1
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Chadwick H. Characterisation of magnetic atomic and molecular beamlines for the extraction of empirical scattering-matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 38888009 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
A recently developed magnetic molecular interferometry technique allows the experimental determination of how the amplitudes and phases of the molecular wave-function change during the collision of a gas phase molecule with a surface. This information, quantified by a scattering-matrix, provides a very stringent benchmark for developing accurate theoretical models as they can also be determined from scattering calculations and are particularly sensitive to the underlying interaction potential. However, the value of this comparison is necessarily limited by the accuracy with which an empirical scattering-matrix can be extracted from the experimental data. This paper presents the methods used to analyse the measurements and uses simulations to determine how various uncertainties in modelling the different magnetic elements which make up the beamline of the apparatus affect the accuracy with which the scattering-matrix can be extracted. It is shown that when signals have a noise level which corresponds to on the order of 1% of the oscillation amplitude, the uncertainties in the modelling do not significantly affect the ability to extract the scattering-matrix elements, with the error in the extracted values increasing to a few percent as the noise in the signals is increased to 10% of the oscillation amplitude. This therefore gives an estimate of the accuracy of the parameters that can be obtained from future measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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2
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Gerrits N, Jackson B, Bogaerts A. Accurate Reaction Probabilities for Translational Energies on Both Sides of the Barrier of Dissociative Chemisorption on Metal Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2566-2572. [PMID: 38416779 PMCID: PMC10926167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are essential for a better understanding of dissociative chemisorption on metal surfaces, which is often the rate-controlling step in heterogeneous and plasma catalysis. The workhorse quasi-classical trajectory approach ubiquitous in molecular dynamics is able to accurately predict reactivity only for high translational and low vibrational energies. In contrast, catalytically relevant conditions generally involve low translational and elevated vibrational energies. Existing quantum dynamics approaches are intractable or approximate as a result of the large number of degrees of freedom present in molecule-metal surface reactions. Here, we extend a ring polymer molecular dynamics approach to fully include, for the first time, the degrees of freedom of a moving metal surface. With this approach, experimental sticking probabilities for the dissociative chemisorption of methane on Pt(111) are reproduced for a large range of translational and vibrational energies by including nuclear quantum effects and employing full-dimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gerrits
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bret Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Tchakoua T, Powell AD, Gerrits N, Somers MF, Doblhoff-Dier K, Busnengo HF, Kroes GJ. Simulating Highly Activated Sticking of H 2 on Al(110): Quantum versus Quasi-Classical Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:5395-5407. [PMID: 36998253 PMCID: PMC10041643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the importance of quantum effects on the sticking of H2 on Al(110) for conditions that are close to those of molecular beam experiments that have been done on this system. Calculations with the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method and with quantum dynamics (QD) are performed using a model in which only motion in the six molecular degrees of freedom is allowed. The potential energy surface used has a minimum barrier height close to the value recently obtained with the quantum Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo averaging over the initial rovibrational states allowed the QD calculations to be done with an order of magnitude smaller computational expense. The sticking probability curve computed with QD is shifted to lower energies relative to the QCT curve by 0.21 to 0.05 kcal/mol, with the highest shift obtained for the lowest incidence energy. Quantum effects are therefore expected to play a small role in calculations that would evaluate the accuracy of electronic structure methods for determining the minimum barrier height to dissociative chemisorption for H2 + Al(110) on the basis of the standard procedure for comparing results of theory with molecular beam experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophile Tchakoua
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew D. Powell
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Gerrits
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark F. Somers
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Doblhoff-Dier
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heriberto F. Busnengo
- Instituto
de Física Rosario (IFIR), CONICET-UNR, Bv. 27 de Febrero 210 bis, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y
Agrimensura, UNR, Av.
