1
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Rafelski SM, Theriot JA. Establishing a conceptual framework for holistic cell states and state transitions. Cell 2024; 187:2633-2651. [PMID: 38788687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cell states were traditionally defined by how they looked, where they were located, and what functions they performed. In this post-genomic era, the field is largely focused on a molecular view of cell state. Moving forward, we anticipate that the observables used to define cell states will evolve again as single-cell imaging and analytics are advancing at a breakneck pace via the collection of large-scale, systematic cell image datasets and the application of quantitative image-based data science methods. This is, therefore, a key moment in the arc of cell biological research to develop approaches that integrate the spatiotemporal observables of the physical structure and organization of the cell with molecular observables toward the concept of a holistic cell state. In this perspective, we propose a conceptual framework for holistic cell states and state transitions that is data-driven, practical, and useful to enable integrative analyses and modeling across many data types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Rafelski
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, 615 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98125, USA.
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Xu J, Morten KJ. Raman micro-spectroscopy as a tool to study immunometabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:733-745. [PMID: 38477393 PMCID: PMC11088913 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, immunometabolism has emerged as a crucial field, unraveling the intricate molecular connections between cellular metabolism and immune function across various cell types, tissues, and diseases. This review explores the insights gained from studies using the emerging technology, Raman micro-spectroscopy, to investigate immunometabolism. Raman micro-spectroscopy provides an exciting opportunity to directly study metabolism at the single cell level where it can be combined with other Raman-based technologies and platforms such as single cell RNA sequencing. The review showcases applications of Raman micro-spectroscopy to study the immune system including cell identification, activation, and autoimmune disease diagnosis, offering a rapid, label-free, and minimally invasive analytical approach. The review spotlights three promising Raman technologies, Raman-activated cell sorting, Raman stable isotope probing, and Raman imaging. The synergy of Raman technologies with machine learning is poised to enhance the understanding of complex Raman phenotypes, enabling biomarker discovery and comprehensive investigations in immunometabolism. The review encourages further exploration of these evolving technologies in the rapidly advancing field of immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Xu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K
| | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
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3
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Liu Y, Li M, Liu H, Kang C, Yu X. Strategies and Progress of Raman Technologies for Cellular Uptake Analysis of the Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6883-6900. [PMID: 38026519 PMCID: PMC10674749 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s435087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have the potential to significantly enhance the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of drugs. These systems enhance the bioavailability and biocompatibility of pharmaceutical agents via enabling targeted delivery to specific tissues or organs. However, the efficacy and safety of these systems are largely dependent on the cellular uptake and intracellular transport of NPs. Thus, it is crucial to monitor the intracellular behavior of NPs within a single cell. Yet, it is challenging due to the complexity and size of the cell. Recently, the development of the Raman instrumentation offers a versatile tool to allow noninvasive cellular measurements. The primary objective of this review is to highlight the most recent advancements in Raman techniques (spontaneous Raman scattering, bioorthogonal Raman scattering, coherence Raman scattering, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering) when it comes to assessing the internalization of NP-based drug delivery systems and their subsequent movement within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, and the NMPA & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haisha Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, and the NMPA & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Hu Y, Zhang RQ, Liu SL, Wang ZG. In-situ quantification of lipids in live cells through imaging approaches. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 240:115649. [PMID: 37678059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are important molecules that are widely distributed within the cell, and they play a crucial role in several biological processes such as cell membrane formation, signaling, cell motility and division. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular lipids in real-time and quantifying their concentrations in situ is crucial since the local concentration of lipids initiates various signaling pathways that regulate cellular processes. In this review, we first introduced the historical background of lipid quantification methods. We then delve into the current state of the art of in situ lipid quantification, including the establishment and utility of fluorescence imaging techniques based on sensors of lipid-binding domains labeled with organic dyes or fluorescent proteins, and Raman and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that do not require lipid labeling. Next, we highlighted the biological applications of live-cell lipid quantification techniques in the study of in situ lipid distribution, lipid transformation, and lipid-mediated signaling pathways. Finally, we discussed the technical challenges and prospects for the development of lipid quantification in live cells, with the aim of promoting the development of in situ lipid quantification in live cells, which may have a profound impact on the biological and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui-Qiao Zhang
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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5
