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Pagotto GLDO, dos Santos LMO, Osman N, Lamas CB, Laurindo LF, Pomini KT, Guissoni LM, de Lima EP, Goulart RDA, Catharin VMCS, Direito R, Tanaka M, Barbalho SM. Ginkgo biloba: A Leaf of Hope in the Fight against Alzheimer's Dementia: Clinical Trial Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:651. [PMID: 38929090 PMCID: PMC11201198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a stealthy and progressive neurological disorder that is a leading cause of dementia in the global elderly population, imposing a significant burden on both the elderly and society. Currently, the condition is treated with medications that alleviate symptoms. Nonetheless, these drugs may not consistently produce the desired results and can cause serious side effects. Hence, there is a vigorous pursuit of alternative options to enhance the quality of life for patients. Ginkgo biloba (GB), an herb with historical use in traditional medicine, contains bioactive compounds such as terpenoids (Ginkgolides A, B, and C), polyphenols, organic acids, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin). These compounds are associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making them valuable for cognitive health. A systematic search across three databases using specific keywords-GB in AD and dementia-yielded 1702 documents, leading to the selection of 15 clinical trials for synthesis. In eleven studies, GB extract/EGb 761® was shown to improve cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functional abilities in both dementia types. In four studies, however, there were no significant differences between the GB-treated and placebo groups. Significant improvements were observed in scores obtained from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). While the majority of synthesized clinical trials show that Ginkgo biloba has promising potential for the treatment of these conditions, more research is needed to determine optimal dosages, effective delivery methods, and appropriate pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, a thorough assessment of adverse effects, exploration of long-term use implications, and investigation into potential drug interactions are critical aspects that must be carefully evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Lopes de Oliveira Pagotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Livia Maria Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Najwa Osman
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Caroline Barbalho Lamas
- Department of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leila M. Guissoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Enzo Pereira de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Virginia M. C. Strozze Catharin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (G.L.d.O.P.); (L.M.O.d.S.); (N.O.); (L.F.L.); (K.T.P.); (L.M.G.); (E.P.d.L.); (V.M.C.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
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Martínez-Alonso E, Guerra-Pérez N, Escobar-Peso A, Regidor I, Masjuan J, Alcázar A. Differential Association of 4E-BP2-Interacting Proteins Is Related to Selective Delayed Neuronal Death after Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910327. [PMID: 34638676 PMCID: PMC8509075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces an inhibition of protein synthesis and causes cell death and neuronal deficits. These deleterious effects do not occur in resilient areas of the brain, where protein synthesis is restored. In cellular stress conditions, as brain ischemia, translational repressors named eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) specifically bind to eIF4E and are critical in the translational control. We previously described that 4E-BP2 protein, highly expressed in brain, can be a molecular target for the control of cell death or survival in the reperfusion after ischemia in an animal model of transient cerebral ischemia. Since these previous studies showed that phosphorylation would not be the regulation that controls the binding of 4E-BP2 to eIF4E under ischemic stress, we decided to investigate the differential detection of 4E-BP2-interacting proteins in two brain regions with different vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in this animal model, to discover new potential 4E-BP2 modulators and biomarkers of cerebral ischemia. For this purpose, 4E-BP2 immunoprecipitates from the resistant cortical region and the vulnerable hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE), and after a biological variation analysis, 4E-BP2-interacting proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Interestingly, among the 4E-BP2-interacting proteins identified, heat shock 70 kDa protein-8 (HSC70), dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2 (DRP2), enolase-1, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme-L1 (UCHL1), adenylate kinase isoenzyme-1 (ADK1), nucleoside diphosphate kinase-A (NDKA), and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor-1 (Rho-GDI), were of notable interest, showing significant differences in their association with 4E-BP2 between resistant and vulnerable regions to ischemic stress. Our data contributes to the first characterization of the 4E-BP2 interactome, increasing the knowledge in the molecular basis of the protection and vulnerability of the ischemic regions and opens the way to detect new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diagnosis and treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-A.); (N.G.-P.); (A.E.-P.)
- Proteomics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Guerra-Pérez
- Department of Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-A.); (N.G.-P.); (A.E.-P.)
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Department of Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-A.); (N.G.-P.); (A.E.-P.)
| | - Ignacio Regidor
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaime Masjuan
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-A.); (N.G.-P.); (A.E.-P.)