Pellegrini 250, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Smits B, Somers MF. The quantum dynamics of H 2 on Cu(111) at a surface temperature of 925 K: Comparing state-of-the-art theory to state-of-the-art experiments 2. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014704. [PMID: 36610948 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art 6D quantum dynamics simulations for the dissociative chemisorption of H2 on a thermally distorted Cu(111) surface, using the static corrugation model, were analyzed to produce several (experimentally available) observables. The expected error, especially important for lower reaction probabilities, was quantified using wavepackets on several different grids as well as two different analysis approaches to obtain more accurate results in the region where a slow reaction channel was experimentally shown to be dominant. The lowest reaction barrier sites for different thermally distorted surface slabs are shown to not just be energetically, but also geometrically, different between surface configurations, which can be used to explain several dynamical effects found when including surface temperature effects. Direct comparison of simulated time-of-flight spectra to those obtained from state-of-the-art desorption experiments showed much improved agreement compared to the perfect lattice BOSS approach. Agreement with experimental rotational and vibrational efficacies also somewhat improved when thermally excited surfaces were included in the theoretical model. Finally, we present clear quantum effects in the rotational quadrupole alignment parameters found for the lower rotationally excited states, which underlines the importance of careful quantum dynamical analyses of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Smits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Building, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M F Somers
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Building, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Del Cueto M, Muzas AS, Martín F, Díaz C. Stereodynamics effects in grazing-incidence fast-molecule diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19541-19551. [PMID: 35938887 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grazing-incidence fast-projectile diffraction has been proposed both as a complement and an alternative to thermal-energy projectile scattering, which explains the interest that this technique has received in recent years, especially in the case of atomic projectiles. On the other hand, despite the richer physics involved, molecular projectiles have received much less attention. In this work, we present a theoretical study of grazing-incidence fast-molecule diffraction of H2 from KCl(001) using a six-dimensional density functional theory based potential energy surface and a time-dependent wavepacket propagation method. The analysis of the computed diffraction patterns as a function of the molecular alignment, and their comparison with the available experimental data, where the initial distribution of rotational states in the molecule is not known, reveals a puzzling stereodynamics effect of the diffracted projectiles: diffracted molecules aligned perpendicular, or quasi perpendicular, to the surface reproduce rather well the experimental diffraction pattern, whereas those molecules aligned parallel to or tilted with respect to the surface do not behave as in the experiments. These results call for more detailed investigations of the molecular beam generation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Cueto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BK, UK
| | - A S Muzas
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018 Donotia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzado en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Díaz C, Gravielle MS. Grazing incidence fast atom and molecule diffraction: theoretical challenges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15628-15656. [PMID: 35730987 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article reviews the state-of-the-art of grazing incidence fast atom and molecule diffraction (GIFAD and GIFMD) simulations and addresses the main challenges that theorists, aiming to provide useful inputs in this topic, are facing. We first discuss briefly the methods used to build accurate potential energy surfaces describing the interaction between the projectile and the surface. Subsequently, we focus on the dynamics simulation methods for GIFAD, a phenomenon that has received a lot of experimental attention since 2007, when the first measurements were published. Following this experimental effort, theorists have developed and adapted a bunch of methods able to simulate, analyze and extract information from the experimental outputs. We review these methods, from the very simple ones based on classical dynamics to the full quantum ones, paying special attention to more versatile semiclassical approaches, which include quantum ingredients in the dynamics at a computational cost only slightly higher than that required in classical dynamics. Within the semiclassical framework it is possible, for example, to include in the dynamics the surface phonons and the projectile coherence, two factors that may have a relevant influence on the experimental measurements, at a reasonable computational cost. Finally, we address GIFMD, a phenomenon that has received much less attention and for which there is still a lot of room for research. We review the few examples of GIFMD available in the literature, and we discuss new phenomena associated with the molecular internal degrees of freedom, which may have some impact in other closely related fields, such as molecular reactivity on metal surfaces. Finally, we point out opened questions, raised from the comparisons between theoretical and experimental results, which claim for further experimental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Silvia Gravielle
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Smits B, Litjens LG, Somers MF. Accurate Description of the Quantum Dynamical Surface Temperature Effects on the Dissociative Chemisorption of H 2 from Cu(111). J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214706. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately describing surface temperature effects for the dissociative scattering of H2 on a metal surface on a quantum dynamical level is currently one of the open challenges for theoretical surface scientists. We present the first quantum dynamical (QD) simulations of hydrogen dissociating on a Cu(111) surface which accurately describe all relevant surface temperature effects, using the static corrugation model (SCM). The reaction probabilities we obtain show very good agreement with those found using quasi-classical dynamics (QCD), both for individual surface slabs and for an averaged, thus Monte-Carlo sampled, set of thermally distorted surface configurations. Rovibrationally elastic scattering probabilities show a much clearer difference between the QCD and QD results, which appears to be traceable back towards thermally distorted surface configurations with very low dissociation probabilities and underlines the importance of investigating more observables than just dissociation. By reducing the number of distorted surface atoms included in the dynamical model, we also show that only including one, or even three, surface atoms is generally not enough to accurately describe the effects of surface temperature on dissociation and elastic scattering. These results are a major step forward in accurately describing hydrogen scattering from a thermally excited Cu(111) surface, and open up a pathway to better describe reaction and scattering from other relevant crystal facets, such as stepped surfaces, at moderately elevated surface temperatures where quantum effects are expected to play a more important role in the dissociation of H2 on Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauke Smits
