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Léger JAD, Athanasio CG, Zhera A, Chauhan MF, Simmons DBD. Hypoxic responses in Oncorhynchus mykiss involve angiogenesis, lipid, and lactate metabolism, which may be triggered by the cortisol stress response and epigenetic methylation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100860. [PMID: 34126312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hypoxia in water bodies is increasing more rapidly than aquatic life can adapt. This study aimed to determine the effects of hypoxia on fish physiology, as well as protein expression through proteomics. To do this, 40 rainbow trout were divided into normoxic control (11.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) and hypoxic treatment (5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) tanks for a period of 7 days. Fish were then anesthetized and blood was sampled. Fish were then euthanized and heart and liver samples were taken. Blood glucose, cortisol and lipid, body and liver mass, fork length, hematocrit and, blood cell counts and global heart methylation were measured. Red blood cell counts were significantly lower, while hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were significantly higher in the hypoxic treatment. Global DNA methylation was significantly decreased in hypoxic heart tissue. Plasma cortisol and 18:1 monoacylglyerol increased, while 15:0-18:1 phosphatidylethanolamine, and 18:1 lysophosphatidylethanolamine decreased in plasma of rainbow trout under hypoxic conditions. Plasma proteomics revealed 70 significantly altered proteins (p < 0.05) in the hypoxia treatment (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD026589). Many of these molecular changes appear to be related to the observed increase in red blood cell volume and epigenetic modifications, as well as to angiogenesis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. This study highlights a range of cellular and molecular responses in the blood and plasma of freshwater fish that may be phenotypic adaptions to hypoxia, and that could aid in diagnosing the health status of wild fish populations using several, potential, discovered biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A D Léger
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Camila G Athanasio
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Aaleen Zhera
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Mohammed Faiz Chauhan
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Denina B D Simmons
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
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Temperature and food availability alters the physiology and aerobic capacity of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Soldatov AA, Kladchenko ES, Kukhareva TA, Andreyeva AY. Erythrocyte profile of circulating blood of Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) under conditions of experimental hypothermia. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102549. [PMID: 32364991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of hypothermia on erythrocyte profile of thermophile teleost species round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814), has been studied. Fish were acclimated to temperature 1-2оС, 15-16оС and 19-20оС (control group) and held at given conditions for 5 days. The number of red blood cell precursors (pronormoblasts, basophilic and polychromatophilic normoblasts) in circulating blood has been estimated. Also, the number of abnormal erythrocytes, i.e. cells with micronuclei, nuclei invaginations, red blood cell shades, dacryocytes and cells undergoing amitosis has been determined on smears. The number of immature erythrocytes increased more than two times (p < 0,001) at 1-2оС. The number of low-differentiated precursors, pronormoblasts and early basophilic normoblasts, increased for the most part. The number of abnormal erythrocytes did not change substantially, The changes in cellular blood composition were accompanied with the increase of plasma lactate concentration, indicating hypoxic state of fish. The results of the present work indicate that hematopoietic tissue remains sensitive to controlling factors at hypothermia, such as hypoxia, and may enhance proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Soldatov
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Lenninsky Ave, 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E S Kladchenko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Lenninsky Ave, 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - T A Kukhareva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Lenninsky Ave, 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A Yu Andreyeva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Lenninsky Ave, 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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McAllister M, Phillips N, Belosevic M. Trypanosoma carassii infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.): changes in the expression of erythropoiesis and anemia regulatory genes. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1147-1158. [PMID: 30747294 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma carassii is a flagellated bloodstream parasite of cyprinid fish with pathogenesis manifesting primarily as anemia in experimentally infected fish. This anemia is characterized by decreases in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) during peak parasitemia. We examined changes in the key blood metrics and expression of genes known to be important in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Increasing parasitemia was strongly correlated with an overall decrease in the total number of circulating RBCs. Gene expression of key erythropoiesis regulators (EPO, EPOR, GATA1, Lmo2, and HIFα) and proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) were measured and their expressions differed from those in fish made anemic by injections of phenylhydrazine (PHZ). Significant upregulation of pro-erythropoietic genes was observed in PHZ-induced anemia, but not during peak parasitic infection. Previously, we reported on functional characterization of goldfish erythropoietin (rgEPO) and its ability to induce survival and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Treatment of goldfish during the infection with rgEPO reduced the severity of anemia but failed to fully prevent the onset of the anemic state in infected fish. Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the suppression of erythropoiesis during trypanosomiasis, specifically the cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1β. Analysis of key proinflammatory cytokines revealed that mRNA levels of IFNγ and TNFα were upregulated in response to infection, but only TNFα increased in response to PHZ treatment. Synergistic activity of the proinflammatory cytokines may be required to sustain prolonged anemia. These findings provide insight into the relationship between T. carassii and host anemia and suggest that T. carassii may directly or indirectly suppress host erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McAllister
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Mattioli CC, Takata R, de Oliveira Paes Leme F, Costa DC, Luz RK. Physiological and metabolic responses of juvenile Lophiosilurus alexandri catfish to air exposure. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:455-467. [PMID: 30368686 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the physiological and metabolic stress responses of juvenile Lophiosilurus alexandri submitted to an air exposure test. The subjects consisted of 72 juveniles. Blood samples were taken at: 0 h-fish not exposed to air; 0.5 h-fish shortly after exposure to air for 30 min (prior to returning to the tank); 1.5 h (90 min), 24, 48, and 96 h after the initiation of exposure to air for 30 min. After 96 h, survivorship was 100%. Cortisol and glucose levels were higher at 0.5 h, returning to baseline at 48 and 24 h, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were highest at 1.5 h after exposure to air, returning to normal values in 24 h. Several changes were recorded in gasometric blood values and electrolytes. With regard to hematology and blood chemistry, exposure to air did not affect globular volume and AST throughout the 96 h of the experiment. The values for alkaline phosphatase were highest at 0, 1.5, and 24 h. Total protein was similar between 0 and 1.5 h and lowest at 96 h, while ALT was highest at 0.5 h. Leukocytes were highest at 0.5, 1.5, 48, and 96 h, while erythrocytes were highest at 96 h. After 96 h, juvenile L. alexandri were able to reestablish the main indicators of stress (cortisol, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase), while other indicators (hematological, biochemical, and gasometric) exhibited compensatory variation for normal physiological re-establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Campos Mattioli
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Takata
- Unidade de Pesquisa e Reprodução de Peixes, Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Presidente Vargas, 197, Parque de Exposições, Niterói, CEP 28540-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiola de Oliveira Paes Leme
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Deliane Cristina Costa
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, n° 6627, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30161-970, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Aquacultura da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Cep 31270-901, Brazil.
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Harter TS, Brauner CJ. The O 2 and CO 2 Transport System in Teleosts and the Specialized Mechanisms That Enhance Hb–O 2 Unloading to Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Soldatov AA. Mass-transfer, utilization, and diffusion of oxygen in skeletal muscles of the stenohaline goby Gobius cobitus pallas under conditions of hypoosmotic medium. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Garcia F, Schalch S, Onaka E, Fonseca F, Batista M. Hematologia de tilápia-do-nilo alimentada com suplemento à base de algas frente a desafios de estresse agudo e crônico. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com produto à base de algas, ergosan, em dietas para tilápias Oreochromis niloticus, submetidas ao desafio de estresse agudo e crônico sobre as características hematológicas. O ensaio foi realizado com tilápias jovens (15g) em caixas de 500L de capacidade de estocagem, em sistema com recirculação da água, com fluxo constante, na densidade de 35 peixes por caixa. Os peixes foram alimentados com as dietas-teste durante 10 dias e, ao final deste período, voltaram a receber dieta isenta de ergosan, quando foram submetidos aos desafios de estresses agudo e crônico. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (DIC), em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo testados: quatro porcentagens do suplemento 0; 0,25; 0,5 e 1% de ergosan na ração em dois tipos de estresse, agudo e crônico. Os resultados permitem concluir que os estímulos de estresse aplicados foram capazes de provocar alterações fisiológicas nos peixes, incluindo redução no número de eritrócitos, eritroblastos e leucócitos e aumento do volume corpuscular médio dos eritrócitos. A administração oral de 1% de suplemento durante 10 dias para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo, em condição de estresse agudo, induz o incremento de 69% no número de trombócitos circulantes.
