most common nutritional problems worldwide. Previously, the authors have shown that zinc deficiency (ZD) produces oxidative and nitrosative stress in lung of male rats. The goal of this study is to test the effect of moderate ZD on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5, NADH oxidase (NOX)-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), as well as the effect of restoring zinc during the refeeding period. Adult male rats were divided into 3 groups: Zn-adequate control group, Zn-deficient group, and Zn-refeeding group. eNOS, metallothionein (MT) II, and NOX-2 was increased in ZD group. The authors observed an increased gene transcription of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 and gluthathione peroxidase (GPx)-1 in ZD group, as well as in ZD-refeeding group, but catalase (CAT) transcription did not change in the treated groups. Proinflammatory factors, such as TNFalpha and vascular cell adhesion molecular (VCAM)-1 increased in ZD, whereas it decreased in ZD refeeding. However, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and IGF-1 gene transcription decreased in ZD, whereas IGFBP-5 decreased in the ZD group. These parameters are associated to alterations in the lung histoarchitecture. The zinc supplementation period is brief (only 10 days), but it is enough to inhibit some proinflammatory factors. Perhaps, zinc deficiency implications must be taken into account in health interventions because inflammation and prooxidant environment are associated with ZD in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica S Biaggio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis-IMIBIO-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
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21
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Schulpis KH, Karakonstantakis T, Vlachos GD, Gavrili S, Mentis AFA, Lazaropoulou C, Papassotiriou I. The effect of nutritional habits on maternal–neonatal zinc and magnesium levels in Greeks and Albanians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Brain aging: The zinc connection. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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The conditional nature of the dietary need for polyunsaturates: a proposal to reclassify ‘essential fatty acids’ as ‘conditionally-indispensable’ or ‘conditionally-dispensable’ fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The term essential fatty acid no longer clearly identifies the fatty acids it was originally used to describe. It would be more informative if the concept of essentiality shifted away from the symptoms arising from the lack of de novo synthesis of linoleate or α-linolenate and towards the adequacy of the capacity for synthesis and conservation of both the parent and the derived long-chain polyunsaturates. For instance, despite the existence of the pathway for synthesis of docosahexaenoate from α-linolenate, the former would be more correctly classified as ‘conditionally indispensable’ because the capacity of the pathway appears insufficient during early development, although it may be sufficient later in life in healthy individuals. Similarly, despite the inability to synthesize linoleate de novo, abundant linoleate stores and its relatively slow turnover in healthy adults probably makes linoleate ‘conditionally dispensable’ for long periods. There are two other anomalies with the terms essential and non-essential fatty acids: (1) under several different experimental circumstances, the C-skeleton of essential fatty acids is avidly used in the synthesis of non-essential fatty acids; (2) to function normally, the brain is required to endogenously synthesize several non-essential fatty acids. As with essential amino acids, which have been reclassified as indispensable or conditionally indispensable, such a change in terminology should lead to an improved understanding of the function and metabolism of polyunsaturates in particular, and long-chain fatty acids in general.