- Theoretical Chemistry, Leiden University Institute of Chemistry, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark F Somers
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Netherlands
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8
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Gerrits N, Geweke J, Auerbach DJ, Beck RD, Kroes GJ. Highly Efficient Activation of HCl Dissociation on Au(111) via Rotational Preexcitation. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7252-7260. [PMID: 34313445 PMCID: PMC8350909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The probability for dissociation of molecules on metal surfaces, which often controls the rate of industrially important catalytic processes, can depend strongly on how energy is partitioned in the incident molecule. There are many example systems where the addition of vibrational energy promotes reaction more effectively than the addition of translational energy, but for rotational pre-excitation similar examples have not yet been discovered. Here, we make an experimentally testable theoretical prediction that adding energy to the rotation of HCl can promote its dissociation on Au(111) 20 times more effectively than increasing its translational energy. In the underlying mechanism, the molecule's initial rotational motion allows it to pass through a critical region of the reaction path, where this path shows a strong and nonmonotonic dependence on the molecular orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gerrits
- Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Geweke
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rainer D. Beck
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Kroes GJ. Computational approaches to dissociative chemisorption on metals: towards chemical accuracy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8962-9048. [PMID: 33885053 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the state-of-the-art in the theory of dissociative chemisorption (DC) of small gas phase molecules on metal surfaces, which is important to modeling heterogeneous catalysis for practical reasons, and for achieving an understanding of the wealth of experimental information that exists for this topic, for fundamental reasons. We first give a quick overview of the experimental state of the field. Turning to the theory, we address the challenge that barrier heights (Eb, which are not observables) for DC on metals cannot yet be calculated with chemical accuracy, although embedded correlated wave function theory and diffusion Monte-Carlo are moving in this direction. For benchmarking, at present chemically accurate Eb can only be derived from dynamics calculations based on a semi-empirically derived density functional (DF), by computing a sticking curve and demonstrating that it is shifted from the curve measured in a supersonic beam experiment by no more than 1 kcal mol-1. The approach capable of delivering this accuracy is called the specific reaction parameter (SRP) approach to density functional theory (DFT). SRP-DFT relies on DFT and on dynamics calculations, which are most efficiently performed if a potential energy surface (PES) is available. We therefore present a brief review of the DFs that now exist, also considering their performance on databases for Eb for gas phase reactions and DC on metals, and for adsorption to metals. We also consider expressions for SRP-DFs and briefly discuss other electronic structure methods that have addressed the interaction of molecules with metal surfaces. An overview is presented of dynamical models, which make a distinction as to whether or not, and which dissipative channels are modeled, the dissipative channels being surface phonons and electronically non-adiabatic channels such as electron-hole pair excitation. We also discuss the dynamical methods that have been used, such as the quasi-classical trajectory method and quantum dynamical methods like the time-dependent wave packet method and the reaction path Hamiltonian method. Limits on the accuracy of these methods are discussed for DC of diatomic and polyatomic molecules on metal surfaces, paying particular attention to reduced dimensionality approximations that still have to be invoked in wave packet calculations on polyatomic molecules like CH4. We also address the accuracy of fitting methods, such as recent machine learning methods (like neural network methods) and the corrugation reducing procedure. In discussing the calculation of observables we emphasize the importance of modeling the properties of the supersonic beams in simulating the sticking probability curves measured in the associated experiments. We show that chemically accurate barrier heights have now been extracted for DC in 11 molecule-metal surface systems, some of which form the most accurate core of the only existing database of Eb for DC reactions on metal surfaces (SBH10). The SRP-DFs (or candidate SRP-DFs) that have been derived show transferability in many cases, i.e., they have been shown also to yield chemically accurate Eb for chemically related systems. This can in principle be exploited in simulating rates of catalyzed reactions on nano-particles containing facets and edges, as SRP-DFs may be transferable among systems in which a molecule dissociates on low index and stepped surfaces of the same metal. In many instances SRP-DFs have allowed important conclusions regarding the mechanisms underlying observed experimental trends. An important recent observation is that SRP-DFT based on semi-local exchange DFs has so far only been successful for systems for which the difference of the metal work function and the molecule's electron affinity exceeds 7 eV. A main challenge to SRP-DFT is to extend its applicability to the other systems, which involve a range of important DC reactions of e.g. O2, H2O, NH3, CO2, and CH3OH. Recent calculations employing a PES based on a screened hybrid exchange functional suggest that the road to success may be based on using exchange functionals of this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Smits B, Somers MF. Beyond the static corrugation model: Dynamic surfaces with the embedded atom method. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074710. [PMID: 33607896 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The D2 on Cu(111) system has for many years been one of the major benchmark systems for surface scientists. Generating surface configurations using the embedded atom method (EAM), we investigate the quality of the chemically accurate static corrugation model (SCM) for including surface temperature effects, with a focus on the random displacement approach to its distorted surface generation. With this EAM potential, we also treat the Cu(111) surface of our system fully dynamically and shine a further light on not only the quality of the SCM sudden approach but also the limited effect of energy exchange with the surface. Reaction and (in)elastic scattering probability curves, as well as simulated time-of-flight spectra, show good agreement with both earlier works and experimental results, with surface reactions showing a preference for surface atoms displaced away from the incoming molecule. The good agreement with the non-static surface model also further establishes the limited effect of energy exchange on not only the reaction but also on the elastic and inelastic scattering probabilities, even though some molecular translational energy is deposited into the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Smits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - M F Somers
