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Madhukar G, Subbarao N. Potential inhibitors of RPS6KB2 and NRF2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1875-1900. [PMID: 37160694 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2205946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the major altered pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, AKT/mTORC1/S6K and NRF2/KEAP1 pathway are quite significant. The overexpression and overstimulation of proteins from both these pathways makes them the promising candidates in cancer therapeutics. Inhibiting mTOR has been in research from past several decades but the tumour heterogeneity, and upregulation of several compensatory feed-back mechanisms, encourages to explore other downstream targets for inhibiting the pathway. One such downstream effectors of mTOR is S6K2. It is reported to be overexpressed in cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In case of NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) is overexpressed in ∼90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. It associates with poor survival rate and therapeutic resistance in HNSCC treatment. NRF2 pathway is the primary antioxidant pathway in the cell which also serves pro-tumorigenic functions, such as repression of apoptosis, cell proliferation support and chemoresistance. The aim of this work was to explore S6K2 and NRF2 and identify novel and potential inhibitors against them for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Since the crystal structure of S6K2 was not available at the time of this study, we modelled its structure using homology modelling and performed high throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and protein-ligand interaction studies to identify the inhibitors. We identified natural compounds Crocin and Gypenoside XVII against S6K2 and Chebulinic acid and Sennoside A against NRF2. This study provides a significant in-depth understanding of the two studied pathways and therefore can be used in the development of potential therapeutics against HNSCC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geet Madhukar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Su C, Li N, Ren R, Wang Y, Su X, Lu F, Zong R, Yang L, Ma X. Progress in the Medicinal Value, Bioactive Compounds, and Pharmacological Activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Molecules 2021; 26:6249. [PMID: 34684830 PMCID: PMC8540791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GP), also named Jiaogulan in Chinese, was known to people for its function in both health care and disease treatment. Initially and traditionally, GP was a kind of tea consumed by people for its pleasant taste and weight loss efficacy. With the passing of the centuries, GP became well known as more than just a tea. Until now, numbers of bioactive compounds, including saponins (also named gypenosides, GPS), polysaccharides (GPP), flavonoids, and phytosterols were isolated and identified in GP, which implied the great medicinal worth of this unusual tea. Both in vivo and in vitro tests, ranging from different cell lines to animals, indicated that GP possessed various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-atherogenic, anti-dementia, and anti-Parkinson's diseases, and it also had lipid-regulating effects as well as neuroprotection, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic properties. With the further development and utilization of GP, the research on the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of GP were deepening day by day and had made great progress. In this review, the recent research progress in the bioactive compounds, especially gypenosides, and the pharmacological activities of GP were summarized, which will be quite useful for practical applications of GP in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China; (C.S.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (Y.W.); (X.S.); (F.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China; (C.S.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (Y.W.); (X.S.); (F.L.); (R.Z.)
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Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Hui B, Hou X, Liu R, Liu XH, Hu Z. Gypenoside inhibits ox-LDL uptake and foam cell formation through enhancing Sirt1-FOXO1 mediated autophagy flux restoration. Life Sci 2020; 264:118721. [PMID: 33160993 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gypenoside (GP) is the major bioactive constituent of G. pentaphyllum, a traditional Chinese medicine. It has been reported that GP can affect autophagy and lipid metabolism in cultured cells. We hypothesize that GP can inhibit foam cell formation in cultured macrophages through autophagy modulation. METHODS THP1 cells were cultured and treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), followed by GP treatment at different concentrations. The autophagy flux was evaluated using western blot and confocal microscope analyses. The ox-LDL uptake and foam cell formation abilities were measured. RESULTS We found that ox-LDL impaired the autophagy flux in the cultured macrophages, indicated by a significant reduction of LC3-II and autophagosome puncta quantification, as well as an accumulation of p62 proteins. GP treatment, however, dose-dependently restored the autophagy flux impaired by ox-LDL and reduced the ox-LDL uptake and foam cell transformation from THP1 cells, which can be alleviated, or exacerbated, by modulation of autophagy status using autophagy enhancer or inhibitor. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that GP up-regulated Srit1 and FOXO1 expression and enhanced their direct interaction, and thus contributed to the regulation of autophagy. CONCLUSION GP inhibits ox-LDL uptake and foam cell formation through enhancing Sirt1-FOXO1 mediated autophagy flux restoration, suggesting this compound has therapeutic potential for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hui
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuwei Hou
- School of Medicine, the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Ruhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Cardiovascular Department of Internal Medicine, Central Hospital of Karamay, Karamay 834000, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Zhaohui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
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Li H, Ma C, Liu W, He J, Li K. Gypenosides Protect Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves Ophthalmopathy via Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Fibrosis Effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:64. [PMID: 32462203 PMCID: PMC7405800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of Gypenosides (Gyps) on the inflammation and fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in Graves ophthalmopathy (GO). Methods Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the enriched genes and signaling pathways related to Gyps function. For ex vivo experiments, OFs were cultured from orbital connective tissues from patients with GO. OF proliferation was estimated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Effects of Gyps treatment on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammation and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced fibrosis were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. OFs were treated with IL-1β or TGF-β1 in the absence or presence of Gyps pretreatment, and the levels of related mRNA or proteins were evaluated by RT-qPCR or ELISA. Results Eight inflammation-related target genes and nine fibrosis-related target genes were screened out. These genes were mainly enriched in pathways corresponding to inflammation and fibrosis, respectively. IL-1β-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and TGF-β-induced upregulation of fibrotic mediators in OFs were downregulated by Gyps. Moreover, Gyps reduced the activation of Toll like receptors 4/nuclear factor-κ B signaling and TGF-β1/SMAD2/SMAD4 signaling in GO OFs. Conclusions Gyps could protect GO-derived OFs against IL-1β-induced inflammation and TGF-β1-induced fibrosis. Thus Gyps might have therapeutic potential on inflammation and fibrosis in GO.