- Proteomics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Xiang D, Sun S, Wang G, Liu Z. Effects of CRMP2 DNA Methylation in the Hippocampus on Depressive-Like Behaviors and Cytoskeletal Proteins in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:644663. [PMID: 33815064 PMCID: PMC8010135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.644663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress appears to alter DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in brain regions related to emotion. Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) mediates the development of depression by regulating microtubule dynamics. In this study, rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). At the end of the CUMS procedure, normal saline or fluoxetine was administered to the rats. Moreover, normal saline or the 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza) was administered to the hippocampal CA1 region of the rats. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the depressive-like phenotypes. The CRMP2 DNA methylation levels and cytoskeletal microtubular system-related biomarkers were detected by several molecular biology techniques. The results showed that the rat model of depression was successfully established by exposure to CUMS, and fluoxetine treatment exerted an antidepressant-like effect. We observed the upregulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3a in the hippocampus of stressed rats. CUMS induced a decrease in CRMP2 expression and an increase in phosphorylated CRMP2 (pCRMP2) expression in the hippocampus of rats. The rate of DNA methylation in the CpG island of the CRMP2 promoter region in the hippocampus of stressed rats was significantly higher than that in control rats. Moreover, CUMS significantly decreased the interaction between CRMP2 and α-tubulin and decreased the microtubule dynamics. Chronic fluoxetine treatment reversed these changes. Also, hypomethylation induced by 5-aza injection into the hippocampal CA1 region caused antidepressant-like effects and increased CRMP2 expression and microtubule dynamics. These results suggested that CRMP2 DNA methylation may be involved in regulating the cytoskeletal microtubular system and mediating depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Liu J, Su G, Gao J, Tian Y, Liu X, Zhang Z. Effects of Peroxiredoxin 2 in Neurological Disorders: A Review of its Molecular Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:720-730. [PMID: 32002772 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are closely related to the pathological processes of neurological disorders. Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is an abundant antioxidant enzyme in the central nervous system. Prdx2 reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and participates in regulating various signaling pathways in neurons by catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thereby protecting neurons against oxidative stress and an inflammatory injury. However, the spillage of Prdx2, as damage-associated molecular patterns, accelerates brain damage after stroke by activating an inflammatory response. The post-translational modifications of Prdx2 also affect its enzyme activity. This review focuses on the effects of Prdx2 and its molecular mechanisms in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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Li H, You W, Li X, Shen H, Chen G. Proteomic-Based Approaches for the Study of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:601-606. [PMID: 31278685 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Han S, Howells DW, Li S, Li J. Conventional protein kinase Cβ-mediated phosphorylation inhibits collapsin response-mediated protein 2 proteolysis and alleviates ischemic injury in cultured cortical neurons and ischemic stroke-induced mice. J Neurochem 2016; 137:446-59. [PMID: 26788931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that conventional protein kinase C (cPKC)β participated in hypoxic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury, and collapsin response-mediated protein 2 (CRMP2) was identified as a cPKCβ interacting protein. In this study, we explored the regulation of CRMP2 phosphorylation and proteolysis by cPKCβ, and their role in ischemic injury of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated cortical neurons and brains of mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemic stroke. The results demonstrated that cPKCβ-mediated CRMP2 phosphorylation via the cPKCβ-selective activator 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate (DOPPA) and inhibition of calpain-mediated CRMP2 proteolysis by calpeptin and a fusing peptide containing TAT peptide and the calpain cleavage site of CRMP2 (TAT-CRMP2) protected neurons against OGD-induced cell death through inhibiting CRMP2 proteolysis in cultured cortical neurons. The OGD-induced nuclear translocation of the CRMP2 breakdown product was inhibited by DOPPA, calpeptin, and TAT-CRMP2 in cortical neurons. In addition, both cPKCβ activation and CRMP2 proteolysis inhibition by hypoxic preconditioning and intracerebroventricular injections of DOPPA, calpeptin, and TAT-CRMP2 improved the neurological deficit in addition to reducing the infarct volume and proportions of cells with pyknotic nuclei in the peri-infact region of mice with ischemic stroke. These results suggested that cPKCβ modulates CRMP2 phosphorylation and proteolysis, and cPKCβ activation alleviates ischemic injury in the cultured cortical neurons and brains of mice with ischemic stroke through inhibiting CRMP2 proteolysis by phosphorylation. Focal cerebral ischemia induces a large flux of Ca(2+) to activate calpain which cleaves collapsin response mediator (CRMP) 2 into breakdown product (BDP). Inhibition of CRMP2 cleavage by calpeptin and TAT-CRMP2 alleviates ischemic injury. Conventional protein kinase C (cPKC)β-mediated phosphorylation could inhibit CRMP2 proteolysis and alleviate ischemic injury in cultured cortical neurons and ischemic stroke-induced mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - David W Howells