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Baek S, Nah S, Park JY, Lee SJ, Kang YG, Kwon SH, Oh SJ, Lee KP, Moon BS. A novel chalcone derivative exerts anticancer effects by promoting apoptotic cell death of human pancreatic cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117458. [PMID: 37634418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive pancreatic cancer is typically treated using chemotherapeutics to reduce the tumor pre-operatively and prevent metastasis post-operatively, as well as surgical approaches. In the present study, we synthesized a hydroxyl group-introduced chalcone derivative (1, IC50 = 32.1 μM) and investigated its potential as an anticancer drug candidate by evaluating its apoptosis-promoting effects on BXPC-3 cancer cells. The viability of BXPC-3 cells treated with 1 was measured using the water-soluble tetrazolium 1 reagent. BXPC-3 cells induced by 1 were stained with diverse probes or antibodies, such as ethidium homodimer-1, Hoechst, anti-Ki67, and MitoTracker. Protein expression was measured using an immunoblotting assay, and mRNA expression was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Apoptotic molecular features, such as lipid accumulation and protein degradation, were monitored directly using stimulated Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Through incubation time- and concentration-dependent studies of 1, we found that it significantly reduced the proliferation and increased the number of apoptotic BXPC-3 cells. Compound 1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction, phosphorylation of p38, and caspase 3 cleavage. These results indicate that 1 is a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer, providing valuable insights into the development of new anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Baek
- Research & Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 01411, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Park
- Research & Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 01411, South Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Yong Gil Kang
- Research & Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 01411, South Korea
| | - Seung Hae Kwon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Research & Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, Seoul 01411, South Korea.
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, South Korea.
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6
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Abstract
Cellular membranes are essential components of all living organisms. They are composed of a complex mixture of lipids with diverse chemical structures and crucial biological functions. The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cellular membranes presents a challenge for studying their biophysical properties and organization in vivo. Raman imaging, particularly coherent Raman scattering techniques such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have emerged as powerful tools for studying cellular membranes with high spatial and temporal resolution and minimal perturbation. In this Review, we discuss the scientific importance and technical challenges of characterizing membrane composition in cellular contexts and how the advances of Raman imaging can provide unique insights into membrane phase behavior and organization. We also highlight recent applications of Raman imaging in studying cellular membranes and implications in diseases. In particular, the discovery of phase separation and a solid-phase intracellular membrane on endoplasmic reticulum is reviewed in detail, shedding light on the biology of lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Shen
- Chemistry and Lewis Sigler Institute of Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, United States
| | - Lu Wei
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 91125
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Abstract
Lipids are essential cellular components forming membranes, serving as energy reserves, and acting as chemical messengers. Dysfunction in lipid metabolism and signaling is associated with a wide range of diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. Heterogeneity in cell behavior including lipid signaling is increasingly recognized as a driver of disease and drug resistance. This diversity in cellular responses as well as the roles of lipids in health and disease drive the need to quantify lipids within single cells. Single-cell lipid assays are challenging due to the small size of cells (∼1 pL) and the large numbers of lipid species present at concentrations spanning orders of magnitude. A growing number of methodologies enable assay of large numbers of lipid analytes, perform high-resolution spatial measurements, or permit highly sensitive lipid assays in single cells. Covered in this review are mass spectrometry, Raman imaging, and fluorescence-based assays including microscopy and microseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
| | | | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
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8
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Adams WR, Gautam R, Locke A, Masson LE, Borrachero-Conejo AI, Dollinger B, Throckmorton GA, Duvall C, Jansen ED, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Visualizing Lipid Dynamics Role in Infrared Neural Stimulation using Stimulated Raman Scattering. Biophys J 2022; 121:1525-1540. [PMID: 35276133 PMCID: PMC9072573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation, or INS, uses pulsed infrared light to yield label-free neural stimulation with broad experimental and translational utility. Despite its robust demonstration, INS's mechanistic and biophysical underpinnings have been the subject of debate for more than a decade. The role of lipid membrane thermodynamics appears to play an important role in how fast IR-mediated heating nonspecifically drives action potential generation. Direct observation of lipid membrane dynamics during INS remains to be shown in a live neural model system. We used hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) microscopy to study biochemical signatures of high-speed vibrational dynamics underlying INS in a live neural cell culture model. Findings suggest that lipid bilayer structural changes are occurring during INS in vitro in NG108-15 neuroglioma cells. Lipid-specific signatures of cell SRS spectra varied with stimulation energy and radiant exposure. Spectroscopic observations agree with high-speed ratiometric fluorescence imaging of a conventional lipophilic membrane structure reporter, di-4-ANNEPS. Overall, the presented findings support the hypothesis that INS causes changes in the lipid membrane of neural cells by changing lipid membrane packing order. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential of hsSRS as a method to study biophysical and biochemical dynamics safely in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson R Adams
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rekha Gautam