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24
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Gomez NN, Biaggio VS, Rozzen EJ, Alvarez SM, Gimenez MS. Zn-limited diet modifies the expression of the rate-regulatory enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol synthesis. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:1038-46. [PMID: 17181878 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal intake of Zn is one of the most common nutritional worldwide problems. Previously, we showed that Zn deficiency produces alterations in lung lipid metabolism in rats. We studied the effect of a Zn-limited (ZL) diet on the expression of the enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol synthesis. After 2 months of treatment with a ZL diet we found important variations in the lipid content of Wistar male rats: triacylglycerol (TG) decreased 60% (P<0.001) while esterified cholesterol (EC), free cholesterol and phospholipids (PL) increased 66%, 24 % and 25% respectively. We also observed a decrease of 40 % in the amount of (3)H incorporated into TG and an increase of 47% and 28% in the (3)H incorporated to PL and EC respectively. Fatty acid synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, lipoprotein lipase, diacyl glycerol acyl transferase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase expression decreased (P<0.01 in all cases), while acetyl CoA carboxylase and cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase increased (P<0.01 and P<0.005 respectively). These results suggest that ZL alters the expression of enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol synthesis, which could lead to increased PL and cholesterol and decreased TG. This study suggests that major changes in the lipid composition of lung are induced by a ZL condition. Therefore, Zn deficiency must be taken into account in order to design therapies and public health interventions, such as Zn supplementation for high-risk subjects or certain diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Noemí Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Hall
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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26
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Cunnane SC, Ryan MA, Lin YH, Lim SY, Salem N. Suckling rats actively recycle carbon from alpha-linolenate into newly synthesized lipids even during extreme dietary deficiency of n-3 polyunsaturates. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:107-10. [PMID: 16326997 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000190569.07991.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoate is usually considered to be the principal endpoint of alpha-linolenate metabolism in mammals. Nevertheless, several studies over the past 30 y have shown that more carbon from alpha-linolenate is recycled into newly synthesized lipids than is used to make docosahexaenoate. Our objective in this study was to assess carbon recycling from alpha-linolenate in suckling rats made deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Female Long-Evans rats were given a diet deficient in n-3 PUFA at weaning and then bred 8 wk later. Pups from the second generation were nursed by their respective dams and gavaged with 1 mg [U-13C]-alpha-linolenate at 10 d old. Brain and liver were obtained 24 h later, and the fatty acid profiles and 13C enrichment analyzed. Docosahexaenoate was markedly depleted in brain (-82%) and liver (-97%) of the n-3 PUFA-deficient rats. In the controls, 13C enrichment in products of carbon recycling (cholesterol and fatty acids other than n-3 PUFA) exceeded that in docosahexaenoate by 2.4-fold (liver) and 7.5-fold (brain). n-3 PUFA deficiency reduced the ratio of 13C enrichment in products of carbon recycling compared with 13C incorporated into docosahexaenoate by 63% in the brain but not in the liver. Despite severe n-3 PUFA deficiency, carbon recycling still consumed 50% more 13C from alpha-linolenate than went into docosahexaenoate in the liver and 2.8-fold more in the brain. We conclude that carbon recycling is an integral part of neonatal metabolism of alpha-linolenate and is not simply an overflow pathway arising from excess availability of preformed docosahexaenoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University Geriatric Institute, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Bourre JM. [The role of nutritional factors on the structure and function of the brain: an update on dietary requirements]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005; 160:767-92. [PMID: 15454864 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(04)71032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain is an organ elaborated and functioning from substances present in the diet. Dietary regulation of blood glucose level (via ingestion of food with a low glycemic index ensuring a low insulin level) improves the quality and duration of intellectual performance, if only because at rest the adult brain consumes 50 p. 100 of dietary carbohydrates, 80 p. 100 of them for energy purposes. The nature of the amino acid composition of dietary proteins contributes to good cerebral function; tryptophan plays a special role. Many indispensable amino acids present in dietary proteins help to elaborate neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Omega-3 fatty acids provided the first coherent experimental demonstration of the effect of dietary nutrients on the structure and function of the brain. First it was shown that the differentiation and functioning of cultured brain cells requires omega-3 fatty acids. It was then demonstrated that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency alters the course of brain development, perturbs the composition and physicochemical properties of brain cell membranes, neurones, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes (ALA). This leads to physicochemical modifications, induces biochemical and physiological perturbations, and results in neurosensory and behavioral upset. Consequently, the nature of polyunsaturated fatty acids (in particular omega-3) present in formula milks for infants (premature and term) conditions the visual