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Gypenoside Inhibits Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis by Modulating Mitochondria through PI3K/Akt/Bad Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2819658. [PMID: 32685460 PMCID: PMC7327587 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2819658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the most common cause of deaths worldwide. Endothelial cell apoptosis is an important process in the progress of atherosclerosis, as it can cause the endothelium to lose their capability in regulating the lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Endothelial cell injury can disrupt the integrity and barrier function of an endothelium and facilitate lipid deposition, leading to atherogenesis. Chinese medicine techniques for preventing and treating atherosclerosis are gaining attention, especially natural products. In this study, we demonstrated that gypenoside could decrease the levels of serum lipid, alleviate the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, and lessen aortic intima thickening. Gypenoside potentially activates the PI3K/Akt/Bad signal pathway to modulate the apoptosis-related protein expression in the aorta. Moreover, gypenoside downregulated mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, mitochondrial energy-related proteins in the mouse aorta. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a new function of gypenoside in endothelial apoptosis and suggested a therapeutic potential of gypenoside in atherosclerosis associated with apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial function through the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway.
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Li K, Ma C, Li H, Dev S, He J, Qu X. Medicinal Value and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and Its Derivatives: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2855-2867. [PMID: 31724506 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191114104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
:
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GpM) and its derivatives, especially gypenosides
(Gyps), are widely used as safe and convenient natural herbal drugs for the treatment of many
diseases for a long time, and Gyps have different oral bioavailability (OB) values and low ability to
cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The effects of GpM and isolates on fibrosis, inflammation, oxidation,
proliferation and migration are proved. GpM shows bidirectional regulation effect on proliferation,
oxidation and apoptosis in tumor and non-tumor cells. GpM and its extractions can resist proliferation,
activate oxidation and apoptosis in tumor cells and have opposite effects on non-tumor cells. We succinctly
present some current views of medicinal value and potential therapeutic mechanisms of GpM
and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China
| | - Sooranna Dev
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369, Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - JianFeng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- National Engineering laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Guangxi, China
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Gypenosides Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4183670. [PMID: 30018656 PMCID: PMC6029442 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is deliberated a major factor in various neurodegenerative diseases. Gypenosides (GPS) have pharmacological properties with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and protective properties. In the present study, whether GPS could improve cognitive dysfunction and chronic inflammation caused by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the hippocampus was investigated. Effects of GPS on inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and the downstream mechanisms of these effects were also examined. Induction of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused inflammatory reactions and memory impairment on the rats. Every day treatment of GPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days attenuated spatial recognition, discrimination, and memory deficits. GPS treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) levels in the brain. Furthermore, GPS reduced LPS-induced elevated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level. Collectively, these results showed that GPS may improve cognitive function and provide a potential therapy for memory impairment caused by neuroinflammation. Based on these, GPS may be effective in inhibiting the progress of neurodegenerative diseases by improving memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activities and appropriate modulation of NF-κB/iNOS/TLR4/BDNF.
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Wang TX, Shi MM, Jiang JG. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of anticancer and antioxidant compounds from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23181-23190. [PMID: 35540147 PMCID: PMC9081634 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a medicinal and edible plant in China whose buds and leaves are used for making a popular kind of tea drink. The anticancer and antioxidant properties of the ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol (n-Bu) fractions provide a basis for conducting experiments for isolation and identification of key compounds that may be responsible for the aforementioned properties of G. pentaphyllum. Four compounds were isolated from the two fractions using ODS packing column, silica gel column, polyamide column, Sephadex LH-20 gel column and HPLC. With the aid of 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry, they were identified as 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl-O-β-d-glucoside, gypenoside XLVI, gypenoside L and ginsenoside Rd. 3,4-Dihydroxy phenyl-O-β-d-glucoside showed the strongest DPPH (97.23%) and ABTS (101.37%) scavenging effect and ferric ion reducing power (FRAP value 0.8846), which may be closely related to the hydrogen atoms of phenolic hydroxyls. Gypenoside L and ginsenoside Rd displayed the highest inhibition of tumor cell proliferation of A549 and MCF-7 cell lines, which had to do with the chemical structure of the compounds bearing glycosylated parts and free hydroxyls at the 20th or 21st carbon atom of dammarane-type saponin. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a medicinal and edible plant in China whose buds and leaves are used for making a popular kind of tea drink.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Man-Man Shi
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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Zhang X, Shi G, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhao Y. Triterpenes derived from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins with anti-hepatic fibrosis and protective activity against H 2O 2-induced injury. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:226-232. [PMID: 28985570 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a popular functional food, and it is also used as a traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, five previously undescribed triterpenes, gypensapogenin M, gypensapogenin N, gypensapogenin O, gypensapogenin P, and gypensapogenin Q, together with five known compounds were isolated from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins. The bioassay data showed that all the triterpenes exhibited significant protective activity against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury and anti-hepatic fibrosis activity. Taken together, the discovery of these triterpenes from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins expands its use as a functional food for preventing myocardial injury and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Bansal T, Chatterjee E, Singh J, Ray A, Kundu B, Thankamani V, Sengupta S, Sarkar S. Arjunolic acid, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist, regresses cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting non-canonical TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16440-16462. [PMID: 28821620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and associated heart fibrosis remain a major cause of death worldwide. Phytochemicals have gained attention as alternative therapeutics for managing cardiovascular diseases. These include the extract from the plant Terminalia arjuna, which is a popular cardioprotectant and may prevent or slow progression of pathological hypertrophy to heart failure. Here, we investigated the mode of action of a principal bioactive T. arjuna compound, arjunolic acid (AA), in ameliorating hemodynamic load-induced cardiac fibrosis and identified its intracellular target. Our data revealed that AA significantly represses collagen expression and improves cardiac function during hypertrophy. We found that AA binds to and stabilizes the ligand-binding domain of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and increases its expression during cardiac hypertrophy. PPARα knockdown during AA treatment in hypertrophy samples, including angiotensin II-treated adult cardiac fibroblasts and renal artery-ligated rat heart, suggests that AA-driven cardioprotection primarily arises from PPARα agonism. Moreover, AA-induced PPARα up-regulation leads to repression of TGF-β signaling, specifically by inhibiting TGF-β-activated kinase1 (TAK1) phosphorylation. We observed that PPARα directly interacts with TAK1, predominantly via PPARα N-terminal transactivation domain (AF-1) thereby masking the TAK1 kinase domain. The AA-induced PPARα-bound TAK1 level thereby shows inverse correlation with the phosphorylation level of TAK1 and subsequent reduction in p38 MAPK and NF-κBp65 activation, ultimately culminating in amelioration of excess collagen synthesis in cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, our findings unravel the mechanism of AA action in regressing hypertrophy-associated cardiac fibrosis by assigning a role of AA as a PPARα agonist that inactivates non-canonical TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Bansal
- From the Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- From the Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- the Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
| | - Arjun Ray
- the Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, and
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- the Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
| | - V Thankamani
- the Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- the Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, and
| | - Sagartirtha Sarkar
- From the Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal,
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Metabolomic mechanisms of gypenoside against liver fibrosis in rats: An integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics data. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173598. [PMID: 28291813 PMCID: PMC5349658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate mechanisms and altered pathways of gypenoside against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis based on integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics data. Methods CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rats were administrated gypenoside. The anti-fibrosis effects were evaluated by histomorphology and liver hydroxyproline (Hyp) content. Protein profiling and metabolite profiling of rats liver tissues were examined by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technology. Altered pathways and pivotal proteins and metabolites were searched by integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics data. The levels of some key proteins in altered pathways were determined by western blot. Results Histopathological changes and Hyp content in gypenoside group had significant improvements (P<0.05). Compared to liver fibrosis model group, we found 301 up-regulated and 296 down-regulated proteins, and 9 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated metabolites in gypenoside group. According to integrative analysis, some important pathways were found, including glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, lysine degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and sulfur metabolism. Furthermore, the levels of ALDH1B1, ALDH2 and ALDH7A1 were found increased and restored to normal levels after gypenoside treated (P<0.05). Conclusions Gypenoside inhibited CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, which may be involved in the alteration of glycolysis metabolism and the protection against the damage of aldehydes and lipid peroxidation by up-regulating ALDH.
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Lei FF, Li YJ, Li RG, Li G, Li JK, Li F, Tan HB. Mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4169-4176. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i30.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides (GPS) against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group, T2DM-NAFLD model group, low dose GPS group, medium dose GPS group, and high dose GPS group. The efficacy was confirmed by histopathology, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP4501A1) mRNAs was detected by RT-PCR.
RESULTS Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB was significantly reduced by GPS, in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs measured by RT-PCR was also significantly down-regulated by GPS. Moreover, GPS decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION GPS protects against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, PPARγ and CYP4501A1.
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Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats via inhibiting MMP2/9, TIMP1/2 and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:783-93. [PMID: 27133300 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Chinese medicine CGA formula consists of polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis mycelia (CS-PS), gypenosides and amygdalin, which is derived from Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule for treating liver fibrosis. In this study we attempted to confirm the therapeutic effects of CGA formula in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats, and to identify the mechanisms of anti-fibrotic actions. METHODS Rats were injected with DMN (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) for 3 consecutive days per week over a 4-week period. The rats then were orally administered with CGA formula (CS-PS 60 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), gypenosides 50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) and amygdalin 80 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) daily in the next 2 weeks. CS-PS, gypenosides or amygdalin alone were administered as individual component controls, whereas colchicine and FZHY were used as positive controls. Serum biomarkers were measured. Hepatic injury, collagen deposition and stellate cell activation were examined. The MMP activities, expression of TIMP protein and proteins involved in the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways in liver tissues were assayed. RESULTS In DMN-treated rats, administration of CGA formula significantly decreased serum ALT, AST and total bilirubin and hepatic hydroxyproline levels, increased serum albumin level, and attenuated liver fibrosis as shown by histological examination. Furthermore, these effects were comparable to those caused by administration of FZHY, and superior to those caused by administration of colchicine or the individual components of CGA formula. Moreover, administration of CGA formula significantly decreased the protein levels of α-SMA, TGF-β1, TGF-β1 receptor (TβR-I), p-TβR-I, p-TβR-II, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, TIMP1 and TIMP2, as well as MMP2 and MMP9 activities in liver tissues of DMN-treated rats. CONCLUSION Chinese medicine CGA formula ameliorates DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats, and this effect was likely associated with the down-regulation of MMP2/9 activities, TIMP1/2 protein expression and the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways in the liver.
