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Wong YS, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC. Phenolic compounds extraction by assistive technologies and natural deep eutectic solvents. REV CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are known to have a significant effect on human defense system due to their anti-inflammatory efficacy. This can slow down the aging process and strengthen the human immune system. With the growing interest in green chemistry concept, extraction of phenolic compounds from plants has been geared towards a sustainable path with the use of green and environmentally friendly solvents such as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). This review discusses both the conventional extraction and the advanced extraction methods of phenolic compounds using NADES with focus on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques ensued by a rationale comparison between them. Employing choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) is highlighted as one of the promising strategies in green solvent extraction of phenolic compounds in terms of their biodegradability and extraction mechanism. The review also discusses assistive extraction technologies using NADES for a better understanding of their relationship with extraction efficiency. In addition, the review includes an overview of the challenges of recovering phenolic compounds from NADES after extraction, the potential harmful effects of NADES as well as their future perspective.
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A Survey of Naturally Occurring Molecules as New Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activators with Selective Anticancer Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010293. [PMID: 36612288 PMCID: PMC9818656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The last century has witnessed the establishment of neoplastic disease as the second cause of death in the world. Nonetheless, the road toward desirable success rates of cancer treatments is still long and paved with uncertainty. This work aims to select natural products that act via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a known vulnerability of malignant cells, and display selective toxicity against cancer cell lines. Among an in-house chemical library, nontoxic molecules towards noncancer cells were assessed for toxicity towards cancer cells, namely the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS and the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Active molecules towards at least one of these cell lines were studied in a battery of ensuing assays to clarify the involvement of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the cytotoxic effect. Several natural products are selectively cytotoxic against malignant cells, and the effect often relies on ER stress induction. Berberine was the most promising molecule, being active against both cell models by disrupting Ca2+ homeostasis, inducing UPR target gene expression and ER-resident caspase-4 activation. Our results indicate that berberine and emodin are potential leads for the development of more potent ER stressors to be used as selective anticancer agents.
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Santarsiero A, Pappalardo I, Rosa GM, Pisano I, Superchi S, Convertini P, Todisco S, Scafato P, Infantino V. Mitochondrial Role in Intrinsic Apoptosis Induced by a New Synthesized Chalcone in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123120. [PMID: 36551876 PMCID: PMC9775964 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and the fourth cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Presently, a few drugs are available for HCC treatment and prevention, including both natural and synthetic compounds. In this study, a new chalcone, (E)-1-(2,4,6-triethoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (ETTC), was synthesized and its effects and mechanisms of action over human hepatoma cells were investigated. Cytotoxic activity was revealed in HCC cells, while no effects were observed in normal hepatocytes. In HCC cells, ETTC caused subG1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, characterized by nuclear fragmentation. The activation of caspases 3/7 and 9, the increase in pro-apoptotic BAX, and the decrease in anti-apoptotic BCL-2 suggest the activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ETTC mitochondrial targeting is confirmed by the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and Complex I activity together with levels of superoxide anion increasing. Our outcomes prove the potential mitochondria-mediated antitumor effect of newly synthesized chalcone ETTC in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santarsiero
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pappalardo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Pisano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Convertini
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Simona Todisco
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrizia Scafato
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Soni S, Parekh MY, Jacob JA, Mack JP, Lobo DE. Kumquat essential oil decreases proliferation and activates JNK signaling and apoptosis in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:445-453. [PMID: 34783965 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kumquats are small citrus fruits produced by the Fortunella japonica tree. In addition to its aroma, kumquat essential oil may have antiproliferative effects; however, research on the effects of kumquat essential oil on human cell lines is limited. This study investigated the effects of kumquat essential oil on the proliferation of three human cell lines (HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cells, and CUA-4 normal human fibroblasts). As the concentration of kumquat essential oil increased, cell proliferation and viability, as measured by MTT activity assays, decreased in all three cell lines. Compared to untreated cells, HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells exposed to kumquat essential oil exhibited an increased presence of phosphorylated JNK. Apoptosis was also stimulated, as PARP cleavage of treated HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells was detected. Use of a JNK inhibitor resulted in decreased PARP cleavage in HT-1080 cells following treatment with kumquat EO, suggesting that activity of JNK is implicated in the stress response. The kumquat essential oil constituents limonene and myrcene both independently led to decreased proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subah Soni
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, 07764, USA
| | - Mruga Y Parekh
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, 07764, USA
| | - Jive A Jacob
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, 07764, USA
| | - James P Mack
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, 07764, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lobo
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, 07764, USA.