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
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11
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Smeets EWF, Kroes GJ. Designing new SRP density functionals including non-local vdW-DF2 correlation for H 2 + Cu(111) and their transferability to H 2 + Ag(111), Au(111) and Pt(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 23:7875-7901. [PMID: 33291129 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific reaction parameter density functionals (SRP-DFs) that can describe dissociative chemisorption molecular beam experiments of hydrogen (H2) on cold transition metal surfaces with chemical accuracy have so far been shown to be only transferable among different facets of the same metal, but not among different metals. We design new SRP-DFs that include non-local vdW-DF2 correlation for the H2 + Cu(111) system, and evaluate their transferability to the highly activated H2 + Ag(111) and H2 + Au(111) systems and the non-activated H2 + Pt(111) system. We design our functionals for the H2 + Cu(111) system since it is the best studied system both theoretically and experimentally. Here we demonstrate that a SRP-DF fitted to reproduce molecular beam sticking experiments for H2 + Cu(111) with chemical accuracy can also describe such experiments for H2 + Pt(111) with chemical accuracy, and vice versa. Chemically accurate functionals have been obtained that perform very well with respect to reported van der Waals well geometries, and which improve the description of the metal over current generalized gradient approximation (GGA) based SRP-DFs. From a systematic comparison of our new SRP-DFs that include non-local correlation to previously developed SRP-DFs, for both activated and non-activated systems, we identify non-local correlation as a key ingredient in the construction of transferable SRP-DFs for H2 interacting with transition metals. Our results are in excellent agreement with experiment when accurately measured observables are available. It is however clear from our analysis that, except for the H2 + Cu(111) system, there is a need for more, more varied, and more accurately described experiments in order to further improve the design of SRP-DFs. Additionally, we confirm that, when including non-local correlation, the sticking of H2 on Cu(111) is still well described quasi-classically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidius W F Smeets
- Univeristeit Leiden, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Smeets EF, Füchsel G, Kroes GJ. Quantum Dynamics of Dissociative Chemisorption of H 2 on the Stepped Cu(211) Surface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:23049-23063. [PMID: 31565113 PMCID: PMC6757508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactions on stepped surfaces are relevant to heterogeneous catalysis, in which a reaction often takes place at the edges of nanoparticles where the edges resemble steps on single-crystal stepped surfaces. Previous results on H2 + Cu(211) showed that, in this system, steps do not enhance the reactivity and raised the question of whether this effect could be, in any way, related to the neglect of quantum dynamical effects in the theory. To investigate this, we present full quantum dynamical molecular beam simulations of sticking of H2 on Cu(211), in which all important rovibrational states populated in a molecular beam experiment are taken into account. We find that the reaction of H2 with Cu(211) is very well described with quasi-classical dynamics when simulating molecular beam sticking experiments, in which averaging takes place over a large number of rovibrational states and over translational energy distributions. Our results show that the stepped Cu(211) surface is distinct from its component Cu(111) terraces and Cu(100) steps and cannot be described as a combination of its component parts with respect to the reaction dynamics when considering the orientational dependence. Specifically, we present evidence that, at translational energies close to the reaction threshold, vibrationally excited molecules show a negative rotational quadrupole alignment parameter on Cu(211), which is not found on Cu(111) and Cu(100). The effect arises because these molecules react with a site-specific reaction mechanism at the step, that is, inelastic rotational enhancement, which is only effective for molecules with a small absolute value of the magnetic rotation quantum number. From a comparison to recent associative desorption experiments as well as Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics calculations, it follows that the effects of surface atom motion and electron-hole pair excitation on the reactivity fall within chemical accuracy, that is, modeling these effect shifts extracted reaction probability curves by less than 1 kcal/mol translational energy. We found no evidence in our fully state-resolved calculations for the "slow" reaction channel that was recently reported for associative desorption of H2 from Cu(111) and Cu(211), but our results for the fast channel are in good agreement with the experiments on H2 + Cu(211).
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidius
W. F. Smeets
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot Füchsel
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie - Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Smeets EWF, Voss J, Kroes GJ. Specific Reaction Parameter Density Functional Based on the Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximation: Application to H 2 + Cu(111) and H 2 + Ag(111). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5395-5406. [PMID: 31149824 PMCID: PMC6600505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Specific
reaction parameter density functionals (SRP-DFs), which
can describe dissociative chemisorption reactions on metals to within
chemical accuracy, have so far been based on exchange functionals
within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and on GGA correlation
functionals or van der Waals correlation functionals. These functionals
are capable of describing the molecule–metal surface interaction
accurately, but they suffer from the general GGA problem that this
can be done only at the cost of a rather poor description of the metal.
Here, we show that it is possible also to construct SRP-DFs for H2 dissociation on Cu(111) based on meta-GGA functionals, introducing
three new functionals based on the “made-simple” (MS)
concept. The exchange parts of the three functionals (MS-PBEl, MS-B86bl,
and MS-RPBEl) are based on the expressions for the PBE, B86b, and
RPBE exchange functionals. Quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations
performed with potential energy surfaces (PESs) obtained with the
three MS functionals reproduce molecular beam experiments on H2, D2 + Cu(111) with chemical accuracy. Therefore,
these three non-empirical functionals themselves are also capable
of describing H2 dissociation on Cu(111) with chemical
accuracy. Similarly, QCT calculations performed on the MS-PBEl and
MS-B86bl PESs reproduced molecular beam and associative desorption
experiments on D2, H2 + Ag(111) more accurately
than was possible with the SRP48 density functional for H2 + Cu(111). Also, the three new MS functionals describe the Cu, Ag,
Au, and Pt metals more accurately than the all-purpose Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof
(PBE) functional. The only disadvantage we noted of the new MS functionals
is that, as found for the example of H2 + Cu(111), the
reaction barrier height obtained by taking weighted averages of the
MS-PBEl and MS-RPBEl functionals is tunable over a smaller range (9