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Yu H, Guan Q, Guo L, Zhang H, Pang X, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Gypenosides alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via attenuation of oxidative stress and preservation of mitochondrial function in rat heart. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:429-37. [PMID: 26800973 PMCID: PMC4837178 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides (GP) are the predominant components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a Chinese herb medicine that has been widely used for the treatment of chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. GP has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the liver and brain against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, yet whether it is beneficial to the heart during myocardial I/R is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that pre-treatment with GP dose-dependently limits infarct size, alleviates I/R-induced pathological changes in the myocardium, and preserves left ventricular function in a rat model of cardiac I/R injury. In addition, GP pre-treatment reduces oxidative stress and protects the intracellular antioxidant machinery in the myocardium. Further, we show that the cardioprotective effect of GP is associated with the preservation of mitochondrial function in the cardiomyocytes, as indicated by ATP level, enzymatic activities of complex I, II, and IV on the mitochondrial respiration chain, and the activity of citrate synthase in the citric acid cycle for energy generation. Moreover, GP maintains mitochondrial membrane integrity and inhibits the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The cytoprotective effect of GP is further confirmed in vitro in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell line with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R), and the results indicate that GP protects cell viability, reduces oxidative stress, and preserves mitochondrial function. In conclusion, our study suggests that GP may be of clinical value in cytoprotection during acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qigang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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16
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A new dammarane-type saponin from Gynostemma pentaphyllum induces apoptosis in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1754-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Ye Q, Zhu YI, Ye S, Liu H, She X, Niu Y, Ming Y. Gypenoside attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by inhibition of ERK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1499-1505. [PMID: 27073472 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a traditional Chinese medicine reported to possess a wide range of health benefits. As the major component of G. pentaphyllum, gypenoside (GP) displays various anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. However, it is unclear whether GP can protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced renal injury, and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with this process remain unknown. In the present study, a renal I/R injury model in C57BL/6 mice was established. It was observed that, following I/R, serum concentrations of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly increased (P<0.01), indicating renal injury. Pretreatment with GP (50 mg/kg) significantly inhibited I/R-induced upregulation of serum Cr and BUN (P<0.01). Furthermore, renal malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced in the I/R+GP group, compared with the I/R group (P<0.01), whereas renal tissue superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in the I/R+GP group compared with the I/R group (P<0.01). Further investigation demonstrated that pretreatment with GP produced inhibitory effects on the I/R-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ (P<0.01). In addition, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression levels were significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the control (P<0.01), indicating the presence of oxidative damage. However, the I/R-induced upregulation of HO-1 was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with GP (P<0.01), which also suppressed I/R-induced apoptosis by inhibiting pro-apoptotic Bax and upregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in renal cells (P<0.01). Finally, the activity of ERK signaling was significantly increased in the I/R+GP group compared with the I/R group (P<0.05), which may be associated with the protective effect of GP against I/R-induced renal cell apoptosis. To conclude, the present results suggest that GP produces a protective effect against I/R-induced renal injury as a result of its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Y I Zhu
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xingguo She
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ying Niu
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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18
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Zhou DJ, Mu D, Jiang MD, Zheng SM, Zhang Y, He S, Weng M, Zeng WZ. Hepatoprotective effect of juglone on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis and its effect on hepatic antioxidant defence and the expression levels of α-SMA and collagen III. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4095-4102. [PMID: 26126609 PMCID: PMC4526056 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the antifibrotic effects of juglone on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)‑induced fibrosis in rats. Juglone, which is a quinone, significantly decreased DMN‑induced rat hepatic fibrosis, which was associated with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decreased oxidative stress and reduced levels of α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) and collagen (Col) III in the liver. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hyaluronic acid, laminin, type III precollagen and type IV collagen were significantly reduced by treatment with juglone. Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague‑Dawley rats by subcutaneous injections of DMN solution and hepatic fibrosis was assessed using Massons trichome staining. The expression levels of α‑SMA and Col III were determined using immunohistochemical techniques. The activities of SOD and malondialdehyde in liver homogenates were also determined. The results suggested that juglone augmented the antioxidative capability of the liver, possibly by stimulating the activity of SOD, which promoted the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and decreased the accumulation of extracellular matrix collagen in the liver, thereby alleviating hepatic fibrosis. Silymarin was used as a positive control for liver fibrosis protection. It was hypothesized that juglone alleviates or mitigates oxidative stress‑mediated hepatic fibrosis by upregulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ and inhibiting the activation of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jiang Zhou
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Dong Mu
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ming-De Jiang
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Mei Zheng
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Sheng He
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Min Weng
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zheng Zeng
- Internal Medicine Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
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He Q, Li JK, Li F, Li RG, Zhan GQ, Li G, Du WX, Tan HB. Mechanism of action of gypenosides on type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2058-2066. [PMID: 25717238 PMCID: PMC4326140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the mechanism of action of gypenosides (GPs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly divided into a healthy group, an untreated disease model group and GP-treatment groups. The study involved the evaluation of biochemical parameters, including serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), blood glucose (BG), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Additionally, the protective effect of the treatments were confirmed histopathologically and the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB in the rat liver was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The expression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 1A1 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR.