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Rampogu S, Kim SM, Shaik B, Lee G, Kim JH, Kim GS, Lee KW, Kim MO. Novel Butein Derivatives Repress DDX3 Expression by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:712824. [PMID: 34485148 PMCID: PMC8416463 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the major causes of mortalities noticed in women globally. DDX3 has emerged as a potent target for several cancers, including breast cancer to which currently there are no reported or approved drugs. Methods To find effective cancer therapeutics, three compounds were computationally designed tweaking the structure of natural compound butein. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer property in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines targeting DDX3. The in silico molecular docking studies have shown that the compounds have occupied the binding site of the human DDX3 target. Furthermore, to investigate the cell viability effect of 3a, 3b, and 3c on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, the cell lines were treated with different concentrations of compounds for 24 and 48 h and measured using MTT assay. Results The cell viability results showed that the have induced dose dependent suppression of DDX3 expression. Additionally, 3b and 3c have reduced the expression of DDX3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231 cell lines. 3b or 3c treated cell lines increased apoptotic protein expression. Both the compounds have induced the apoptotic cell death by elevated levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 and repression of the anti-apoptosis protein BCL-xL. Additionally, they have demonstrated the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in both the cell lines. Additionally, 3c decreased PI3K and AKT levels. Conclusions Our results shed light on the anticancer ability of the designed compounds. These compounds can be employed as chemical spaces to design new prospective drug candidates. Additionally, our computational method can be adapted to design new chemical scaffolds as plausible inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, South Korea.,Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Baji Shaik
- Department of Chemistry (BK 21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Gihwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry (BK 21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Li MC, Zhang YQ, Meng CW, Gao JG, Xie CJ, Liu JY, Xu YN. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley - A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113476. [PMID: 33075438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley (syn. Rhus verniciflua or vernicifera Stokes, Anacardiaceae) (RVS), the lacquer tree, also known as sumac, has been used in China, Japan and South Korea for thousands of years as a highly durable coating material and a traditional herbal medicine, which contains medicinal ingredients with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-rheumatic activities. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review intends to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of RVS, including its phytochemical data, botanical and pharmacological literature that support its therapeutic potential in treatment on human diseases, with emphasis on the isolation of natural occurring compounds and detailed pharmacological investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specific information of RVS was collected by using the key words "Toxicodendron vernicifluum", "Rhus verniciflua Stokes", "Rhus vernicifera Stokes" and "Lacquer tree" through published scientific materials (including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Scifinder, Springer, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar) and other literature sources. RESULTS The major phytoconstituents, 175 of which are presented in this review, including flavonoids, urushiols, terpenes, phenolic acids and other types of compounds, of which flavonoids and urushiols are main components. The extracts and isolates purified from RVS showed a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibition and so on. CONCLUSION The modern pharmacological research of RVS mainly focus on the pharmacological effects of crude extract or active constituents, of which the flavonoids are widely studied. However, there are few reports on the relationship between pharmacological effects and their structures. And at present, there is still a lack of researches that are of both effective and in-depth. Meanwhile, there is little research on quality control. Apart from the wood and lacquer, other botanical parts also need to be explored further. In addition to phenolic compounds, the study on other types of components in T. vernicifluum would start more sparks for the discovery of new bioactive principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cai-Wen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin-Gou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao-Jie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yong Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Do BH, Hoang NS, Nguyen TPT, Ho NQC, Le TL, Doan CC. Phenolic Extraction of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Induces Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Activation of Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Melanoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:869-888. [PMID: 32530312 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1776885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. has long been used to treat many diseases, including diabetes, aging, inflammatory, and cancer. Many studies have revealed that the crude extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves possesses anticancer property. Therefore, in this study, the extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was fractionated using different solvents to figure out the most effective fraction for anti-proliferative effect on