kJ/mol) than possible with the standard GGA PBE and RPBE functionals
(33 kJ/mol). As a result of this restricted tunability, it is not
possible to construct an SRP-DF for H2 + Ag(111) on the
basis of the three examined MS meta-GGA functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidius W F Smeets
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Voss
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center Interface Science & Catalysis , 2575 Sand Hill Rd , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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14
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Kroes GJ, Wijzenbroek M, Manson JR. Possible effect of static surface disorder on diffractive scattering of H2 from Ru(0001): Comparison between theory and experiment. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:244705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5011741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Wijzenbroek
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. R. Manson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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15
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Del Cueto M, Muzas AS, Somers MF, Kroes GJ, Díaz C, Martín F. Exploring surface landscapes with molecules: rotationally induced diffraction of H 2 on LiF(001) under fast grazing incidence conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28621794 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic diffraction by surfaces under fast grazing incidence conditions has been used for almost a decade to characterize surface properties with more accuracy than with more traditional atomic diffraction methods. From six-dimensional solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we show that diffraction of H2 molecules under fast grazing incidence conditions could be even more informative for the characterization of ionic surfaces, due to the large anisotropic electrostatic interaction between the quadrupole moment of the molecule and the electric field created by the ionic crystal. Using the LiF(001) surface as a benchmark, we show that fast grazing incidence diffraction of H2 strongly depends on the initial rotational state of the molecule, while rotationally inelastic processes are irrelevant. We demonstrate that, as a result of the anisotropy of the impinging projectile, initial rotational excitation leads to an increase in intensity of high-order diffraction peaks at incidence directions that satisfy precise symmetry constraints, thus providing a more detailed information on the surface characteristics than that obtained from low-order atomic diffraction peaks under fast grazing incidence conditions. As quadrupole-ion surface potentials are expected to accurately represent the interaction between H2 and any surface with a marked ionic character, our analysis should be of general applicability to any of such surfaces. Finally, we show that a density functional theory description of the molecule-ion surface potential catches the main features observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Cueto
- Departamento de Química Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Nihill KJ, Hund ZM, Muzas A, Díaz C, Del Cueto M, Frankcombe T, Plymale NT, Lewis NS, Martín F, Sibener SJ. Experimental and theoretical study of rotationally inelastic diffraction of H2(D2) from methyl-terminated Si(111). J Chem Phys 2016; 145:084705. [PMID: 27586939 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental details concerning the interaction between H2 and CH3-Si(111) have been elucidated by the combination of diffractive scattering experiments and electronic structure and scattering calculations. Rotationally inelastic diffraction (RID) of H2 and D2 from this model hydrocarbon-decorated semiconductor interface has been confirmed for the first time via both time-of-flight and diffraction measurements, with modest j = 0 → 2 RID intensities for H2 compared to the strong RID features observed for D2 over a large range of kinematic scattering conditions along two high-symmetry azimuthal directions. The Debye-Waller model was applied to the thermal attenuation of diffraction peaks, allowing for precise determination of the RID probabilities by accounting for incoherent motion of the CH3-Si(111) surface atoms. The probabilities of rotationally inelastic diffraction of H2 and D2 have been quantitatively evaluated as a function of beam energy and scattering angle, and have been compared with complementary electronic structure and scattering calculations to provide insight into the interaction potential between H2 (D2) and hence the surface charge density distribution. Specifically, a six-dimensional potential energy surface (PES), describing the electronic structure of the H2(D2)/CH3-Si(111) system, has been computed based on interpolation of density functional theory energies. Quantum and classical dynamics simulations have allowed for an assessment of the accuracy of the PES, and subsequently for identification of the features of the PES that serve as classical turning points. A close scrutiny of the PES reveals the highly anisotropic character of the interaction potential at these turning points. This combination of experiment and theory provides new and important details about the interaction of H2 with a hybrid organic-semiconductor interface, which can be used to further investigate energy flow in technologically relevant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Nihill
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zachary M Hund
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Alberto Muzas
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Del Cueto
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Terry Frankcombe
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2610, Australia
| | - Noah T Plymale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S J Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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17
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Kroes GJ, Díaz C. Quantum and classical dynamics of reactive scattering of H2 from metal surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3658-700. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art theoretical models allow nowadays an accurate description of H2/metal surface systems and phenomena relative to heterogeneous catalysis. Here we review the most relevant ones investigated during the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Gorlaeus Laboratories
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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18
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Wodtke AM. Electronically non-adiabatic influences in surface chemistry and dynamics. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3641-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronically nonadiabatic interactions between molecules and metal surfaces are now well known. But evidence that such interactions influence reaction rates is still scarce. This paper reviews research related to this topic and proposes pathways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- Georg-August University of Göttingen
- Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
- Göttingen
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19
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Jiang B, Guo H. Quantum and classical dynamics of water dissociation on Ni(111): A test of the site-averaging model in dissociative chemisorption of polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:164705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4934357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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20