RESULTS: GP treatments at oral doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg per day significantly decreased the levels of serum AST and ALT (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), especially at the dose of 800 mg/kg per day. To a similar extent, GP at 800 mg/kg per day reduced the levels of BG (4.19 ± 0.47, P < 0.01), TG (80.08 ± 10.05, P < 0.01), TC (134.38 ± 16.39, P < 0.01) and serum insulin (42.01 ± 5.04, P < 0.01). The expression of TNF-α and NF-κB measured by immunohistochemistry was significantly reduced by GPs in a dose-dependent manner, and the expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNA, as measured using quantitative real-time PCR, were significantly down-regulated by GPs. Moreover, GPs decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GPs have a protective effect against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB proteins, and PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs.
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20
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Wu Q, Jang M, Piao XL. Determination by UPLC-MS of four dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:311-6. [PMID: 25036687 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum and its main dammaran-type saponins, gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, damulin B, and damulin A, possess non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell inhibitory activity. We established in this study a method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the saponins and also investigated their content change in heat-processed G. pentaphyllum. The main saponins increased with increasing heating temperature and time. Further investigation showed that they were produced from gypenoside XLVI and gypenoside LVI by undergoing hydrolysis during the heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- a Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China , Beijing , China
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21
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Li K, Du Y, Fan Q, Tang CY, He JF. Gypenosides might have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects on optic neuritis. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:636-8. [PMID: 24629564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis is a common disease in young adults, inducing apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which leads to varying degree of visual function damages, even blindness. As the standard treatment, methylprednisolone pulse therapy can only promote the recovery of visual acuity but not prevent retinal ganglion cell degeneration. It cannot help improve the ultimate visual outcome. Both inflammatory response and endogenous oxidative stress play crucial roles in the progression of optic neuritis. The combination of immunomodulatory and antioxidant is expected to improve the prognosis of the disease by preventing the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Triterpenoids (oleanolic acid derived) were reported to have the dual capacity of simultaneously repressing production of pro-inflammatory mediators and exerting neuroprotective effects through induction of anti-oxidant genes in experimental optic neuritis. Gypenosides with an aglycone mainly of dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoids, also has the dual capacity of immune regulation and antioxidation. Both gypenosides and oleanolic acid were reported to have similar roles in hepatoprotection. Beside, gypenosides were reported to have the capacity of modulating the activation of immune cells and the expression of cytokines. In addition, gypenosides showed neuroprotective effect against oxidative injury in dopaminergic neurons and mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, we propose that gypenosides have potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects on optic neuritis through antioxidation and immune regulation. The application of gypenosides might prevent the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and improve the ultimate visual outcome in patients with optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Feng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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22
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Zhao J, Ming Y, Wan Q, Ye S, Xie S, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Li L, Ye Q. Gypenoside attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivities. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1388-1392. [PMID: 24940444 PMCID: PMC3991488 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a traditional Chinese medicine that has previously been used for the treatment of chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia and liver disease. Gypenoside (GP), the predominant component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exhibits a therapeutic effect on chronic hepatic injury, fibrosis and fatty liver disease via its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. However, the effect of GP on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced hepatic injury has, to the best of our knowledge, not previously been investigated. In the present study, a hepatic I/R-injury model was successfully established using C57BL/6 mice. In the treatment group, 50 mg/kg GP was administered orally 1 h prior to ischemia. Following hepatic I/R, the levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation and serum alanine aminotransferase increased, while the ratio of hepatic glutathione (GSH):oxidized GSH was reduced, which was effectively attenuated by pretreatment with GP. Furthermore, an increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the liver tissues of the I/R mice was attenuated by the administration of GP. In addition, the present study indicated that treatment with GP suppressed the I/R-induced increase in the pro-apoptotic protein levels of Bax and cytochrome c and the activity of caspase-3/8, as well as the I/R-induced decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, the present study indicated that GP effectively protected against I/R-induced hepatic injury via its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qiquan Wan
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Song Xie
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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23
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Xu L, Zheng N, He Q, Li R, Zhang K, Liang T. Puerarin, isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd.), protects against hepatotoxicity via specific inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thereby leading to anti-fibrotic effect. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1172-1179. [PMID: 23856441 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway has been investigated in the pathogenesis of hepatofibrosis, and pharmacological treatment of liver fibrosis targeted this pathway to determine its contribution to the inhibition of fibrotic development. Importantly, ethnopharmacology-derived Pueraria lobata has been reported to effectively reverse the fibrotic process in the liver. In the present study, we performed dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats to assess the benefits of puerarin (PR), which was isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd.), on ECM-derived hepatocytes associated with the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Our results showed that the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), type III precollagen (PCIII) and type IV collagen (CIV) were significantly reduced by PR treatment, while hepatic homogenates showed decreased levels of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and collagen I (Col I). Masson's trichrome staining indicated that the DMN-induced liver fibrosis was alleviated. In addition, the protein expression levels of transforming growth factor-β l (TGF-β l), smad2, smad3, α-SMA and TIMP-1 were downregulated specifically by PR treatment, whereas the protein expression levels of smad7 and MMP-1 were upregulated. Furthermore, we evaluated the PR-mediated inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-treated proliferation and activation in a rat liver stellate cell line (HSC-T6). These data resulted in inhibition of the cell growth of HSC-T6 in a dose-dependent manner and a reduction in TβRI, smad2 and smad3 expressed proteins in the presence of PR on TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6 cells, while smad7 levels were downregulated. Taken together, these findings identify a unique effect for PR-regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway in blocking fibrotic development and provide a promising strategy for hepatofibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of YouJiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, PR China
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24