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Locke
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura E Masson
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bryan Dollinger
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Craig Duvall
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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9
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Lin S, Cheng Z, Li Q, Wang R, Yu F. Toward Sensitive and Reliable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging: From Rational Design to Biomedical Applications. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3912-3932. [PMID: 34726891 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early specific detection through indicative biomarkers and precise visualization of lesion sites are urgent requirements for clinical disease diagnosis. However, current detection and optical imaging methods are insufficient for these demands. Molecular imaging technologies are being intensely studied for reliable medical diagnosis. In the past several decades, molecular imaging with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has significant advances from analytical chemistry to medical science. SERS is the inelastic scattering generated from the interaction between photons and substances, presenting molecular structure information. The outstanding SERS virtues of high sensitivity, high specificity, and resistance to biointerference are highly advantageous for biomarker detection in a complex biological matrix. In this work, we review recent progress on the applications of SERS imaging in clinical diagnostics. With the assistance of SERS imaging, the detection of disease-related proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, and pH of the cellular microenvironment can be implemented for adjuvant medical diagnosis. Moreover, multimodal imaging integrates the high penetration and high speed of other imaging modalities and imaging precision of SERS imaging, resulting in final complete and accurate imaging outcomes and exhibiting robust potential in the discrimination of pathological tissues and surgical navigation. As a promising molecular imaging technology, SERS imaging has achieved remarkable performance in clinical diagnostics and the biomedical realm. It is expected that this review will provide insights for further development of SERS imaging and promote the rapid progress and successful translation of advanced molecular imaging with clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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10
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Živanović V, Milewska A, Leosson K, Kneipp J. Molecular Structure and Interactions of Lipids in the Outer Membrane of Living Cells Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Liposome Models. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10106-10113. [PMID: 34264630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and interaction of lipids determine the structure and function of the cellular membrane. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is used for selective molecular probing of the cell membrane of living fibroblast cells grown adherently on gold nanoisland substrates across their whole contact areas with the substrate, enabling mapping of the membrane's composition and interaction. From the SERS data, the localization and distribution of different lipids and their interactions, together with proteins in the outer cell membrane, are inferred. Interpretation of the spectra is mainly supported by comparison with the spectra of model liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol obtained on the same gold substrate. The interaction of the liposomes with the substrate differs from that with gold nanoparticles. The SERS maps indicate colocalization of ordered lipid domains with cholesterol in the living cells. They support the observation of ordered membrane regions of micrometer dimensions in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane that are rich in sphingomyelin. Moreover, the spectra of the living cells contain bands from the groups of the lipid heads, phosphate, choline, and ethanolamine, combined with those from membrane proteins, as indicated by signals assigned to prenyl attachment. Elucidating the composition and structure of lipid membranes in living cells can find application in many fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Živanović
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Adrianna Milewska
- Innovation Center Iceland, Árleynir 2-8, Reykjavík 112, Iceland.,The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavík 105, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Sæmundargötu 2, Reykjavík 101, Iceland
| | - Kristjan Leosson
- Innovation Center Iceland, Árleynir 2-8, Reykjavík 112, Iceland.,Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
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11
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Kundu R, Chandra A, Datta A. Fluorescent Chemical Tools for Tracking Anionic Phospholipids. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasree Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Amitava Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba Mumbai 400005 India
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12
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Fan Y, Jin D, Wu X, Fang H, Yuan X. Facilitating Hotspot Alignment in Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy via the Silver Photoluminescence of the Probe. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226687. [PMID: 33238402 PMCID: PMC7700460 DOI: 10.3390/s20226687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) system based on an atomic force microscope (AFM) and radially polarized laser beam was developed. A TERS probe with plasmon resonance wavelength matching the excitation wavelength was prepared with the help of dark-field micrographs. The intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) from the silver (Ag)-coated TERS probe induced by localized surface plasmon resonance contains information about the near-field enhanced electromagnetic field intensity of the probe. Therefore, we used the intensity change of Ag PL to evaluate the stability of the Ag-coated probe during TERS experiments. Tracking the Ag PL of the TERS probe was helpful to detect probe damage and hotspot alignment. Our setup was successfully used for the TERS imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which demonstrated that the Ag PL of the TERS probe is a good criterion to assist in the hotspot alignment procedure required for TERS experiments. This method lowers the risk of contamination and damage of the precious TERS probe, making it worthwhile for wide adoption in TERS experiments.