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Kroes GJ. Toward a Database of Chemically Accurate Barrier Heights for Reactions of Molecules with Metal Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4106-14. [PMID: 26722785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Being able to calculate reaction barrier heights to within chemical accuracy (errors < 1 kcal/mol) is crucial to the accurate modeling of chemical reactions. Although accurate databases exist that can help theorists with benchmarking new electronic structure theories on gas-phase chemical reactions, no such databases exist for reactions of molecules with metal surfaces. Nonetheless, most chemicals are made in heterogeneously catalyzed processes, of which many take place over metal particles. Presently, barrier heights for molecule-metal surface reactions have been determined with chemical accuracy for only two systems, that is, H2 + Cu(111) and H2 + Cu(100). This has been done with semiempirically determined density functionals, which were fitted through comparisons of dynamics results with molecular beam sticking probabilities. The prospects of extending the database with chemically accurate data for other molecule-metal reactions, either with the use of semiempirical density functional theory or with first-principles theory, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Wijzenbroek M, Klein DM, Smits B, Somers MF, Kroes GJ. Performance of a Non-Local van der Waals Density Functional on the Dissociation of H2 on Metal Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12146-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wijzenbroek
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Klein
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Smits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark F. Somers
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Golibrzuch K, Bartels N, Auerbach DJ, Wodtke AM. The Dynamics of Molecular Interactions and Chemical Reactions at Metal Surfaces: Testing the Foundations of Theory. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2015; 66:399-425. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Golibrzuch
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Nils Bartels
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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23
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Liu T, Fu B, Zhang DH. Validity of the site-averaging approximation for modeling the dissociative chemisorption of H2 on Cu(111) surface: A quantum dynamics study on two potential energy surfaces. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:194302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4901894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bina Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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24
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Mondal A, Wijzenbroek M, Bonfanti M, Díaz C, Kroes GJ. Thermal Lattice Expansion Effect on Reactive Scattering of H2 from Cu(111) at Ts = 925 K. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8770-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arobendo Mondal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K),
741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Mark Wijzenbroek
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Bonfanti
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Kroes GJ. Towards chemically accurate simulation of molecule-surface reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14966-81. [PMID: 23037951 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective addresses four challenges facing theorists whose aim is to make quantitatively accurate predictions for reactions of molecules on metal surfaces, and suggests ways of meeting these challenges, focusing on dissociative chemisorption reactions of H(2), N(2), and CH(4). Addressing these challenges is ultimately of practical importance to a more accurate description of overall heterogeneously catalysed reactions, which play a role in the production of more than 90% of man-made chemicals. One challenge is to describe the interaction of a molecule with a metal surface with chemical accuracy, i.e., with errors in reaction barrier heights less than 1 kcal mol(-1). In this framework, the potential of a new implementation of specific reaction parameter density functional theory (SRP-DFT) will be discussed, with emphasis on applications to reaction of H(2) with metal surfaces. Two additional challenges are to come up with improved descriptions of the effects of phonons and electron-hole pairs on reaction of molecules like N(2) on metal surfaces. Phonons can be tackled using sudden approximations in quantum dynamics, and through Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) calculations using classical dynamics. To additionally achieve an accurate description of the effect of electron-hole pair excitation on dissociative chemisorption within a classical dynamics framework, it may be possible to combine AIMD with electronic friction. The fourth challenge we will consider is how to achieve an accurate quantum mechanical description of the dissociative chemisorption of a polyatomic molecule, like methane, on a metal surface. A method of potential interest is the Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Muzas AS, Juaristi JI, Alducin M, Muiño RD, Kroes GJ, Díaz C. Vibrational deexcitation and rotational excitation of H2 and D2 scattered from Cu(111): Adiabatic versus non-adiabatic dynamics. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4742907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Huang X, Yan X, Xiao Y. Effects of vacancy and step on dissociative dynamics of H2 on Pd (111) surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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Chen JC, Ramos M, Arasa C, Juanes-Marcos JC, Somers MF, Martínez AE, Díaz C, Olsen RA, Kroes GJ. Dynamics of H2 dissociation on the 1/2 ML c(2 × 2)-Ti/Al(100) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3234-47. [PMID: 22294155 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of H(2) on Ti-covered Al surfaces is relevant to the rehydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the NaAlH(4) hydrogen storage material. The energetically most stable structure for a 1/2 monolayer of Ti deposited on the Al(100) surface has the Ti atoms in the second layer with a c(2 × 2) structure, as has been confirmed by both low-energy electron diffraction and low-energy ion scattering experiments and density functional theory studies. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of H(2) dissociation on a slab model of this Ti/Al(100) surface. Two six-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been built for this H(2) + Ti/Al(100) system, based on the density functional theory PW91 and RPBE exchange-correlation functionals. In the PW91 (RPBE) PES, the lowest H(2) dissociation barrier is found to be 0.65 (0.84) eV, with the minimum energy path occurring for H(2) dissociating above the bridge to top sites. Using both PESs, H(2) dissociation probabilities are calculated using the classical trajectory (CT), the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT), and the time-dependent wave-packet methods. We find that the QCT H(2) dissociation probabilities are in good agreement with the quantum dynamics results in the collision energy range studied up to 1.0 eV. We have also performed molecular beam simulations and present predictions for molecular beam experiments. Our molecular beam simulations show that H(2) dissociation on the 1/2 ML Ti/Al(100) surface is an activated process, and the reaction probability is found to be 6.9% for the PW91 functional and 1.8% for the RPBE at a nozzle temperature of 1700 K. Finally, we have also calculated H(2) dissociation rate constants by applying transition state theory and the QCT method, which could be relevant to modeling Ti-catalyzed rehydrogenation and dehydrogenation of NaAlH(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cheng Chen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Thomas PS, Somers MF, Hoekstra AW, Kroes GJ. Chebyshev high-dimensional model representation (Chebyshev-HDMR) potentials: application to reactive scattering of H2 from Pt(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8628-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Chen JC, Juanes-Marcos JC, Woittequand S, Somers MF, Díaz C, Olsen RA, Kroes GJ. Six-dimensional quasiclassical and quantum dynamics of H2 dissociation on the c(2 × 2)-Ti/Al(100) surface. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:114708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3567397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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33