melanoma cells. Methanol extract (MO-ME), hexane fraction (MO-HE), chloroform fraction (MO-CH), ethyl acetate fraction (MO-EA), and water-soluble fraction (MO-WA) of Moringa oleifera leaves were prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The anti-proliferative activity on melanoma cells and normal cells was investigated using WST-1 assay. The apoptotic activity was assessed by testing DNA condensation, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. The expression of apoptosis-related genes, the mitochondrial depolarization, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were then examined to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this regard, MO-ME, MO-EA, and MO-CH inhibited the proliferation of both A375 human melanoma cells and A2058 human melanoma cells, but had little effect on WS1 normal human skin fibroblasts and primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Among fractions, the phenolic-rich MO-EA markedly inhibited the growth of A375 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The anti-proliferation was supposed to be mediated via apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the significant increase of condensed chromatin, DNA fragmentation, and PS externalization. The apoptosis was stimulated by enhanced ROS production and reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. MO-EA activated Bax while reducing Bcl-2 expression, leading to an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The mechanisms of cell death involved in activation of Caspase-3/7 and Caspase-9 (Caspase-dependent pathway), activation, and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) into the nucleus (Caspase-independent pathway). Our study indicated that the phenolic-rich fraction exerted significant anticancer effects on melanoma cells in vitro which involved in Caspase-dependent and Caspase-independent apoptosis pathways mediated by mitochondrial ROS. These results provided a fundament for the using of phenolic-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves to treat skin cancer effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bich Hang Do
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nghia Son Hoang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quynh Chi Ho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long Le
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Chung Doan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Lee HS, Jung JI, Kim KH, Park SJ, Kim EJ. Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract suppresses migration and invasion in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:463-477. [PMID: 33029287 PMCID: PMC7520559 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.5.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Many studies have suggested that Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) and its extract are anticancer agents. However, RVS had limited use because it contains urushiol, an allergenic toxin. By improving an existing allergen-removal extraction method, we developed a new allergen-free Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract (RVSE) with higher flavonoid content. In this study, we examined whether RVSE inhibits the ability of AGS gastric cancer cells to migrate and invade. MATERIALS/METHODS The flavonoids content of RVSE was analyzed by HPLC. The effects of RVSE on migration and invasion in AGS cells were analyzed by each assay kit. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) protein expression was analyzed by protein antibody array. The Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 were assayed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS RVSE treatment with 0-100 μg/mL dose-dependently reduced the ability of AGS cells to migrate and invade. Notably, treatment with RVSE strongly inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and uPA and the phosphorylation of STAT3. In contrast, RVSE treatment dramatically increased the expression of PAI-1. These results indicate that the inhibition of MMP-9 and uPA expression and STAT3 phosphorylation and the stimulation of PAI-1 expression contributed to the decreased migration and invasion of AGS cells treated with RVSE. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RVSE may be used as a natural herbal agent to reduce gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | | | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Immune Checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4/CD80 are Blocked by Rhus verniciflua Stokes and its Active Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224062. [PMID: 31717574 PMCID: PMC6891444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) has been used to treat cancer in Korean herbal medicine. When we screened for PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4/CD80) from around 800 herbal extracts using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), we found that RVS blocked both the PD-1/PD-L1 and the CTLA-4/CD80 interactions. To identify the active compounds from RVS, we performed bioactivity-guided fractionation, and the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of RVS proved to be the most effective at blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80 interactions. In addition, we isolated and identified 20 major compounds in the EtOAc fraction of RVS and then examined the blocking effects of these 20 compounds on PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80. Among them, four compounds [eriodictyol (7) > fisetin (9) > quercetin (18) > liquiritigenin (13)] blocked the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1 on competitive ELISA. In addition, four different compounds [protocatechuic acid (2) > caffeic acid (19) > taxifolin (5) > butin (6)] blocked the interaction of CTLA-4/CD80. Our findings suggest that RVS and its components could be used as a potential immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade and could be developed for immuno-oncological therapeutics.