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13
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Liu S, Xu B. Enzyme-Instructed Self-Assembly for Subcellular Targeting. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:15771-15776. [PMID: 32656395 PMCID: PMC7345418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization is a key feature of eukaryotic cells. Selectively targeting subcellular compartments, though holding many exciting opportunities for biomedicine, remains rather underdeveloped. Self-assembly provides a new way for subcellular targeting. In this mini-review, we briefly introduce the development of supramolecular self-assemblies for targeting the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membranes. We mainly focus on the use of enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA), which spatiotemporally controls the formation of supramolecular assemblies for subcellular targeting and its applications, such as developing cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan
University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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14
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Singh AK, Santra K, Song X, Petrich JW, Smith EA. Spectral Narrowing Accompanies Enhanced Spatial Resolution in Saturated Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS): Comparisons of Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4305-4313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K. Singh
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kalyan Santra
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Xueyu Song
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jacob W. Petrich
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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15
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van Haasterecht L, Zada L, Schmidt RW, de Bakker E, Barbé E, Leslie HA, Vethaak AD, Gibbs S, de Boer JF, Niessen FB, van Zuijlen PPM, Groot ML, Ariese F. Label-free stimulated Raman scattering imaging reveals silicone breast implant material in tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960197. [PMID: 32049417 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Millions of women worldwide have silicone breast implants. It has been reported that implant failure occurs in approximately a tenth of patients within 10 years, and the consequences of dissemination of silicone debris are poorly understood. Currently, silicone detection in histopathological slides is based on morphological features as no specific immunohistochemical technique is available. Here, we show the feasibility and sensitivity of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging to specifically detect silicone material in stained histopathological slides, without additional sample treatment. Histology slides of four periprosthetic capsules from different implant types were obtained after explantation, as well as an enlarged axillary lymph node from a patient with a ruptured implant. SRS images coregistered with bright-field images revealed the distribution and quantity of silicone material in the tissue. Fast and high-resolution imaging of histology slides with molecular specificity using SRS provides an opportunity to investigate the role of silicone debris in the pathophysiology of implant-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludo van Haasterecht
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liron Zada
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Schmidt
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Bakker
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Dick Vethaak
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F de Boer
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P M van Zuijlen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Burn Center and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Quantitative Mapping of Triacylglycerol Chain Length and Saturation Using Broadband CARS Microscopy. Biophys J 2019; 116:2346-2355. [PMID: 31153590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), present in many cell types, are highly dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids, primarily triacylglycerols (TAGs). With the discovery of new LD functions (e.g., in immune response, protein clearage, and occurrence with disease), new methods to study LD chemical composition in situ are necessary. We present an approach for in situ, quantitative TAG analysis using label-free, coherent Raman microscopy that allows deciphering LD TAG composition in different biochemically complex samples with submicrometer spatial resolution. Employing a set of standard TAGs, we generate a spectral training matrix capturing the variation caused in Raman-like spectra by TAG backbone, chain length, and number of double bonds per chain, as well as the presence of proteins or other diluting molecules. Comparing our fitting approach to gas chromatography measurements for mixtures of standard TAGs and food oils, we find the root mean-square error for the prediction of TAG chemistry to be 0.69 CH2 and 0.15 #C=C. When progressing to more complex samples such as oil emulsions and LDs in various eukaryotic cells, we find good agreement with bulk gas chromatography measurements. For differentiated adipocytes, we find a significant increase in the number of double bonds in small LDs (below 2 μm in diameter) compared to large LDs (above 2 μm in diameter). Coupled with a relatively limited sample preparation requirement, this approach should enable rapid and accurate TAG LD analysis for a variety of cell biology and technological applications.