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Nash KM, Shah ZA. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 26604665 PMCID: PMC4640423 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative medicine available as a standardized formulation, EGb 761®, which consists of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonoids. The individual constituents have varying therapeutic mechanisms that contribute to the pharmacological activity of the extract as a whole. Recent studies show anxiolytic properties of ginkgolide A, migraine with aura treatment by ginkgolide B, a reduction in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity by bilobalide, and an alternative antihypertensive property of quercetin, among others. These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This review explores the therapeutic mechanisms of the individual EGb 761 constituents to explain the pharmacology as a whole and its clinical application to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, in particular ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA. ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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Recent Advance in Applications of Proteomics Technologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine Research. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:983139. [PMID: 26557869 PMCID: PMC4629032 DOI: 10.1155/2015/983139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics technology, a major component of system biology, has gained comprehensive attention in the area of medical diagnosis, drug development, and mechanism research. On the holistic and systemic theory, proteomics has a convergence with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this review, we discussed the applications of proteomic technologies in diseases-TCM syndrome combination researches. We also introduced the proteomic studies on the in vivo and in vitro effects and underlying mechanisms of TCM treatments using Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), Chinese herbal formula (CHF), and acupuncture. Furthermore, the combined studies of proteomics with other “-omics” technologies in TCM were also discussed. In summary, this report presents an overview of the recent advances in the application of proteomic technologies in TCM studies and sheds a light on the future global and further research on TCM.
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Proteomics in Traditional Chinese Medicine with an Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:393510. [PMID: 26557146 PMCID: PMC4628675 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This increasing demand for TCM needs to be accompanied by a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of TCM-based therapy. However, TCM is often described as a concept of Chinese philosophy, which is incomprehensible for Western medical society, thereby creating a gap between TCM and Western medicine (WM). In order to meet this challenge, TCM research has applied proteomics technologies for exploring the mechanisms of action of TCM treatment. Proteomics enables TCM researchers to oversee various pathways that are affected by treatment, as well as the dynamics of their interactions with one another. This review discusses the utility of comparative proteomics to better understand how TCM treatment may be used as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, we review the data from comparative AD-related TCM proteomics studies and establish the relevance of the data with available AD hypotheses, most notably regarding the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
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Wang CZ, Moss J, Yuan CS. Commonly Used Dietary Supplements on Coagulation Function during Surgery. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 2:157-185. [PMID: 26949700 PMCID: PMC4777343 DOI: 10.3390/medicines2030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who undergo surgery appear to use dietary supplements significantly more frequently than the general population. Because they contain pharmacologically active compounds, dietary supplements may affect coagulation and platelet function during the perioperative period through direct effects, pharmacodynamic interactions, and pharmacokinetic interactions. However, in this regard, limited studies have been conducted that address the pharmacological interactions of dietary supplements. To avoid possible bleeding risks during surgery, information of potential complications of dietary supplements during perioperative management is important for physicians. METHODS Through a systematic database search of all available years, articles were identified in this review if they included dietary supplements and coagulation/platelet function, while special attention was paid to studies published after 1990. RESULTS Safety concerns are reported in commercially available dietary supplements. Effects of the most commonly used natural products on blood coagulation and platelet function are systematically reviewed, including 11 herbal medicines (echinacea, ephedra, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, green tea, kava, saw palmetto, St John's wort, and valerian) and 4 other dietary supplements (coenzyme Q10, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, fish oil, and vitamins). Bleeding risks of garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, green tea, saw palmetto, St John's wort, and fish oil are reported. Cardiovascular instability was observed with ephedra, ginseng, and kava. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary supplements and drugs used in the perioperative period are discussed. CONCLUSIONS To prevent potential problems associated with the use of dietary supplements, physicians should be familiar with the perioperative effects of commonly used dietary supplements. Since the effects of dietary supplements on coagulation and platelet function are difficult to predict, it is prudent to advise their discontinuation before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-773-702-0166; Fax: +1-773-834-0601