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Mendonca P, Horton A, Bauer D, Messeha S, Soliman KFA. The inhibitory effects of butein on cell proliferation and TNF-α-induced CCL2 release in racially different triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215269. [PMID: 31665136 PMCID: PMC6821048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the leading cause of breast cancer-related mortality in women, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype, affecting African American women more aggressively compared to Caucasians women. Of all cancer-related deaths, 15 to 20% are associated with inflammation, where proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the tumorigenesis process. The current study investigated the effects of the polyphenolic compound butein (2',3,4,4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) on cell proliferation and survival, as well as its modulatory effect on the release of proinflammatory cytokines in MDA-MB-231 (Caucasian) and MDA-MB-468 (African American) TNBC cell. The results obtained showed that butein decreased cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner, and after 72-h of treatment, the cell proliferation rate was reduced in both cell lines. In addition, butein was found to have higher potency in MDA-MB-468, exhibiting anti-proliferative effects in lower concentrations. Apoptosis assays demonstrated that butein (50 μM) increased apoptotic cells in MDA MB-468, showing 60% of the analyzed cells in the apoptotic phase, compared to 20% in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, butein downregulated both protein and mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, CCL2, and IKBKE in TNFα-activated Caucasian cells, but not in African Americans. This study demonstrates butein potential in cancer cell suppression showing a higher cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects in African Americans, compared to Caucasians TNBC cells. It also reveals the butein inhibitory effect on CCL2 expression with a possible association with IKBKE downregulation in MDA-MB-231 cells only, indicating that Caucasians and African Americans TNBC cells respond differently to butein treatment. The obtained findings may provide an explanation regarding the poor therapeutic response in African American patients with advanced TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ainsley Horton
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samia Messeha
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zhou Y, Li M, Yu X, Liu T, Li T, Zhou L, Liu W, Li W, Gao F. Butein suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth via modulating Aurora B kinase activity. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1521-1534. [PMID: 30263005 PMCID: PMC6158728 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora B is aberrantly expressed in various tumors and shown to be a promising target for cancer therapy. Butein, a chalcone isolated from Rhus cerniciflua, has demonstrated antitumor activities in different cancers. In this study, we aimed to validate whether Aurora B kinase was the direct target of butein to exhibit its potency in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Comparing with the normal cell line and tissue, Aurora B was overexpressed in all tested HCC cells and the majority of tumor tissue. Knocking down of Aurora B with shRNA substantially inhibited HCC cell proliferation, colony formation and delayed tumor growth in nude mice. Except computer docking, a series of kinase assays revealed butein directly interacted with Aurora B and inhibited its kinase activity. Along with the decrease of Aurora B and histone H3 phosphorylation, HCC cells were induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and subjected to cell apoptosis. Butein-mediated antitumor activities were substantially impaired in Aurora B knockdown cells, suggesting Aurora B was an important target of butein in HCC. Oral administration of butein substantially restrained HCC xenograft growth and the expressions of Ki67 and phosphor-histone H3 were significantly decreased in butein-treated tissue. To the best of our knowledge, our studies revealed that Aurora B was the direct target of butein in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Xinyou Yu
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-Industry Co., Ltd., Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, P.R. China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, P.R. China
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12
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Jeong JH, An JH, Yang H, Kim DK, Lee NS, Jeong YG, Na CS, Na DS, Dong MS, Han SY. Protective effect of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract in an experimental model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:219-229. [PMID: 29043101 PMCID: PMC5639177 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a major global human health concern. Owing to the need for therapeutic drugs without side effects, natural extracts containing various polyphenolic compounds that may exert estrogenic effects have been studied in depth. Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), which has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for centuries in Korea, was recently revealed to exert estrogenic effects attributable to its bioactive ingredients sulfuretin and butein, which have strong estrogen receptor–binding affinities. In this study, the protective potential of RVS in PMO was evaluated by using an experimental animal model of PMO, which was established by ovariectomy (OVX) of female Sprague Dawley rats. The oral administration of RVS at 20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks markedly protected against OVX-induced atrophy of the uterine tube and reversed the elevation in the ratio of serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand to osteoprotegerin, which is a marker of disease severity. In addition, RVS inhibited OVX-induced tibia bone loss, activated osteogenic activity, and suppressed osteoclastic activity in the tibial epiphyseal plate, a region of bone remodeling. Collectively, these factors indicated that the oral intake of RVS might be beneficial for the prevention of PMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon An