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Rios FS, Oba ET, Fernandes MN, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT. Erythrocyte senescence and haematological changes induced by starvation in the neotropical fish traíra, Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 140:281-7. [PMID: 15792593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult specimens of traira (Hoplias malabaricus Bloch) were subjected to long-term starvation (30 to 240 days) and re-fed for 30 days after 90 and 240 days of food deprivation. Counting of immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood showed that erythropoiesis decreased significantly during the first 30 days of food deprivation. The results suggest that a process of senescence takes place in the pre-existent red blood cells and that the cells are not replaced during starvation. After 240 days of starvation, H. malabaricus had a significantly reduced number of red blood cells, causing changes in hematocrit and blood indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration). Furthermore, during this period, the fish presented leukopenia (lymphocytopenia) and thrombocytopenia. After re-feeding, the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes recovered, but the red blood cell number remained reduced and there was a significant increase in abnormal red cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Rios
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, CEP 81531-970, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Jacob E, Drexel M, Schwerte T, Pelster B. Influence of hypoxia and of hypoxemia on the development of cardiac activity in zebrafish larvae. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283:R911-7. [PMID: 12228061 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00673.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac activity and anaerobic metabolism were analyzed in zebrafish larvae raised under normoxia (PO(2) = 20 kPa) and under chronic hypoxia (PO(2) = 10 kPa) at three different temperatures (25, 28, and 31 degrees C). Heart rate increased with development and with temperature. Under normoxia, cardiac output increased significantly at high temperature (31 degrees C), but not at 28 or at 25 degrees C. Under chronic hypoxia, however, heart rate as well as cardiac output increased at all temperatures in larvae at about hatching time or shortly thereafter. Cardiac activity of larvae raised for 2 wk after fertilization with a reduced hemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity in their blood (hypoxemia; due to the presence of CO or of phenylhydrazine in the incubation water) was not different from control animals. Whole body lactate content of these animals did not increase. Thus there was no indication of a stimulated anaerobic energy metabolism. The increase in cardiac activity observed during hypoxia suggests that at about hatching time receptors are present that sense hypoxic conditions, and this information can be used to induce a stimulation of convective oxygen transport to compensate for a reduction in bulk oxygen diffusion in the face of a reduced oxygen gradient between environmental water and tissues. Under normoxia, however, the PO(2) gradient between environmental water and tissues and diffusional oxygen transport assure sufficient oxygen supply even if hemoglobin oxygen transport in the blood is severely impaired. Thus, under normoxic conditions and with a normal metabolic rate of the tissues, convective oxygen transport is not required until approximately 2 wk after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jacob
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Universität A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Zeni C, Bovolenta MR, Stagni A. Occurrence of echinocytosis in circulating RBC of black bullhead, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), following exposure to an anionic detergent at sublethal concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 57:217-224. [PMID: 11932002 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the erythrocytes can be altered by a great variety of chemical agents, such as many detergents due to their amphiphilic nature. The present study examines the effect of an anionic detergent on the shape of mature, circulating catfish red blood cells. Experimental exposure to sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate dissolved in the water of aquaria at two sublethal concentrations (1.5 and 3 ppm), for a maximum of 15 days, induced morphological changes of normal erythrocyte shape to echinocytic form. These changes were evaluated at 5, 10 and 15 days after the start of treatment, using scanning electron microscopy. The crenated erythrocytes from animals exposed to detergent appeared either with border irregularities or undulations, without distinct spicules, or with numerous short spikes. Statistical analysis, applied to the data obtained from counting altered cells in the various experimental groups, showed no significant difference between the 1.5 ppm-treated animals at the three times and the controls, whereas a significant difference was observed between 3 ppm-treated animals compared to the controls, showing significance of action of the higher dose employed at the three times. These data suggest latent erythrocyte damage. The results are discussed in the light of the extensive bibliography concerning evaginating amphiphilic compounds and the mechanisms involved in echinocyte formation, taking into account the marked differences existing between the nucleated red blood cells of fish and those biconcave, unnucleated of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zeni