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Yan H, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang P, Xiao Y. Antiproliferation and anti-migration induced by gypenosides in human colon cancer SW620 and esophageal cancer Eca-109 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:522-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113497771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gypenosides (Gyp), found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, has attracted more attention owing to its wide bioactivities. However, the effects of Gyp on esophageal cancer cells and colon cancer cells are still unknown. The present study was to investigate the possible anti-proliferative and anti-migration activity of Gyp on human colon cancer cells SW620 and esophageal cancer cells Eca-109. Cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell membrane integrity was evaluated using flow cytometry following propidium iodide staining. Apoptotic cell death was determined by nuclear 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ ψm) was analyzed by flow cytometry using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein–diacetate and rhodamine 123 staining, respectively. Wound healing assay was carried out to investigate Gyp-inhibited migration of SW620 and Eca-109 cells. The results indicated that Gyp inhibited cell proliferation and migration in SW620 and Eca-109 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Gyp elevated intracellular ROS level, decreased the Δ ψm, and induced apoptotic morphology such as cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation, suggesting oxidative stress and mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis that might be involved in Gyp-induced cell viability loss in SW620 and Eca-109 cells. The findings indicate Gyp may have valuable application in clinical colon cancer and esophageal cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Piao XL, Wu Q, Yang J, Park SY, Chen DJ, Liu HM. Dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum show fortified activity against A549 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:874-9. [PMID: 23508742 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An ethanol extract from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum showed more potent cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells than that of raw G. pentaphyllum. Four constituents were isolated from heat-processed G. pentaphyllum using resin HP-20, silica gel and reversed ODS column chromatography. They were identified by mass and NMR spectra as damulin A and damulin B, gypenoside L and gypenoside LI, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of these four constituents, the MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed using A549 cells. Based on the structure of these four constituents, the results indicate that the hydroxyl group in C-2 and double bond in C20(21) and C20(22) positions are of importance in inhibition of A549 cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Piao
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, No. 27, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Koppula S, Kumar H, More SV, Lim HW, Hong SM, Choi DK. Recent updates in redox regulation and free radical scavenging effects by herbal products in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Molecules 2012; 17:11391-420. [PMID: 23014498 PMCID: PMC6268813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
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Hou JG, Xue JJ, Sun MQ, Wang CY, Liu L, Zhang DL, Lee MR, Gu LJ, Wang CL, Wang YB, Zheng Y, Li W, Sung CK. Highly selective microbial transformation of major ginsenoside Rb1 to gypenoside LXXV by Esteya vermicola CNU120806. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:807-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-G. Hou
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - J.-J. Xue
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - M.-Q. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - C.-Y. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - L. Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - D.-L. Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - M.-R. Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - L.-J. Gu
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - C.-L. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - Y.-B. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
| | - Y. Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun-City; Jilin; China
| | - W. Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun-City; Jilin; China
| | - C.-K. Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University; Taejon; Korea
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Protective effects of gypenosides against fatty liver disease induced by high fat and cholesterol diet and alcohol in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1241-50. [PMID: 22864747 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the protective effects of gypenosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on fatty liver disease (FLD) were examined in rats treated with high fat and cholesterol diet and alcohol. Male SD rats were divided into seven groups: control, model, lovastatin, silymarin, gypenosides high-, medium- and low-treatment groups. The latter 6 groups were fed high-fat and cholesterol diet and administered alcohol intragastricly once a day. Body weight was measured every week for 10 weeks, and the hepatic index was measured after 10 weeks. Compared with model group, levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, malondialdehyde (MDA), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and hepatocyte apoptosis were significantly decreased in gypenosides groups; while serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in both serum and hepatic tissue and mRNA and protein level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) were significantly increased. Moreover, hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial damage were improved. These results suggested that gypenosides could prevent liver fatty degeneration in fatty liver disease through modulating lipid metabolism, ameliorating liver dysfunction and reducing oxidative stress.
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Lin JJ, Hsu HY, Yang JS, Lu KW, Wu RSC, Wu KC, Lai TY, Chen PY, Ma CY, Wood WG, Chung JG. Molecular evidence of anti-leukemia activity of gypenosides on human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro and in vivo using a HL-60 cells murine xenograft model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1075-1085. [PMID: 21596541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that gypenosides (Gyp) induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. However, there are no reports showing that show Gyp acts on human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model in vivo. In the present study effects of Gyp on cell morphological changes and viability, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in vitro and effects on Gyp in an in vivo murine xenograft model. Results indicated that Gyp induced morphological changes, decreased cell viability, induced G0/G1 arrest, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis (sub-G1 phase) in HL-60 cells. Gyp increased reactive oxygen species production and Ca(2+) levels but reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gyp also changed one of the primary indicators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to the promotion of ATF6-α and ATF4-α associated with Ca(2+) release. Gyp reduced the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax due to an increase in the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and inhibited levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Oral consumption of Gyp reduced tumor size of HL-60 cell xenograft mode mice in vivo. These results provide new information on understanding mechanisms by which Gyp induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jyh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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30
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Activation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase PP2Cα efficiently prevents liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14230. [PMID: 21151953 PMCID: PMC2997772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over-activation of TGFβ signaling pathway and uncontrolled cell proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play pivotal roles in liver fibrogenesis, while the protein serine/threonine phosphatase PP2Cα was reported to negatively regulate TGFβ signaling pathway and cell cycle. Our study aimed to investigate the role of PP2Cα in liver fibrogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings The effects of PP2Cα activation on liver fibrosis were investigated in human HSCs and primary rat HSCs in vitro using western blotting, real-time PCR, nuclear translocation, cell viability and cell cycle analyses. The antifibrogenic effects in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mice in vivo were assessed using biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analyses. The results demonstrated that activation of PP2Cα by overexpression or the new discovered small molecular activator NPLC0393 terminated TGFβ-Smad3 and TGFβ-p38 signaling pathways, induced cell cycle arrest in HSCs and decreased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, collagen deposition and hepatic hydroxyproline (HYP) level in CCl4- and BDL-induced mice. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggested that PP2Cα activation might be an attractive new strategy for treating liver fibrosis while the small molecular activator NPLC0393 might represent a lead compound for antifibrogenic drug development. Moreover, our study might provide the first evidence for the role of PP2C family members in the fibrotic disease.