and cerebral abilities, including intellectual abilities. Moreover, dietary omega-3 fatty acids are certainly involved in the prevention of some aspects of cardiovascular disease (including at the level of cerebral vascularization), and in some neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly depression, as well as in dementia, notably Alzheimer's disease. Their deficiency can prevent the satisfactory renewal of membranes and thus accelerate cerebral aging. Iron is necessary to ensure oxygenation, to produce energy in the cerebral parenchyma, and for the synthesis of neurotransmitters. The iodine provided by the thyroid hormone ensures the energy metabolism of the cerebral cells. The absence of iodine during pregnancy induces severe cerebral dysfunction, leading to cretinism. Manganese, copper, and zinc participate in enzymatic mechanisms that protect against free radicals, toxic derivatives of oxygen. The use of glucose by nervous tissue implies the presence of vitamin B1. Vitamin B9 preserves memory during aging, and with vitamin B12 delays the onset of signs of dementia, provided it is administered in a precise clinical window, at the onset of the first symptoms. Vitamins B6 and B12, among others, are directly involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Nerve endings contain the highest concentrations of vitamin C in the human body. Among various vitamin E components, only alpha-tocopherol is involved in nervous membranes. The objective of this update is to give an overview of the effects of dietary nutrients on the structure and certain functions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Bourre
- Unité de recherches en Neuro-Pharmaco-Nutrition, INSERM U26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris.
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28
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Abstract
There has been little research examining the link between dietary fat intake and the symptoms and consequences of anorexia nervosa. In this selective literature review, the potential significance of poly-unsaturated fatty acids is discussed. It is hypothesised that dietary restriction causes essential fatty acid deficiencies and poly-unsaturated fatty acid abnormalities, which might contribute to the physical and mental symptoms and the maintenance of the disorder. The examination of epidemiology, symptoms, co-morbidity, and consequences suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acid and phospholipid abnormalities are significant in anorexia nervosa. This will be an important area for future research, and may lead to the development of new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes K Ayton
- Eating Disorders Unit, Huntercombe Stafford Hospital, Ivetsey Bank, WheatonAston, Staffordshire, ST19 9QT UK.
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29
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Cunnane SC. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ketogenesis: an emerging connection. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:237-41. [PMID: 14769482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the emerging literature indicating that at least two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; linoleate, alpha-linolenate) are moderately ketogenic and that via ketone bodies significant amounts of carbon are recycled from these fatty acids into de novo synthesis of lipids including cholesterol, palmitate, stearate and oleate. This pathway (PUFA carbon recycling) is particularly active in several tissues during the suckling period when, depending on the tissue, >200 fold more carbon from alpha-linolenate can be recycled into newly synthesized lipids than is used to make docosahexaenoate. At least in rats, PUFA carbon recycling also occurs in adults and even during extreme linoleate deficiency. Hence, this pathway should be considered an obligatory component of PUFA metabolism. It is still speculative but part of the clinical benefit of the very high fat ketogenic diet in intractable seizures may be achieved by raising plasma levels of PUFA that have anti-seizure effects, especially arachidonate and docosahexaenoate. Hence, in addition to some PUFA being ketogenic substrates, the state of ketosis involves potentially beneficial changes in PUFA homeostasis. Both the molecular controls on these pathways and their clinical significance still need elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University Geriatric Institute, Sherbrooke QC, Canada J1H 4C4
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30
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Abstract
The term 'essential fatty acid' is ambiguous and inappropriately inclusive or exclusive of many polyunsaturated fatty acids. When applied most rigidly to linoleate and alpha-linolenate, this term excludes the now well accepted but conditional dietary need for two long chain polyunsaturates (arachidonate and docosahexaenoate) during infancy. In addition, because of the concomitant absence of dietary alpha-linolenate, essential fatty acid deficiency is a seriously flawed model that has probably led to significantly overestimating linoleate requirements. Linoleate and alpha-linolenate are more rapidly beta-oxidized and less easily replaced in tissue lipids than the common 'non-essential' fatty acids (palmitate, stearate, oleate). Carbon from linoleate and alpha-linolenate is recycled into palmitate and cholesterol in amounts frequently exceeding that used to make long chain polyunsaturates. These observations represent several problems with the concept of 'essential fatty acid', a term that connotes a more protected and important fatty acid than those which can be made endogenously. The metabolism of essential and non-essential fatty acids is clearly much more interconnected than previously understood. Replacing the term 'essential fatty acid' by existing but less biased terminology, i.e. polyunsaturates, omega3 or omega6 polyunsaturates, or naming the individual fatty acid(s) in question, would improve clarity and would potentially promote broader exploration of the functional and health attributes of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Canada.