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Do-Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nam-Seob Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Gil Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Mi-Sook Dong
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Padmavathi G, Rathnakaram SR, Monisha J, Bordoloi D, Roy NK, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone to obliterate cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1163-1171. [PMID: 26598915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the major advances made in the field of cancer biology, it still remains one of the most fatal diseases in the world. It is now well established that natural products are safe and efficacious and have high potential in the prevention and treatment of different diseases including cancer. Butein is one such compound which is now found to have anti-cancer properties against various malignancies. PURPOSE To thoroughly review the literature available on the anti-cancer properties of butein against different cancers and its molecular targets. METHODS A thorough literature search has been done in PubMed for butein, its biological activities especially cancer and its molecular targets. RESULTS Our search retrieved several reports on the various biological activities of butein in which around 43 articles reported that butein shows potential anti-proliferative effect against a wide range of neoplasms and the molecular target varies with cancer types. Most often it targets NF-κB and its downstream pathways. In addition, butein induces the expression of genes which mediate the cell death and apoptosis in cancer cells. It also inhibits tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in prostate, liver and bladder cancers through the inhibition of MMPs, VEGF etc. Moreover, it inhibits the overexpression of several proteins and enzymes such as STAT3, ERK, CXCR4, COX-2, Akt, EGFR, Ras etc. involved in tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION Collectively, all these findings suggest the enormous potential and efficacy of butein as a multitargeted chemotherapeutic, chemopreventive and chemosensitizing agent against a wide range of cancers with minimal or no adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sivakumar Raju Rathnakaram
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nand Kishor Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India .
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14
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Kim KH, Moon E, Choi SU, Pang C, Kim SY, Lee KR. Identification of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from the bark of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:231-237. [PMID: 25582488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley (Anacardiaceae) has traditionally been used as a food supplement and in traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and cancers for centuries in Korea. This study was designed to isolate the bioactive constituents from the ethanol extract of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark and evaluate their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark resulted in the isolation and identification of three new polyphenols (1-3) and six flavonoids (4-9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ((1)H, (13)C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments), and high resolution (HR)-mass spectrometry, and their absolute configurations were further confirmed by chemical methods and circular dichroism (CD) data analysis. Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15), and anti-inflammatory activities by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels in the medium of murine microglia BV-2 cells. RESULTS The isolated compounds were characterized as in the following: three new polyphenols, rhusopolyphenols G-I (1-3) and six flavonoids including two aurones, 2-benzyl-2,3',4',6-tetrahydroxybenzo[b]furan-3(2H)-one (4), sulfuretin (5), two dihydroflavonols, (+)-(2S,3R)-fustin (6), (+)-epitaxifolin (7), one chalcone, butein (8), and one flavonol, fisetin (9). The published NMR assignments of 4 were corrected by the detailed analysis of spectroscopic data in this study. Among the tested compounds, compounds 4-9 showed antiproliferative activity against the tested cells, with IC50 values of 4.78-28.89 μM. Compounds 5 and 8 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 23.37 and 11.68 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Polyphenols including flavonoids were one of the main constituents of Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark, and activities demonstrated by the isolated compounds support the ethnopharmacological use of Toxicodendron vernicifluum as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Sak K. Cytotoxicity of dietary flavonoids on different human cancer types. Pharmacogn Rev 2014; 8:122-46. [PMID: 25125885 PMCID: PMC4127821 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.134247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in nature. They are also in food, providing an essential link between diet and prevention of chronic diseases including cancer. Anticancer effects of these polyphenols depend on several factors: Their chemical structure and concentration, and also on