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Wang P, Niu L, Guo XD, Gao L, Li WX, Jia D, Wang XL, Ma LT, Gao GD. Gypenosides protects dopaminergic neurons in primary culture against MPP(+)-induced oxidative injury. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:266-71. [PMID: 20615455 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative injury has been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gypenosides (GPs), the saponins extract derived from the Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has various bioactivities. In this study, GPs was investigated for its neuroprotective effects on the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced oxidative injury of dopaminergic neurons in primary nigral culture. It was found that GPs pretreatment, cotreatment or posttreatment significantly and dose-dependently attenuated MPP(+)-induced oxidative damage, reduction of dopamine uptake, loss of tyrosine hydrolase (TH)-immunopositive neurons and degeneration of TH-immunopositive neurites. However, the preventive effect of GPs was more potential than its therapeutical effect. Most importantly, the neuroprotective effect of GPs may be attributed to GPs-induced strengthened antioxidation as manifested by significantly increased glutathione content and enhanced activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalyze and superoxide dismutase in nigral culture. The neuroprotective effects of GPs are specific for dopaminergic neurons and it may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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Wang P, Niu L, Gao L, Li WX, Jia D, Wang XL, Gao GD. Neuroprotective Effect of Gypenosides against Oxidative Injury in the Substantia Nigra of a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:1084-92. [PMID: 20819446 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative injury has been implicated in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and gypenosides (GP), which are saponins with various bioactivities, have shown antioxidative effects in vitro. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of GP on a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Acute administration of MPTP led to decreased glutathione content and reduced superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra of the mice, which resulted in oxidative stress, loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction. Co-treatment with GP attenuated all the injuries induced by MPTP in a dose-dependent manner. The neuroprotective effect of GP may be attributed to increased antioxidation, as manifested by significantly increased glutathione content and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra. These results strongly indicate the possible therapeutic potential of GP as an antioxidant in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - L Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - W-X Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - D Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - X-L Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - G-D Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
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33
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Chen MH, Wang QF, Chen LG, Shee JJ, Chen JC, Chen KY, Chen SH, Su JGJ, Liu YW. The inhibitory effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on MCP-1 and type I procollagen expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:42-49. [PMID: 19699789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a popular folk medicine that has been used for treatment of hepatitis in Asia. Our previous study demonstrates that Gynostemma pentaphyllum n-butanol extract inhibits the onset and improves the recovery of CCl(4)-induced liver fibrogenesis in rats and inhibits PDGF-induced rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) proliferation. In this study, the effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract on cytokines and type I procollagen expression was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat HSCs were treated with PDGF, Gynostemma pentaphyllum n-butanol extract, RP-18-Gyp fraction, rapamycin or vehicle. Rat cytokine antibody array chip or ELISA kit was used for cytokines detection. Intracellular protein expression was detected by Western blotting, mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. RESULTS RP-18-Gyp fraction is the more purified gypenosides fraction from Gynostemma pentaphyllum n-butanol extract. In cell proliferation, the inhibitory effect of 200 microg/ml RP-18-Gyp fraction is similar to 500 microg/ml Gynostemma pentaphyllum n-butanol extract. Furthermore, both of them have the ability of decreasing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA expression and protein release and inhibiting type I procollagen protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Both of Gynostemma pentaphyllum n-butanol extract and its more purified RP-18-Gyp fraction have the biological activities in the inhibition of cell proliferation, MCP-1 release and type I procollagen expression in rat HSCs. These data could provide the evidence to support for the traditional use of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ho Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Yeo J, Kang YJ, Jeon SM, Jung UJ, Lee MK, Song H, Choi MS. Potential hypoglycemic effect of an ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. J Med Food 2009; 11:709-16. [PMID: 19053864 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, containing standardized concentrations of gypenosides, in C57BL/KSJ-db/db mice. For 5 weeks, animals were provided a standard AIN-76 diet (normal control) with rosiglitazone (0.005%, wt/wt) or two different doses of G. pentaphyllum ethanol extract (GPE) of the plant leaves (0.0025% and 0.01%, wt/wt). After the experimental period, the blood glucose levels of the high-dose GPE- and rosiglitazone-supplemented groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. The plasma insulin concentrations of the GPE-supplemented mice were significantly elevated compared to the control group. The GPE and rosiglitazone treatments profoundly affected the intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test compared to the control group, but not the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In the evaluation of effects on hepatic glucose metabolism, the ratios of glucokinase/glucose-6-phosphatase activities in the high-dose GPE- and rosiglitazone-supplemented groups were prominently higher than that of the control group. The histology of the pancreatic islets revealed that the insulin-positive beta-cell numbers were higher in the high-dose GPE- and rosiglitazone-supplemented groups than in the control group. These results suggest that the supplementation of high-dose GPE (0.01%) in the diet lowers the blood glucose level by altering the hepatic glucose metabolic enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Yeo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Chen MH, Chen SH, Wang QF, Chen JC, Chang DC, Hsu SL, Chen CH, Sheue CR, Liu YW. The molecular mechanism of gypenosides-induced G1 growth arrest of rat hepatic stellate cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:309-317. [PMID: 18372131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Gypenosides, the saponins extract derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, have been used for treating hepatitis and cancer in Asia. Our previous study demonstrates that gypenosides inhibit the onset and improve the recovery of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. In this study, we used the isolated rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as a model to study the cellular mechanism of gypenosides-inhibited liver fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat HSCs was treated with PDGF, gypenosides or vehicle. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining. Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The activation or inhibition of signal molecules was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that 500 microg/ml gypenosides decreased PDGF-induced rat HSCs numbers (8750+/-2629 versus 103,000+/-6683, p<0.001, 95% confidence interval) and arrested cells at the G1 phase without the presence of sub-G1 fraction. Analysis of PDGF-induced proliferative molecules including phosphorylation of Akt and p70 S6K, gypenosides inhibited the activation of this signal pathway. Furthermore, gypenosides down-regulated the protein expression of cell cycle G1-specific cyclin D1 and D3. CONCLUSIONS Gypenosides inhibited PDGF-induced HSCs proliferation by inhibiting the signal pathway of PDGF-Akt-p70 S6K and down-regulation of cyclin D1 and D3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ho Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Liu XY, Hu YX, Hu YM, Qiu F, Zhou YC, Zang XB, Nie Y. Pathological comparison of hepatic-fibrosis models induced by porcine serum and carbon tetrachloride in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1875-1879. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare liver pathological changes between two different hepatic-fibrosis models induced by porcine serum and carbon tetrachloride in rats.
METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats by biweekly intraperitoneal injection of porcine serum (0.5 mL) or 400 mL/L carbon tetrachloride (2 mL/kg) for 7 weeks. Five rats were randomly selected from the survivals in each group. Liver tissue was removed, fixed, sliced and stained with hematoxylin and esosin for routine light-microscopy, Masson trichrome for collagen, Jame's double ammoniated siver solution for reticulin, and then subjected to semiquantitative evaluation by pathological image analyzer. Another portion of liver tissue was prepared for electron microscopy.
RESULTS: Liver tissue in rats receiving pig serum displayed narrow fibrotic sepatae including obvious collagen deposition and more mesenchymal constituents, and collagen was confined to the septae. Hepatocellular injury is rare. In contrast, in the livers from rats treated with CCl4, the fibrotic septae were coarse, more cellular and diffuse. The parenchymal damage was more severe and extensive. The fatty metamorphosis of hepatocytes was evident. Semiquantitative analyses suggested that quantity of collagenic fibers and reticular fibers in CCl4 group were significantly higher than those in porcine serum group.
CONCLUSION: Hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4 is more severe than that induced by porcine serum.
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N/A, 蒋 书, 李 茹. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:217-220. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Xie YM, Nie QH, Zhou YX, Huang CX, Kang WZ, Zhang Y, Hao CQ, Wang JP, Zhu XH. Effect of Chinese herb Shuangjiawuling on expression of TIMPs in rat with liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:199-203. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of Chinese herb Shuangjiawuling in preventing hepatic fibrosis in rat with liver fibrosis.
METHODS: Rat immunogenic liver fibrosis model was induced by administration human serum albumin (HSA 200 g/L) intravenously, 80 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Shuangjiawuling was taken orally simultaneously with (group A), immediately after (group B), or 3 months after (group C) administration of HAS intravenously. Colchine tablets were taken orally with the administration of HAS (group D), normal rats were used as control (Group E). The pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by HE and Von-Gieson staining. The hepatic mRNA and protein of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were analyzed by in site hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Hepatic fibrosis developed gradually and became obviously on the third month after administration of HAS. And strong expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were observed, however, its expression and hepatic fibrosis were reduced dramatically following administration of Shuangjiawuling and colchine tablets. The effect of Shuangjiawuling in preventing fibrosis was superior to that of colchine tablets (P<0.05), and its effect in group A, B, and C decreased in order.
CONCLUSION: Chinese herb Shuangjiawuling can inhibit the development of hepatic fibrosis and the expression of TIMPs, and promoted the effect of the degradation of the extracellular matrix.
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Lee KKH, Kwong WH, Chau FT, Yew DT, Chan WY. Pien Tze Huang protects the liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced damage. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2002; 91:185-92. [PMID: 12530469 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pien Tze Huang, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively used as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of liver diseases. In this study, we have examined its ability to protect the liver from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced damage in the mouse. Histological observations revealed that CCl4 treatment induced extensive degenerative changes in the hepatocytes surrounding the central veins of the liver. However, these changes were much reduced by more than 28% in mice fed with 0.5 mg of Pien Tze Huang/g body weight/dose (3 doses over 36 hr) prior to CCl4 treatment. The effects of Pien Tze Huang were then further investigated in a hepatoma cell line. Flow analysis showed that it had no significant effects on cell proliferation. When the ability of Pien Tze Huang to influence various response elements of important signal transduction pathways was examined in the hepatoma cell line, it was found that Pien Tze Huang stimulated an increase in the response of AP1, CRE and NFkappaB responsive elements. The transcriptional factors of these responsive elements are known to play important roles in regulating cell death and survival. We thus postulate that the ability of Pien Tze Huang to protect the liver from damage is attained through its ability to modulate the activity of these important signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K H Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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