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Cunnane SC, Ryan MA, Nadeau CR, Bazinet RP, Musa-Veloso K, McCloy U. Why is carbon from some polyunsaturates extensively recycled into lipid synthesis? Lipids 2003; 38:477-84. [PMID: 12848297 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here the evidence indicating that carbon from alpha-linolenate and linoleate is readily recycled into newly synthesized lipids. This pathway consumes the majority of these fatty acids that is not beta-oxidized as a fuel. Docosahexaenoate undergoes less beta-oxidation and carbon recycling than do alpha-linolenate or linoleate, but is it still actively metabolized by this pathway? Among polyunsaturates, arachidonate appears to undergo the least beta-oxidation and carbon recycling, an observation that may help account for the resistance of brain membranes to loss of arachidonate during dietary deficiency of n-6 polyunsaturates. Preliminary evidence suggests that de novo lipid synthesis consumes carbon from alpha-linolenate and linoleate in preference to palmitate, but this merits systematic study. Active beta-oxidation and carbon recycling of 18-carbon polyunsaturates does not diminish the importance of being able to convert alpha-linolenate and linoleate to long-chain polyunsaturates but suggests that a broad perspective is required in studying the metabolism of polyunsaturates in general and alpha-linolenate and linoleate in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E2.
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Tallman DL, Taylor CG. Effects of dietary fat and zinc on adiposity, serum leptin and adipose fatty acid composition in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:17-23. [PMID: 12559473 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) has been implicated in altered adipose metabolism, insulin resistance and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects dietary Zn deficiency and supplementation on adiposity, serum leptin and fatty acid composition of adipose triglycerides and phospholipid in C57BL/6J mice fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets for a 16 week period. Weanling C57BL/6J mice were fed LF (16% kcal from soybean oil) or HF (39% kcal from lard and 16% kcal from soybean oil) diets containing 3, 30 or 150 mg Zn/kg diet (ZD = Zn-deficient, ZC = Zn control and ZS = Zn-supplemented, respectively). HF-fed mice had higher fat pad weights and lower adipose Zn concentrations than the LF-fed mice. The ZD and ZS groups had a reduced content of fatty acids in adipose triglycerides compared to the ZC group, suggesting that zinc status may influence fatty acid accumulation in adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with body weight and body fat, and negatively correlated with adipose Zn concentration. Dietary fat, but not dietary Zn, altered the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue phospholipid and triglyceride despite differences in Zn status assessed by femur Zn concentrations. The fatty acid profile of adipose triglycerides generally reflected the diets. HF-fed mice had a higher percentage of C20:4 n-6, elevated ratio of n-6/n-3, lower ratio of PUFA/SAT and reduced percentage of total n-3 fatty acids in adipose phospholipid, a fatty acid profile associated with obesity-induced risks for insulin resistance and impaired glucose transport. In summary, the reduced adipose Zn concentrations in HF-fed mice and the negative correlation between serum leptin and adipose Zn concentrations support an interrelationship among obesity, leptin and Zn metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Tallman
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) is the major n-3 (omega 3) fatty acid in the human diet. It is derived mainly from terrestrial plant consumption and it has long been thought that its major biochemical role is as the principal precursor for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) are the most prevalent. For infants, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are required for rapid growth of neural tissue in the perinatal period and a nutritional supply is particularly important for development of premature infants. For adults, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation is implicated in improving a wide range of clinical pathologies involving cardiac, kidney, and neural tissues. Studies generally agree that whole body conversion of 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 is below 5% in humans, and depends on the concentration of n-6 fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Complete oxidation of dietary 18:3n-3 to CO2 accounts for about 25% of 18:3n-3 in the first 24 h, reaching 60% by 7 days. Much of the