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Tian H, Zhang H, Zhu J, Zhang J, Cai H, Zhang Y, Chen C. Acupuncture activates signal transduction pathways related to brain-tissue restoration after ischemic injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1866-72. [PMID: 25624812 PMCID: PMC4298900 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.24.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A middle cerebral artery occlusion-model was established in rats using the improved thread embolism method. Rats were treated with acupuncture at either Dazhui (DU14), Renzhong (DU26), Baihui (DU20), or a non-meridian point. Detection with protein-chip technology showed that the level of protein phosphorylation in both groups was upregulated or downregulated depending on the signaling pathway compared with the model group that did not receive acupuncture. Analysis of proteins showing downregulated phosphorylation revealed that five signaling pathways were activated in the acupuncture-treatment group, while only two were activated in the acupuncture- control group. In contrast, analysis of proteins showing upregulated phosphorylation revealed only one pathway was activated in the acupuncture-treatment group, whereas four pathways were activated in the acupuncture-control group. Furthermore, the number of activated proteins in the acupuncture-treatment group was not only higher than the acupuncture-control group, but unlike the acupuncture-control group, the majority of activated proteins were key proteins in the signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that acupuncture at specific points can activate multiple signaling pathways to promote the restoration of brain tissue following ischemic injury, and that this is based on a combination of effects resulting from multiple pathways, targets, and means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Meridians and Viscera, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meridians and Viscera, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Junbao Zhu
- Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Ningxiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxiang 410600, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hening Cai
- Postgraduate College, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Postgraduate College, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chutao Chen
- Laboratory of Acupuncture Bioinformatics, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
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12
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism in elderly patients with pre-existing cerebral ischemia. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23:220-5. [PMID: 25847559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECIFIC AIM Cerebral injury caused by hypoperfusion during the perioperative period is one of the main causes of disability and death in patients after major surgery. No effective protective or preventative strategies have been identified. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism in elderly patients with known, pre-existing cerebral ischemia. METHODS Sixty ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) II-III patients, diagnosed with vertebral artery ischemia by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), and scheduled for elective total hip replacement surgery, were enrolled in the study. They were randomly allocated to receive either 1mg/kg Ginkgo biloba extract (G group n=30) or normal saline (D group n=30) after induction of anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from radial artery and jugular venous bulb catheters for blood gas analysis and determination of glucose and lactate concentrations preoperatively, before surgical incision, at the end of surgery, and on post-op day 1. Arterial O2 content (CaO2), jugular venous O2 content (CjvO2), arteriovenous O2 content difference (Da-jvO2), cerebral oxygen extraction rate (CEO2), and arteriovenous glucose and lactate content differences (Da-jvGlu and Da-jvLac) were calculated. RESULTS There were no significant differences in CaO2 or Da-jvGlu during surgery between groups (p>0.05). However, the Ginkgo group had higher CjvO2, internal jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) and lower CEO2, Da-jvO2 and Da-jvLac at the end of surgery (T2) and on post-op day 1 (T3) than those in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Ginkgo biloba extract can improve cerebral oxygen supply, decrease cerebral oxygen extraction rate and consumption, and help maintain the balance between cerebral oxygen supply and consumption. It has no effect, however, on cerebral glucose metabolism in elderly patients with known, pre-existing cerebral ischemia.
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Lao Y, Wang X, Xu N, Zhang H, Xu H. Application of proteomics to determine the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine remedies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1-8. [PMID: 24862488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rationale for using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is based on the experience that has been gained from its wide use over thousands of years. However, the mechanisms of action of many TCM are still unclear. Proteomics, which mainly characterizes protein functions, protein-protein interactions, and protein modification in tissues or animals, can be used to investigate signaling pathway perturbations in cells or the whole body. Proteomics has improved the discovery process of effective TCM compounds, and has helped to elucidate their possible mechanisms of action. Therefore, a systematic review of the application of proteomics on TCM research is of great importance and necessity. This review strives to describe the literature on the application of proteomics to elucidate the mechanism of action of TCM on various diseases, and provide the essential discussion on the further utilization of proteomics data to accelerate TCM research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature survey was performed via electronic search on Pubmed with keywords 'Proteomics' and 'Traditional Chinese Medicine'. The papers written in English were acquired and analyzed in this review. RESULTS This review mainly summarizes the application of proteomics to investigate TCM remedies for neuronal disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunology-related disease. CONCLUSIONS Researchers have applied proteomics to study the mechanism of action of TCM and made substantial progresses. Further studies are required to determine the protein targets of the active compounds, analyze the mechanism of actions in patients, compare the clinical effects with western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Campos-Martorell M, Salvador N, Monge M, Canals F, García-Bonilla L, Hernández-Guillamon M, Ayuso MI, Chacón P, Rosell A, Alcazar A, Montaner J. Brain proteomics identifies potential simvastatin targets in acute phase of stroke in a rat embolic model. J Neurochem 2014; 