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Nieto P, Farías D, Miranda R, Luppi M, Baerends EJ, Somers MF, van der Niet MJTC, Olsen RA, Kroes GJ. Diffractive and reactive scattering of H2 from Ru(0001): experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8583-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Apparent failure of the Born-Oppenheimer static surface model for vibrational excitation of molecular hydrogen on copper. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20881-6. [PMID: 21078960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001098107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of dynamical models for reactive scattering of molecular hydrogen, H(2), from metal surfaces is relevant to the validation of first principles electronic structure methods for molecules interacting with metal surfaces. The ability to validate such methods is important to progress in modeling heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we study vibrational excitation of H(2) on Cu(111) using the Born-Oppenheimer static surface model. The potential energy surface (PES) used was validated previously by calculations that reproduced experimental data on reaction and rotationally inelastic scattering in this system with chemical accuracy to within errors ≤ 1 kcal/mol ≈ 4.2 kJ/mol [Díaz C, et al. (2009) Science 326:832-834]. Using the same PES and model, our dynamics calculations underestimate the contribution of vibrational excitation to previously measured time-of-flight spectra of H(2) scattered from Cu(111) by a factor 3. Given the accuracy of the PES for the experiments for which the Born-Oppenheimer static surface model is expected to hold, we argue that modeling the effect of the surface degrees of freedom will be necessary to describe vibrational excitation with similar high accuracy.
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35
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Bowker M. The role of precursor states in adsorption, surface reactions and catalysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:263002. [PMID: 21386456 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/263002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among the many concepts which have been developed in surface science to explain the nature of adsorption, the role of weakly-held intermediate states, so-called precursor states, is one of the most important. The kinetics of precursor-mediated adsorption is described, together with examples showing how significant such effects can be, not just in adsorption itself, but also in surface reactions on crystals and on model-supported catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bowker
- Wolfson Nanoscience Laboratory and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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36
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Groot IMN, Juanes-Marcos JC, Olsen RA, Kroes GJ. A theoretical study of H2 dissociation on (3×3)R30°CO/Ru(0001). J Chem Phys 2010; 132:144704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3378278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M N Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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37
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Kim J, Sitz GO. The sticking of H2(v= 1,J= 1) on Cu(100) measured using laser-induced thermal desorption. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003630711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Xiao Y, Dong W, Busnengo HF. Reactive force fields for surface chemical reactions: A case study with hydrogen dissociation on Pd surfaces. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:014704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3265854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Díaz C, Olsen RA, Auerbach DJ, Kroes GJ. Six-dimensional dynamics study of reactive and non reactive scattering of H2 from Cu(111) using a chemically accurate potential energy surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:6499-519. [DOI: 10.1039/c001956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Laurent G, Barredo D, Farías D, Miranda R, Díaz C, Rivière P, Somers MF, Martín F. Experimental and theoretical study of rotationally inelastic diffraction of D2 from NiAl(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:14501-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Díaz C, Pijper E, Olsen RA, Busnengo HF, Auerbach DJ, Kroes GJ. Chemically Accurate Simulation of a Prototypical Surface Reaction: H
2
Dissociation on Cu(111). Science 2009; 326:832-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Díaz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E. Pijper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R. A. Olsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - H. F. Busnengo
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET–Universidad Nacional de Rosario), Av. Pellegrini 250, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - D. J. Auerbach
- GRT, 861 Ward Drive, Santa Barbara, CA 93111, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - G. J. Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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Ludwig J, Vlachos DG. Molecular dynamics of hydrogen dissociation on an oxygen covered Pt(111) surface. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:154708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2902981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kroes GJ, Pijper E, Salin A. Dissociative chemisorption of H2 on the Cu(110) surface: a quantum and quasiclassical dynamical study. J Chem Phys 2008; 127:164722. [PMID: 17979386 DOI: 10.1063/1.2798112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-dimensional quantum dynamical and quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations are reported for the reaction and vibrationally inelastic scattering of (v = 0,1,j = 0) H(2) scattering from Cu(110), and for the reaction and rovibrationally elastic and inelastic scattering of (v = 1,j = 1) H(2) scattering from Cu(110). The dynamics results were obtained using a potential energy surface obtained with density functional theory using the PW91 functional. The reaction probabilities computed with quantum dynamics for (v = 0,1,j = 0) were in excellent agreement with the QCT results obtained earlier for these states, thereby validating the QCT approach to sticking of hydrogen on Cu(110). The vibrational de-excitation probability P(v=1,j = 0 --> v = 0) computed with the QCT method is in remarkably