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17
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Levchenko SM, Kuzmin AN, Ohulchanskyy TY, Pliss A, Qu J, Prasad PN. Near-Infrared Irradiation Affects Lipid Metabolism in Neuronal Cells, Inducing Lipid Droplets Formation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1517-1523. [PMID: 30499655 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that lipids play an outstanding role in cellular regulation, and their dysfunction has been linked to many diseases. Thus, modulation of lipid metabolism may provide new pathways for disease treatment or prevention. In this work, near-infrared (NIR) light was applied to modulate lipid metabolism and increase intracellular lipid content in rat cortical neurons (RCN). Using label-free CARS microscopy, we have monitored the intracellular lipid content in RCN at a single-cell level. A major increase in average level of lipid per cell after treatment with laser diode at 808 nm was found, nonlinearly dependent on the irradiation dose. Moreover, a striking formation of lipid droplets (LDs) in the irradiated RCN was discovered. Further experiments and analysis reveal a strong correlation between NIR light induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipids level, and LDs formation in RCN. Our findings can contribute to a development of therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders via NIR light control of lipid metabolism in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana M. Levchenko
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Andrey N. Kuzmin
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Advanced
Cytometry
Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street − Suite 499, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Artem Pliss
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Advanced
Cytometry
Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street − Suite 499, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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18
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Abstract
Imaging techniques greatly facilitate the comprehensive knowledge of biological systems. Although imaging methodology for biomacromolecules such as protein and nucleic acids has been long established, microscopic techniques and contrast mechanisms are relatively limited for small biomolecules, which are equally important participants in biological processes. Recent developments in Raman imaging, including both microscopy and tailored vibrational tags, have created exciting opportunities for noninvasive imaging of small biomolecules in living cells, tissues, and organisms. Here, we summarize the principle and workflow of small-biomolecule imaging by Raman microscopy. Then, we review recent efforts in imaging, for example, lipids, metabolites, and drugs. The unique advantage of Raman imaging has been manifested in a variety of applications that have provided novel biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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19
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Mochizuki M, Sato S, Asatyas S, Leśnikowski ZJ, Hayashi T, Nakamura H. Raman cell imaging with boron cluster molecules conjugated with biomolecules. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23973-23978. [PMID: 35530627 PMCID: PMC9069464 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculation revealed that the Raman bands corresponding to the B–H stretching vibrations of two types of simple icosahedral boron clusters, ortho-carborane 3 and closo-dodecaborate 4 appeared at approximately 2450–2700 cm−1, and did not overlap with those of cellular components. Although ortho-carborane 3 possesses a possible property as a Raman probe, it was difficult to measure Raman imaging in the cell due to its poor water solubility. In fact, ortho-carborane derivative 6, which internally has an alkyne moiety, exhibited very weak Raman signals of the C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C stretching and the B–H stretching vibrations were barely detected at a 400 ppm boron concentration in HeLa cells. In contrast, closo-dodecaborate derivatives such as BSH (5) were found to be a potential Raman imaging probe cluster for target molecules in the cell. BSH-conjugated cholesterol 7 (BSH-Chol) was synthesized and used in Raman imaging in cells. Raman imaging and spectral analysis revealed that BSH-based Raman tags provide a versatile platform for quantitative Raman imaging. We performed Raman cell imaging using boron clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Mochizuki
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Laboratory of Chemical and Life Science Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Syifa Asatyas
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
- JST-PRESTO
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical and Life Science Innovative Research
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
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20