the type of cancer. Malignant cells from different tissues reveal somewhat different sensitivity toward flavonoids and, therefore, the preferences of the most common dietary flavonoids to various human cancer types are analyzed in this review. While luteolin and kaempferol can be considered as promising candidate agents for treatment of gastric and ovarian cancers, respectively, apigenin, chrysin, and luteolin have good perspectives as potent antitumor agents for cervical cancer; cells from main sites of flavonoid metabolism (colon and liver) reveal rather large fluctuations in anticancer activity probably due to exposure to various metabolites with different activities. Anticancer effect of flavonoids toward blood cancer cells depend on their myeloid, lymphoid, or erythroid origin; cytotoxic effects of flavonoids on breast and prostate cancer cells are highly related to the expression of hormone receptors. Different flavonoids are often preferentially present in certain food items, and knowledge about the malignant tissue-specific anticancer effects of flavonoids could be purposely applied both in chemoprevention as well as in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sak
- Non Government Organization Praeventio, Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Sulfuretin inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death via reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 74:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Inhibition of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Allergen Removed Rhus verniciflua Stoke Standardized Extract and Constituents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:150351. [PMID: 25061471 PMCID: PMC4100265 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Potential interactions between herbal extracts and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system lead to serious adverse events or decreased drug efficacy. Rhus verniciflua stoke (RVS) and its constituents have been reported to have various pharmacological properties. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of RVS and its constituents on the major CYP isoforms. Methods. The effects of allergen removed RVS (aRVS) standardized extract and major components, fustin and fisetin isolated from aRVS, were evaluated on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 isoenzyme activity by a luminescent CYP recombinant human enzyme assay. Results. The aRVS extract showed relative potent inhibitory effects on the CYP2C9 (IC50, <0.001 μg/mL), CYP2C19 (IC50, 9.68 μg/mL), and CYP1A2 (IC50, 10.0 μg/mL). However, it showed weak inhibition on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Fustin showed moderate inhibitory effects on the CYP2C19 (IC50, 64.3 μg/mL) and weak inhibition of the other CYP isoforms similar to aRVS. Fisetin showed potent inhibitory effects on CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2. Fisetin showed moderate inhibition of CYP2D6 and weak inhibition of CYP3A4. Conclusions. These results indicate that aRVS, a clinically available herbal medicine, could contribute to herb-drug interactions when orally coadministered with drugs metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2.
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18
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Kim JH, Shin YC, Ko SG. Integrating traditional medicine into modern inflammatory diseases care: multitargeting by Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:154561. [PMID: 25024508 PMCID: PMC4082934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that numerous researches were performed on prevention and treatment of inflammation related diseases, the overall incidence has not changed remarkably. This requires new approaches to overcome inflammation mediated diseases, and thus traditional medicine could be an efficacious source for prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of traditional medicine, especially Rhus verniciflua Stokes, to modern medicine against diverse inflammation mediated diseases. Traditionally, this remedy has been used in Eastern Asia for the treatment of gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against such disorders and diseases. Various chemical constituents have been identified from this plant, including phenolic acid, and flavonoids. Cell-based studies have exhibited the potential of this as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, and anticancer activities. Enormous animal studies have shown the potential of this against proinflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, and chemical insults. At the molecular level, this medicinal plant has been shown to modulate diverse cell-signaling pathways. In clinical studies, Rhus verniciflua Stokes has shown efficacy against various cancer patients such as colorectal, gastric, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and pulmonary cancers. Thus, this remedy is now exhibiting activities in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lee J, Chae J, Lee S, Kim K, Eo W, Kim S, Choi W, Cheon SH. The efficacy and safety of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua extract as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:773-87. [PMID: 23895151 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy improves the survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but tumor progression is often inevitable. Strategies are needed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. Over recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy. We investigated the efficacy and safety of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract (aRVS) as maintenance therapy in patients with non-progressive disease following first-line chemotherapy. We reviewed the medical records of 33 patients with advanced NSCLC, who