good agreement with the quantum dynamical results for normal incidence energies E(n) between 0.2 and 0.6 eV. The QCT result for the vibrational excitation probability P(v = 0,j = 0 --> v = 1) is likewise accurate for E(n) between 0.8 and 1 eV, but the QCT method overestimates vibrational excitation for lower E(n). The QCT method gives probabilities for rovibrationally (in)elastic scattering, P(v = 1,j = 1 --> v('),j(')), which are in remarkably good agreement with quantum dynamical results. The rotationally averaged, initial vibrational state-selective reaction probability obtained with QCT agrees well with the initial vibrational state-selective reaction probability extracted from molecular beam experiments for v = 1, for the range of collision energies for which the v=1 contribution to the measured total sticking probability dominates. The quantum dynamical probabilities for rovibrationally elastic scattering of (v = 1,j = 1) H(2) from Cu(110) are in good agreement with experiment for E(n) between 0.08 and 0.25 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Darling G. Chapter 5 Intra-molecular Energy Flow in Gas–Surface Collisions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4331(08)00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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46
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Groot IMN, Ueta H, van der Niet MJTC, Kleyn AW, Juurlink LBF. Supersonic molecular beam studies of dissociative adsorption of H2 on Ru(0001). J Chem Phys 2007; 127:244701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2813413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ludwig J, Vlachos DG. Ab initio molecular dynamics of hydrogen dissociation on metal surfaces using neural networks and novelty sampling. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:154716. [PMID: 17949200 DOI: 10.1063/1.2794338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We outline a hybrid multiscale approach for the construction of ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) useful for performing six-dimensional (6D) classical or quantum mechanical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diatomic molecules reacting at single crystal surfaces. The algorithm implements concepts from the corrugation reduction procedure, which reduces energetic variation in the PES, and uses neural networks for interpolation of smoothed ab initio data. A novelty sampling scheme is implemented and used to identify configurations that are most likely to be predicted inaccurately by the neural network. This hybrid multiscale approach, which couples PES construction at the electronic structure level to MD simulations at the atomistic scale, reduces the number of density functional theory (DFT) calculations needed to specify an accurate PES. Due to the iterative nature of the novelty sampling algorithm, it is possible to obtain a quantitative measure of the convergence of the PES with respect to the number of ab initio calculations used to train the neural network. We demonstrate the algorithm by first applying it to two analytic potentials, which model the H2/Pt(111) and H2/Cu(111) systems. These potentials are of the corrugated London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato form, which are based on DFT calculations, but are not globally accurate. After demonstrating the convergence of the PES using these simple potentials, we use DFT calculations directly and obtain converged semiclassical trajectories for the H2/Pt(111) system at the PW91/generalized gradient approximation level. We obtain a converged PES for a 6D hydrogen-surface dissociation reaction using novelty sampling coupled directly to DFT. These results, in excellent agreement with experiments and previous theoretical work, are compared to previous simulations in order to explore the sensitivity of the PES (and therefore MD) to the choice of exchange and correlation functional. Despite having a lower energetic corrugation in our PES, we obtain a broader reaction probability curve than previous simulations, which is attributed to increased geometric corrugation in the PES and the effect of nonparallel dissociation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Ludwig
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-3110, USA
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48
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Abbott HL, Harrison I. Microcanonical Transition State Theory for Activated Gas−Surface Reaction Dynamics: Application to H2/Cu(111) with Rotation as a Spectator. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9871-83. [PMID: 17845015 DOI: 10.1021/jp074038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microcanonical unimolecular rate theory (MURT) model incorporating quantized surface vibrations and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus rate constants is applied to a benchmark system for gas-surface reaction dynamics, the activated dissociative chemisorption and associative desorption of hydrogen on Cu(111). Both molecular translation parallel to the surface and rotation are treated as spectator degrees of freedom. MURT analysis of diverse experiments indicates that one surface oscillator participates in the dissociative transition state and that the threshold energy for H2 dissociation on Cu(111) is E0 = 62 kJ/mol. The spectator approximation for rotation holds well at thermally accessible rotational energies (i.e., for Er less than approximately 40 kJ/mol). Over the temperature range from 300 to 1000 K, the calculated thermal dissociative sticking coefficient is ST = S0 exp(-Ea/kBT) where S0 = 1.57 and Ea = 62.9 kJ/mol. The sigmoid shape of rovibrational eigenstate-resolved dissociative sticking coefficients as a function of normal translational energy is shown to derive from an averaging of the microcanonical sticking coefficient, with threshold energy E0, over the thermal surface oscillator distribution of the gas-surface collision complexes. Given that H2/Cu(111) is one of the most dynamically biased of gas-surface reactive systems, the simple statistical MURT model simulates and broadly rationalizes the H2/Cu(111) reactive behavior with remarkable fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Abbott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
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Kroes G, Meyer HD. Using n-mode potentials for reactive scattering: Application to the 6D H2+Pt(111) problem. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Abufager PN, Crespos C, Busnengo HF. Modified Shepard interpolation method applied to trapping mediated adsorption dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2258-65. [PMID: 17487323 DOI: 10.1039/b617209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modified Shepard (MS) interpolation method is applied to H(2)/Pd(111) to investigate its performance for a system for which dissociative adsorption takes place through a direct as well as an indirect (i.e. dynamic trapping) mechanism. The input data were obtained from an available accurate potential energy surface (PES) interpolated by using the corrugation reducing procedure (CRP). Dissociation probabilities obtained from classical trajectory calculations with the MS-PES are in very good agreement with the results for the CRP-PES. Thus, this study confirms the MS method as a promising tool to tackle low energy adsorption dynamics of polyatomic molecules, usually dominated by trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Abufager
- Instituto de Física Rosario, IFIR, (CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Av. Pellegrini 250, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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