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Levchenko SM, Qu J. Biomolecular Component Analysis of Phospholipids Composition in Live HeLa Cells. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040123. [PMID: 30563051 PMCID: PMC6315881 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of the phospholipid composition within the cell, in particular the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, can serve as an important biomarker to prognosis of the disease progression (e.g., fatty-liver disease, prostate cancer, or neurodegenerative disorders). Major techniques for lipid analysis in biological samples require a lipid extraction procedure that is not compatible with live cell studies. To address this challenge, we apply microRaman-Biomolecular Component Analysis (BCA) for comparative analysis of phospholipid composition and sensing the saturation degree of fatty acid lipid chain in live HeLa cells and lipids extracted from HeLa cells. After processing raw Raman data, acquired in lipid droplets (LDs) free cytoplasmic area, LDs and extracted lipids with BCA, the lipid component was isolated. Despite the similarity in general profiles of processed Raman spectra acquired in live cells and extracted lipids, some clear differences that reflect diversity in their phospholipids composition were revealed. Furthermore, using the direct relation between the number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain and the intensity ratio of the corresponding Raman bands, the saturation degree of fatty acids was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana M Levchenko
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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21
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Wijesooriya CS, Nyamekye CKA, Smith EA. Optical Imaging of the Nanoscale Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes. Anal Chem 2018; 91:425-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles K. A. Nyamekye
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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22
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Zhao Z, Shen Y, Hu F, Min W. Applications of vibrational tags in biological imaging by Raman microscopy. Analyst 2017; 142:4018-4029. [PMID: 28875184 PMCID: PMC5674523 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a superb tool to visualize and study the spatial-temporal distribution of chemicals, Raman microscopy has made a big impact in many disciplines of science. While label-free imaging has been the prevailing strategy in Raman microscopy, recent development and applications of vibrational/Raman tags, particularly when coupled with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have generated intense excitement in biomedical imaging. SRS imaging of vibrational tags has enabled researchers to study a wide range of small biomolecules with high specificity, sensitivity and multiplex capability, at a single live cell level, tissue level or even in vivo. As reviewed in this article, this platform has facilitated imaging distribution and dynamics of small molecules such as glucose, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids, and drugs that are otherwise difficult to monitor with other means. As both the vibrational tags and Raman instrumental development progress rapidly and synergistically, we anticipate that this technique will shed light onto an even broader spectrum of biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA.
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23
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Levchenko SM, Kuzmin AN, Pliss A, Qu J, Prasad PN. Macromolecular Profiling of Organelles in Normal Diploid and Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10985-10990. [PMID: 28910082 PMCID: PMC5645247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To advance an understanding of cellular regulation and function it is crucial to identify molecular contents in cellular organelles, which accommodate specific biochemical processes. Toward achievement of this goal, we applied micro-Raman-Biomolecular Component Analysis assay for molecular profiling of major organelles in live cells. We used this assay for comparative analysis of proteins 3D conformation and quantification of proteins, RNA, and lipids concentrations in nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of WI 38 diploid lung fibroblasts and HeLa cancer cells. Obtained data show substantial differences in the concentrations and conformations of proteins in the studied organelles. Moreover, differences in the intraorganellar concentrations of RNA and lipids between these cell lines were found. We report the biological significance of obtained macromolecular profiles and advocate for micro-Raman BCA assay as a valuable proteomics tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana M. Levchenko
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Andrey N. Kuzmin
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000
- Advanced Cytometry Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street – Suite 499, Buffalo, NY
| | - Artem Pliss
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000
- Advanced Cytometry Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street – Suite 499, Buffalo, NY
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000
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24
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Lee LCC, Leung KK, Lo KKW. Recent development of luminescent rhenium(i) tricarbonyl polypyridine complexes as cellular imaging reagents, anticancer drugs, and antibacterial agents. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16357-16380. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective summarizes recent advances in the biological applications of luminescent rhenium(i) tricarbonyl polypyridine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kam-Keung Leung
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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