started treatment with aRVS in a state of tumor regression or stable disease after completion of four or six cycles of induction chemotherapy at the Integrative Cancer Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong from June 2006 to April 2012. The primary objective of this study was progression-free survival (PFS) of aRVS as maintenance therapy. Secondary objectives included assessments of disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and the safety of aRVS treatment. The median PFS was 5.2 months with a 6- and 12-month PFS rate of 40.6% and 12.9%, respectively. The DCR was 93.9% and the median OS was 34.8 months. The overall survival rates at 12, 24, and 36 months were 84.2%, 76.7% and 49.9%, respectively. We observed no hematologic toxicity, nephrotoxicity, or hepatotoxicity during aRVS treatment. In conclusion, maintenance therapy with aRVS for patients with advanced NSCLC is well-tolerated and offers encouraging improved PFS and OS compared with historical controls. Our data provide further evidence that aRVS may be used beyond disease progression in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Impact of Standardized Allergen-Removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract on Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: A Case Series. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:203168. [PMID: 23710214 PMCID: PMC3654714 DOI: 10.1155/2013/203168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AAV) is a rare malignancy that has a better prognosis than other periampullary cancers. However, the standard treatment for patients with relapsed or metastatic AAV has not been established. We investigated the clinical feasibility of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua stokes (aRVS) extract for advanced or metastatic AAV. Patients and Methods. From July 2006 to April 2011, we retrospectively reviewed all patients with advanced AAV treated with aRVS extract alone. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 12 patients were eligible for the final analysis. We assessed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients during the follow-up period. Results. The median aRVS administration period was 147.0 days (range: 72–601 days). The best tumor responses according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were as follows: two with complete response, two with stable disease, and eight with progressive disease. The median OS was 15.1 months (range: 4.9–25.1 months), and the median PFS was 3.0 months (range: 1.6–11.4 months). Adverse reactions to the aRVS treatment were mostly mild and self-limiting. Conclusions. Prolonged survival was observed in patients with advanced AAV under the treatment of standardized aRVS extract without significant adverse effects.
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Yang LH, Ho YJ, Lin JF, Yeh CW, Kao SH, Hsu LS. Butein inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and modulation of ERK and p38 activities. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1126-32. [PMID: 22895548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) is a polyphenol derived from various natural plants and is capable of inducing several types of death in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying butein-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis remain unknown. The present study aimed to prove that butein inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB‑231 human breast cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Butein markedly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), increased p38 activity, diminished Bcl-2 expression, induced caspase 3 cleavage and was associated with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Our findings also indicate that ROS may play an important role in butein-induced apoptosis, as pre-treatment with the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), prevented butein-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that butein inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells through the generation of ROS and the modulation of ERK and p38 activities. We also demonstrate that these effects may be abrogaged by pre-treatment with NAC. Our results suggest that butein may function as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Heng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
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22
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Chen YH, Yeh CW, Lo HC, Su SL, Hseu YC, Hsu LS. Generation of reactive oxygen species mediates butein-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1233-7. [PMID: 22245810 PMCID: PMC3583478 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids exhibit chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. Butein, a bioactive flavonoid isolated from numerous native plants, has been shown to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. In the current study, the molecular mechanisms of butein action on cell proliferation and apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells were evaluated. Treatment with butein decreased the viability of Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The dose-dependent nature of butein-induced apoptosis was characterized by an increase in the sub-G1 phase population. Treatment with butein significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)levels and reduced the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, triggering the cleavage of pro-caspase 3 and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Pre-treatment with the antioxidant agent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), blocks butein-induced ROS generation and cell death. NAC also recovers butein-induced apoptosis-related protein alteration. In conclusion, butein-triggered