remaining 18:3n-3 serves as a source of acetate for synthesis of saturates and monounsaturates, with very little stored as 18:3n-3. In term and preterm infants, studies show wide variability in the plasma kinetics of 13C n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids after 13C-18:3n-3 dosing, suggesting wide variability among human infants in the development of biosynthetic capability to convert 18:3n-3 to 22:6n3. Tracer studies show that humans of all ages can perform the conversion of 18:3n-3 to 22:6n3. Further studies are required to establish quantitatively the partitioning of dietary 18:3n-3 among metabolic pathways and the influence of other dietary components and of physiological states on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Abstract
There have been a limited number of studies investigating surfactant lipid changes in lung with trace elements. The present investigation was designed to examine the effect of moderate zinc deficiency on the lipid metabolism in rat lung. We also evaluated whether zinc deficiency, which is a wide-spread problem, could play a role in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For that purpose, adult male Wistar rats were fed two diets differing in zinc concentration. The rats were divided into two groups. One group was fed a zinc-deficient diet containing 3 mg Zn/kg, and the other group received a zinc-adequate control diet with 30 mg Zn/kg according to AIN 93-M. After 2 mon of treatment, we observed that in the zinc-deficient group (i) total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol increased whereas TG decreased in whole lung; (ii) phospholipid (PC) concentration increased in lamellar bodies and alveolar macrophages and decreased in extracellular surfactant but did not change in microsomes; (iii) protein concentration decreased in whole lung, extracellular surfactant, lamellar bodies, and macrophages; (iv) the incorporation of [Me-14C]choline into PC (phospholipids) of lung slices increased; and (v) the activity of CTP/phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase bound to the microsomes increased in the lung. These results suggest that the lipid concentration in the lung (especially the phospholipids) is modified directly or indirectly by a zinc-deficient diet. In a zinc-deficient diet, the lung changes the pattern of PC for an adaptive or recovery stage. Therefore, zinc deficiency implications are important for the design of therapies and public health interventions involving targeted zinc supplementation for high-risk groups or groups with certain diseases, such as ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Argentina
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Ozório RO, Uktoseja JL, Huisman EA, Verreth JA. Changes in fatty acid concentrations in tissues of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, as a consequence of dietary carnitine, fat and lysine supplementation. Br J Nutr 2001; 86:623-36. [PMID: 11737961 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to examine the effect of different dietary carnitine (200 and 1000 mg/kg diet) and fat (90 and 190 g/kg diet) supplementation on growth and fatty acid concentrations of fish fed either with a low- (13 g/kg) or a high-lysine (21 g/kg) diet. African catfish (22.7 g/fish), Clarias gariepinus Burchell, juveniles were stocked (sixteen aquaria, twenty-five fish per aquarium) and fed for a maximum of 74 d. Dietary lysine had a clear effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratios, but dietary carnitine supplements had no effect. High-carnitine supplements increased total carnitine content (P<0.0004) and reduced tissue free carnitine: acyl-carnitine ratio (P<0.05) compared with low-carnitine supplements. High-fat supplements decreased liver carnitine concentrations. Clear effects on liver fatty acid concentrations were observed in high-carnitine-fed fish compared with low-carnitine-fed fish. The primary liver fatty acids affected were n-6 (linoleic acid), n-3 (eicosapentanoic acid) and n-3 (docosahexanoic acid). The whole-body fatty acid balance suggested that n-3 disappeared (apparently by beta-oxidation) more readily than n-6 and/or n-3. From 774 mg n-3 eaten by high-lysine-high-fat-low-carnitine fish, 58 % was not assimilated into body tissues. High-carnitine-fed fish showed an increase in n-3 oxidation by 7 % compared with low-carnitine fish. Although dietary carnitine did not improve body growth, these results support the hypothesis that carnitine can enhance the mobilisation of long-chain fatty acids towards oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Ozório
- Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Science (WIAS), Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Cunnane SC. Application of new methods and analytical approaches to research on polyunsaturated fatty acid homeostasis. Lipids 2001; 36:975-9. [PMID: 11724470 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New methods and analytical approaches are important to challenge and/or validate established beliefs in any field including the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; polyunsaturates). Four methods that have recently been applied toward obtaining a better understanding of the homeostasis of PUFA include the following: whole-body fatty acid balance analysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Whole-body balance studies permit the measurement of both the percentage of oxidation of linoleate and alpha-linolenate and their conversion to long-chain PUFA. This method has shown that beta-oxidation to CO2 is normally the predominant metabolic fate of linoleate and alpha-linolenate. Furthermore, models of experimental undernutrition in both humans and animals show that beta-oxidation of linoleate and alpha-linolenate markedly exceeds their intake, despite theoretically sufficient intake of linoleate or alpha-linolenate. Preliminary results suggest that by using MRI to measure body fat content, indirect whole-body linoleate balance can be done in living humans. 13C NMR spectroscopy provided unexpected evidence that linoleate and alpha-linolenate were metabolized into lipids synthesized de novo, an observation later quantified by tracer mass balance done using GC-C-IRMS. This latter method showed that within 48 h of dosing with 13C-alpha-linolenate, >80% underwent beta-oxidation to CO2 by suckling rats, whereas 8-9% was converted to newly synthesized lipids and <1 % to docosahexaenoate. Further application of these recently developed methods in different models should clarify the emerging importance of beta-oxidation and carbon recycling in PUFA homeostasis in mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Tallman DL, Taylor CG. Potential interactions of zinc in the neuroendocrine-endocrine disturbances of diabetes mellitus type 2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An accumulation of evidence implicates leptin, insulin, glucocorticoids, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions as being integral to metabolic control associated with neuroendocrine-endocrine functioning. Dysfunction of neuroendocrine-endocrine interactions contributes to the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2). Since Zn has a direct impact on the healthy functioning of hormonal and neuropeptide balance, it is possible that altered Zn status and metabolism in DM-2 are involved in some of the metabolic dysfunctions of DM-2.Key words: zinc, insulin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, glucocorticoids, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), diabetes, obesity.
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Cunnane SC, Menard CR, Likhodii SS, Brenna JT, Crawford MA. Carbon recycling into de novo lipogenesis is a major pathway in neonatal metabolism of linoleate and alpha-linolenate. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 60:387-92. [PMID: 10471127 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(99)80018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that recycling of the beta-oxidized carbon skeleton of linoleate and alpha-linolenate into newly synthesized cholesterol and fatty acids in the brain is quantitatively significant in both suckling rats and pre- and postnatally in rhesus monkeys. The recycling appears to occur via ketones which are not only readily produced from these 18 carbon polyunsaturates but are also the main lipogenic precursors for the developing mammalian brain. Since the neonatal rat brain appears not to acquire cholesterol or long chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids from the circulation, ketones and ketogenic precursors seem to be crucial for normal brain synthesis of these lipids. Cholesterol is plentiful in brain membranes and it has also been discovered to be the essential lipid adduct of the 'hedgehog' family of proteins, the appropriate expression of which determines normal embryonic tissue patterning and neurological development. Insufficient cholesterol or inappropriate expression of 'sonic hedgehog' has major adverse neurodevelopmental consequences typified in humans by Smith-Lemli-Optiz syndrome. Hence, we propose that the importance of alpha-linolenate and linoleate for normal neural development arises not only from being precursors to longer chain polyunsaturates incorporated into neuronal membranes but, perhaps equally importantly, by being ketogenic precursors needed for in situ brain lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Cunnane S, Belza K, Anderson M, Ryan M. Substantial carbon recycling from linoleate into products of de novo lipogenesis occurs in rat liver even under conditions of extreme dietary linoleate deficiency. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Martín-Lagos F, Navarro-Alarcón M, Terrés-Martos C, López-García de la Serrana H, Pérez-Valero V, López-Martínez MC. Zinc and copper concentrations in serum from Spanish women during pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998; 61:61-70. [PMID: 9498332 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels in 31 healthy pregnant women and 51 healthy, nonpregnant controls living in the Mediterranean area of Granada, Spain, was performed. The subjects were divided into two groups: Group A, consisted of pregnant women in three categories according to the trimester of pregnancy, and Group B consisted of nonpregnant women acting as controls. In pregnant women, serum Zn levels were found from 0.300-1.340 mg/L and serum Cu from 0.936-2.304 mg/L, whereas in the nonpregnant women group, the mean serum levels were 0.947+/-0.265 mg/L for Zn and 1.092+/-0.365 mg/L for Cu. Serum Zn progressively decreased with gestation. Mean Zn levels were 0.829+/-0.253, 0.846+/-0.329, and 0.620+/-0.142 mg/L, corresponding to the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. Serum Zn concentrations were significantly lower in pregnant women as compared to controls: 0.712+/-0.236 mg/L vs 0.947+/-0.265 mg/L, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, Cu levels increased with period of gestation from 1.053+/-0.498 mg/L in the first trimester to 1.616+/-0.304 mg/L in the second and 1.689+/-0.344 mg/L in the third. Serum Cu levels in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those determined during the first trimester and for nonpregnant controls. Both Zn and Cu during pregnancy did not appear to be dependent on the subject's age (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martín-Lagos
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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Cunnane SC, Anderson MJ. Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and [1-14C]linoleate oxidation. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cunnane SC, Anderson MJ. The majority of dietary linoleate in growing rats is beta-oxidized or stored in visceral fat. J Nutr 1997; 127:146-52. [PMID: 9040558 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
On a quantitative, whole-body basis, little is known about the amount of linoleate that is converted to arachidonate or the partitioning of linoleate and its longer-chain derivatives among lean and fat tissues. The aim of the present study was to examine linoleate balance and organ partitioning in rats consuming a low but adequate level of linoleate. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were given free access to a semipurified diet containing 2.3% of energy as linoleate. Food intake, fecal output and body weight gain were measured for 26 d. Whole-body fatty acid balance analysis showed that 75.5% of the linoleate consumed disappeared (apparently by beta-oxidation), 18.7% was accumulated as linoleate, 3.0% was converted to (n-6) longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 1.2% was excreted in the feces Visceral fat contained 64% of the accumulated linoleate, and 23% was in lean tissues. Comparable values for alpha-linolenate were as follows: disappearance (84.9%), accumulation (10.9%), excretion in the feces (2.2%), and conversion to (n-3) longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.4%). Visceral fat contained 67% of the accumulated alpha-linolenate, and 23% was in lean tissues. Visceral fat also accumulated 26% of newly synthesized (n-6) longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and 31% of the (n-3) longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, only 6.5% of dietary linoleate consumed at a low but adequate level for rats appeared in lean tissues as linoleate or its fatty acid metabolites; the rest was beta-oxidized or stored in fat, mostly in visceral fat. These results lead us to speculate whether losses through beta-oxidation contribute to the recommended intake for linoleate in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Cunnane SC. The Canadian Society for Nutritional Sciences 1995 Young Scientist Award Lecture. Recent studies on the synthesis, β-oxidation, and deficiency of linoleate and α-linolenate: are essential fatty acids more tly named spensable or conditionally dispensable fatty acids? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/y96-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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