130:301-12. [PMID: 24661059 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Finding an efficient neuroprotectant is of urgent need in the field of stroke research. The goal of this study was to test the effect of acute simvastatin administration after stroke in a rat embolic model and to explore its mechanism of action through brain proteomics. To that end, male Wistar rats were subjected to a Middle Cerebral Arteria Occlusion and simvastatin (20 mg/kg s.c) (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 9) were administered 15 min after. To evaluate the neuroprotective mechanisms of simvastatin, brain homogenates after 48 h were analyzed by two-dimensional fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) technology. We confirmed that simvastatin reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological impairment at 48 h after the stroke in this model. Considering our proteomics analysis, 66 spots, which revealed significant differences between groups, were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry allowing the identification of 27 proteins. From these results, we suggest that simvastatin protective effect can be partly explained by the attenuation of the oxidative and stress response at blood-brain barrier level after cerebral ischemia. Interestingly, analyzing one of the proteins (HSP75) in plasma from stroke patients who had received simvastatin during the acute phase, we confirmed the results found in the pre-clinical model. Our aim was to study statins benefits when administered during the acute phase of stroke and to explore its mechanisms of action through brain proteomics assay. Using an embolic model, simvastatin-treated rats showed significant infarct volume reduction and neurological improvement compared to vehicle-treated group. Analyzing their homogenated brains by two-dimensional fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) technology, we concluded that the protective effect of simvastatin can be attributable to oxidative stress response attenuation and blood-brain barrier protection after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Campos-Martorell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou W, Zhang XY. Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine Radix isatidis (banlangen). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:743-64. [PMID: 23895149 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1350050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Radix isatidis (R. isatidis) (Banlangen) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) famous for its broad antiviral activity. Its clinical medical history spans several thousands of years in China. Many scientists and scholars have conducted systematic research on this herb from its pharmacognosy to pharmaceuticals, especially in China. Through our research and literature reports, we inferred that the antiviral activity of R. isatidis mostly depended on the water-soluble part, including amino acids, IRPS, nucleosides, and sulfur-containing alkaloids. By playing a role in directly killing pathogenic viruses or regulating the immune system to enhance anti-virus ability, R. isatidis's biological activities mostly depend on the synergistic effect of its multiple components. This article aims to expand understanding of R. isatidis in the following aspects including medicinal resources, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and separation and analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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16
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Feng S, Song L, Liu Y, Lai F, Zuo G, He G, Chen M, Huang D. Hypoglycemic Activities of Commonly-Used Traditional Chinese Herbs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:849-64. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of 92 Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) herbs, which are permitted to be used as food ingredients, were evaluated using the high throughput assay developed in our laboratory. Among these herbs, twenty-seven of them possessed significant α-amylase inhibition activities ranging from 2.4 to 349.2 μmol AE/g (AE = acarbose equivalent) with inhibition concentrations at 50% inhibition (IC50) from 16.0 to 2342.2 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, they showed α-glucosidase inhibition activities ranging from 0.5 to 31.6 μmolAE/g (IC50 from 49.0 to 3385.5 μg/mL). The extracts of Rhizoma fagopyri dibotryis (Jīnqiáomài), Rosa rugosa (Méiguīhuā), Caulis polygoni multiflori (Shǒuwūténg), Fructus amomi (Shārén), Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum (Gāoliángjiāng), Folium ginkgo (Yínxìngyè) and Cortex cinnamomi (Ròuguì) showed the better inhibitory activities against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Our results illustrated that these food grade herbs are potent natural hypoglycemic agents and can be used as active ingredients for low glycemic index food production or TCM herbal formulations for controlling hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbao Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Lixia Song
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Fuli Lai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Zuo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ning M, Lopez M, Cao J, Buonanno FS, Lo EH. Application of proteomics to cerebrovascular disease. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3582-97. [PMID: 23161401 PMCID: PMC3712851 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While neurovascular diseases such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are the leading causes of disability in the world, the repertoire of therapeutic interventions has remained remarkably limited. There is a dire need to develop new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options. The study of proteomics is particularly enticing for cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, which most likely involve multiple gene interactions resulting in a wide range of clinical phenotypes. Currently, rapidly progressing neuroproteomic techniques have been employed in clinical and translational research to help identify biologically relevant pathways, to understand cerebrovascular pathophysiology, and to develop novel therapeutics and diagnostics. Future integration of proteomic with genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies will add new perspectives to better understand the complexities of neurovascular injury. Here, we review cerebrovascular proteomics research in both preclinical (animal, cell culture) and clinical (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, microdialyates, tissue) studies. We will also discuss the rewards, challenges, and future directions for the application of proteomics technology to the study of various disease phenotypes. To capture the dynamic range of cerebrovascular injury and repair with a translational targeted and discovery approach, we emphasize the importance of complementing innovative proteomic technology with existing molecular biology models in preclinical studies, and the need to advance pharmacoproteomics to directly probe clinical physiology and gauge therapeutic efficacy at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ning