neuroblastoma cells undergo apoptosis via generation of ROS, alteration of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and cleavage of pro-caspase 3 and PARP. Our results suggest that butein may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Lee S, Kim K, Jung H, Lee S, Cheon S, Kim S, Eo W, Choi W. Efficacy and safety of standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract in patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a Korean single-center experience. Oncology 2011; 81:312-8. [PMID: 22179506 DOI: 10.1159/000334695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis because of poor response to conventional therapy. We investigated the clinical feasibility of the standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes (aRVS) extract as a potential therapeutic agent for advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From July 2006 to June 2010, patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were checked in our institution. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 42 patients were eligible for the final analysis. Overall survival, clinical benefit and adverse events of these patients treated with aRVS in the aftercare period were determined. RESULTS In May 2011, 39 patients had died and the remaining 3 patients were alive with evidence of disease. The mean RVS administration period was 3.86 months (95% confidence interval 2.52-5.20). The median overall survival for the entire population was 7.87 months (95% confidence interval 5.14-10.59), and the 1-year survival rate was 26.2%, which is compatible with external controls. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, aRVS treatment including performance status and prognostic index significantly affected overall survival. A clinical benefit response was also shown by aRVS treatment which was not dependent on concurrent chemotherapy. Adverse reactions to aRVS treatment were mostly mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS The standardized aRVS extract might be beneficial for patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer since it positively affected overall survival and clinical symptoms without significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Integrative Cancer Center, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rhus verniciflua stokes against advanced cancer: a perspective from the Korean Integrative Cancer Center. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:874276. [PMID: 22174564 PMCID: PMC3228301 DOI: 10.1155/2012/874276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Active anticancer molecules have been searched from natural products; many drugs were developed from either natural products or their derivatives following the conventional pharmaceutical paradigm of drug discovery. However, the advances in the knowledge of cancer biology have led to personalized medicine using molecular-targeted agents which create new paradigm. Clinical benefit is dependent on individual biomarker and overall survival is prolonged through cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects to cancer cell. Therefore, a different approach is needed from the single lead compound screening model based on cytotoxicity. In our experience, the Rhus verniciflua stoke (RVS) extract traditionally used for cancer treatment is beneficial to some advanced cancer patients though it is herbal extract not single compound, and low cytotoxic in vitro. The standardized RVS extract's action mechanisms as well as clinical outcomes are reviewed here. We hope that these preliminary results would stimulate different investigation in natural products from conventional chemicals.
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25
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Cheon SH, Kim KS, Kim S, Jung HS, Choi WC, Eo WK. Efficacy and safety of Rhus verniciflua stokes extracts in patients with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:77-83. [PMID: 21576976 DOI: 10.1159/000327306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have modest survival benefits but high toxicity. Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), the lacquer tree, is an ancient traditional medicine being used for the treatment of cancer. We investigated the efficacy and safety of allergen-removed RVS extract (aRVS) for the prolongation of survival in NSCLC after the failure of first-line or second-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 40 patients who were treated with aRVS for previously treated, advanced NSCLC at the M×μ Integrative Cancer Center, Korea, between June 2006 and June 2009. The primary objective of this study was to assess overall survival. Secondary objectives included assessments of disease control rates, progression-free survival, and the safety of aRVS treatment. RESULTS The median survival time was 8.4 months with a 1-year survival of 40%. The disease control rate was 63.6%, and the median progression-free survival interval was 3.9 months. Patients who had better performance status and adenocarcinoma experienced more favorable outcomes in terms of overall survival. in aRVS treatment were negligible, with the most common drug-related adverse events being mild epigastric pain and itching skin. Hematologic toxicity was absent. CONCLUSIONS Survival data and favorable levels of tolerability suggest the potential of aRVS treatment in previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC. Treatment with aRVS might be a viable alternative in patients for whom chemotherapy is not feasible, or who refuse chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ha Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, M×μ Integrative Cancer Center, East West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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