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Section of Comparative Anatomy, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Lecklin T, Tuominen A, Nikinmaa M. The adrenergic volume changes of immature and mature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:3025-31. [PMID: 10976039 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.19.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether the adrenergic volume response of teleost erythrocytes is related to cell maturity. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were made anaemic by reducing their haematocrit to approximately 50 % of the original value. After 3–4 weeks, small, young erythrocytes were seen in the circulation. By measuring the volume distribution of blood samples from anaemic fish before and after noradrenaline stimulation (10 min, 10(−5)mol l(−1) final concentration), we were able to show that the volume response of young, immature erythrocytes to catecholamine stimulation was greater than that of mature erythrocytes. In addition, the membrane fluidity, measured using the steady-state fluorescence polarisation method, was greater in anaemic fish after 24 days of recovery from bleeding than in control fish. Since blood from anaemic fish contained a large fraction of immature erythrocytes, this result indicates that the fluidity of the membrane of immature erythrocytes is greater than that of mature erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lecklin
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Rothmann C, Levinshal T, Timan B, Avtalion RR, Malik Z. Spectral imaging of red blood cells in experimental anemia of Cyprinus carpio. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 125:75-83. [PMID: 10779733 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we have studied the effect of experimental anemia induced at both low and optimal temperatures on erythropoiesis in Cyprinus carpio. The results showed that hemoglobin concentration per cell was similar in both temperature conditions, however, red blood cell (RBC) concentration was higher at the optimal temperature. Induced anemia caused an abrupt decrease in RBC concentration, while the hemoglobin concentration per cell remained unchanged. Recovery, as shown by electron microscopy, was characterized by the release of differentiating young and intermediate cells to the peripheral blood. It was revealed that with the progression of differentiation the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio decreases, the chromatin condenses and the shape of the nucleus changes from round to elliptical. Spectral imaging revealed an increase in the optical density of chromatin with the maturation of the cells. The chromatin that was dispersed over the nuclear volume in the young cells becomes highly ordered in the mature cells. Spectral similarity mapping revealed the formation of a novel structure of high symmetry, representing chromatin rearrangement during the process of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rothmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Houston AH, Dobric N, Kahurananga R. The nature of hematological response in fish : Studies on rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss exposed to simulated winter, spring and summer conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 15:339-347. [PMID: 24194253 DOI: 10.1007/bf02112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hematological status was examined in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, held for 3-4 weeks under temperature, photoperiod and PO 2 conditions approximating those of their winter, spring and summer habitats. The most striking change observed was in red cell population composition. In 'winter' fish mature cells were predominant; juvenile and developing erythrocytes characterized 'spring' and 'summer' animals. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and both mean erythrocytic volume and hemoglobin were modestly lower in 'spring' and 'summer' than in 'winter' fish. Red cell numbers were not significantly affected. These observations suggest that avoidance of viscosity-based increases in circulatory work cost is more advantageous than elevation of blood O2-carrying capacity. Although hemoglobin isomorph profiles were significantly altered, there is little evidence that such changes are of critical adaptive importance. Given presumed age-based reduction in gas transport effectiveness, the replacement of mature and senescent cells by more metabolically-competent juvenile cells appears to be the pivotal event in hematological response. Leucocyte counts were significantly elevated in 'spring' and 'summer' as compared to 'winter' fish. Lymphocyte/heterophil ratios declined from 8.27 in 'winter' fish to 3.13 in 'summer' trout. Thrombocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil abundances were little changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Houston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, L2S 3A1, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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