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hori M, Nakamachi T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Ogawa T, Aiuchi T, Tsuruyama T, Tamaki K, Shioda S. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of the PACAP38 influenced ischemic brain in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:256. [PMID: 23176072 PMCID: PMC3526409 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is considered to be a potential therapeutic agent for prevention of cerebral ischemia. Ischemia is a most common cause of death after heart attack and cancer causing major negative social and economic consequences. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PACAP38 injection intracerebroventrically in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO) along with corresponding SHAM control that used 0.9% saline injection. METHODS Ischemic and non-ischemic brain tissues were sampled at 6 and 24 hours post-treatment. Following behavioral analyses to confirm whether the ischemia has occurred, we investigated the genome-wide changes in gene and protein expression using DNA microarray chip (4x44K, Agilent) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining were also used to further examine the identified protein factor. RESULTS Our results revealed numerous changes in the transcriptome of ischemic hemisphere (ipsilateral) treated with PACAP38 compared to the saline-injected SHAM control hemisphere (contralateral). Previously known (such as the interleukin family) and novel (Gabra6, Crtam) genes were identified under PACAP influence. In parallel, 2-DGE analysis revealed a highly expressed protein spot in the ischemic hemisphere that was identified as dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DPYL2). The DPYL2, also known as Crmp2, is a marker for the axonal growth and nerve development. Interestingly, PACAP treatment slightly increased its abundance (by 2-DGE and immunostaining) at 6 h but not at 24 h in the ischemic hemisphere, suggesting PACAP activates neuronal defense mechanism early on. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed inventory of PACAP influenced gene expressions and protein targets in mice ischemic brain, and suggests new targets for thereaupetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Hori
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) prevents the ischemic brain injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin expression. Lab Anim Res 2012; 28:77-82. [PMID: 22787480 PMCID: PMC3389842 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2012.28.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) exerts a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain injury through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Parvalbumin is a calcium buffering protein that plays an important role in modulating intracellular calcium concentration and regulating apoptotic cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EGb 761 affects parvalbumin expression in cerebral ischemic injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or EGb 761 (100 mg/kg) prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. A proteomic approach revealed a reduction in parvalbumin expression in the vehicle-treated animals, whereas EGb 761 pretreatment attenuates the ischemic injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin expression. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses clearly confirmed the fact that EGb 761 prevents the injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin. Moreover, the results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of parvalbumin-positive cells was lower in vehicle-treated animals than in sham-operated animals, and EGb 761 averted this decrease. Thus, these results suggest that the maintenance of parvalbumin expression is associated with the neuroprotective function of EGb 761 against neuronal damage induced by ischemia.
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Di Domenico F, Casalena G, Jia J, Sultana R, Barone E, Cai J, Pierce WM, Cini C, Mancuso C, Perluigi M, Davis CM, Alkayed NJ, Butterfield DA, Butterfield AD. Sex differences in brain proteomes of neuron-specific STAT3-null mice after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Neurochem 2012; 121:680-92. [PMID: 22394374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) plays an important role in neuronal survival, regeneration and repair after brain injury. We previously demonstrated that STAT3 is activated in brain after cerebral ischemia specifically in neurons. The effect was sex-specific and modulated by sex steroids, with higher activation in females than males. In the current study, we used a proteomics approach to identify downstream proteins affected by ischemia in male and female wild-type (WT) and neuron-specific STAT3 knockout (KO) mice. We established four comparison groups based on the transgenic condition and the hemisphere analyzed, respectively. Moreover, the sexual variable was taken into account and male and female animals were analyzed independently. Results support a role for STAT3 in metabolic, synaptic, structural and transcriptional responses to cerebral ischemia, indeed the adaptive response to ischemia/reperfusion injury is delayed in neuronal-specific STAT3 KO mice. The differences observed between males and females emphasize the importance of sex-specific neuronal survival and repair mechanisms, especially those involving antioxidant and energy-related activities, often caused by sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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