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Duo Y, Han L, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen J, Xiang Z, Yoon J, Luo G, Tang BZ. Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen: Role in Biopsy for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39380213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Biopsy, including tissue and liquid biopsy, offers comprehensive and real-time physiological and pathological information for disease detection, diagnosis, and monitoring. Fluorescent probes are frequently selected to obtain adequate information on pathological processes in a rapid and minimally invasive manner based on their advantages for biopsy. However, conventional fluorescent probes have been found to show aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties, impeding greater progresses in this area. Since the discovery of aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) have promoted rapid advancements in molecular bionanomaterials owing to their unique properties, including high quantum yield (QY) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), etc. This review seeks to present the latest advances in AIEgen-based biofluorescent probes for biopsy in real or artificial samples, and also the key properties of these AIE probes. This review is divided into: (i) tissue biopsy based on smart AIEgens, (ii) blood sample biopsy based on smart AIEgens, (iii) urine sample biopsy based on smart AIEgens, (iv) saliva sample biopsy based on smart AIEgens, (v) biopsy of other liquid samples based on smart AIEgens, and (vi) perspectives and conclusion. This review could provide additional guidance to motivate interest and bolster more innovative ideas for further exploring the applications of various smart AIEgens in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Duo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong China
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, Shandong China
| | - Yaoqiang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhongyuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Guanghong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong China
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Song X, Ren X, Mei Q, Liu H, Huang H. Advancing In-Depth N-Terminomics Detection with a Cleavable 2-Pyridinecarboxyaldehyde Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6487-6492. [PMID: 38421262 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis, an irreversible post-translational modification catalyzed by proteases, plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Exploring abnormally hydrolyzed proteins in pathological tissues is a valuable approach for elucidating the mechanisms underlying disease development. Herein, we have developed a cleavable 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde probe (2PCA-Probe) that enables efficient and in-depth N-terminomics detection, addressing limitations of previous methods. Furthermore, we unexpectedly discovered a new marker capable of identifying N-terminal chemical labeling with the 2PCA-Probe and elucidated the reaction mechanism. Using this probe, we identified 4686 N-terminal peptides in colorectal cancer and adjacent tissues, significantly expanding the depth of the N-terminome and revealing the potential role of abnormal protein hydrolysis in colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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3
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Yang S, Jia J, Wang F, Wang Y, Fang Y, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Yuan W, Bian Z. Targeting neutrophils: Mechanism and advances in cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1599. [PMID: 38450975 PMCID: PMC10918741 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a thorny problem which cannot be conquered by mankind at present and recent researchers have put their focus on tumor microenviroment. Neutrophils, the prominent leukocytes in peripheral blood that accumulate in tumours, serves as frontline cells in response to tumour progression owing to the rapid development of micro biotechnology. Hence, targeted therapy with these neutrophils has made targeting treatment a promising field in cancer therapy. MAIN BODY We broadly summarise some studies on the phenotypes and functions of tumour-associated neutrophils as well as the unique web-like products of neutrophils that play a role in cancer progression-neutrophil extracellular traps-and the interactions between neutrophils and the tumour microenvironment. Moreover, several targeted neutrophils therapeutic studies have made some progress and provided potential strategies for the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSION This review aims to offer a holistic perspective on therapeutic interventions targeting neutrophils to further inspire more researches on cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jiachi Jia
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Fuqi Wang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yingshuai Fang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yabing Yang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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Zhong Q, Tan EKW, Martin-Alonso C, Parisi T, Hao L, Kirkpatrick JD, Fadel T, Fleming HE, Jacks T, Bhatia SN. Inhalable point-of-care urinary diagnostic platform. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9591. [PMID: 38181080 PMCID: PMC10776015 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Although low-dose computed tomography screening improves lung cancer survival in at-risk groups, inequality remains in lung cancer diagnosis due to limited access to and high costs of medical imaging infrastructure. We designed a needleless and imaging-free platform, termed PATROL (point-of-care aerosolizable nanosensors with tumor-responsive oligonucleotide barcodes), to reduce resource disparities for early detection of lung cancer. PATROL formulates a set of DNA-barcoded, activity-based nanosensors (ABNs) into an inhalable format. Lung cancer-associated proteases selectively cleave the ABNs, releasing synthetic DNA reporters that are eventually excreted via the urine. The urinary signatures of barcoded nanosensors are quantified within 20 min at room temperature using a multiplexable paper-based lateral flow assay. PATROL detects early-stage tumors in an autochthonous lung adenocarcinoma mouse model with high sensitivity and specificity. Tailoring the library of ABNs may enable not only the modular PATROL platform to lower the resource threshold for lung cancer early detection tools but also the rapid detection of chronic pulmonary disorders and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center of Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward K. W. Tan
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center of Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Martin-Alonso
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tiziana Parisi
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center of Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse D. Kirkpatrick
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tarek Fadel
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center of Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather E. Fleming
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center of Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Nguyen HTN, Duhon BH, Kuo HC, Fisher M, Brickey OM, Zhang L, Otero JJ, Prevedello DM, Adunka OF, Ren Y. Matrix metalloproteinase 9: An emerging biomarker for classification of adherent vestibular schwannoma. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae058. [PMID: 38887507 PMCID: PMC11181934 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The progression of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is intricately linked with interactions between schwannoma cells and the extracellular matrix. Surgical resection of VS is associated with substantial risks as tumors are adherent to the brainstem and cranial nerves. We evaluate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in VS and explore its potential as a biomarker to classify adherent VS. Methods Transcriptomic analysis of a murine schwannoma allograft model and immunohistochemical analysis of 17 human VS were performed. MMP9 abundance was assessed in mouse and human schwannoma cell lines. Transwell studies were performed to evaluate the effect of MMP9 on schwannoma invasion in vitro. Plasma biomarkers were identified from a multiplexed proteomic analysis in 45 prospective VS patients and validated in primary culture. The therapeutic efficacy of MMP9 inhibition was evaluated in a mouse schwannoma model. Results MMP9 was the most highly upregulated protease in mouse schwannomas and was significantly enriched in adherent VS, particularly around tumor vasculature. High levels of MMP9 were found in plasma of patients with adherent VS. MMP9 outperformed clinical and radiographic variables to classify adherent VS with outstanding discriminatory ability. Human schwannoma cells secreted MMP9 in response to TNF-α which promoted cellular invasion and adhesion protein expression in vitro. Lastly, MMP9 inhibition decreased mouse schwannoma growth in vivo. Conclusions We identify MMP9 as a preoperative biomarker to classify adherent VS. MMP9 may represent a new therapeutic target in adherent VS associated with poor surgical outcomes that lack other viable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han T N Nguyen
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bailey H Duhon
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chih Kuo
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Melanie Fisher
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Olivia M Brickey
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose J Otero
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel M Prevedello
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Oliver F Adunka
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yin Ren
- Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Cranial Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Kakali B. Natural Compounds as Protease Inhibitors in Therapeutic Focus on Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:1167-1181. [PMID: 38988167 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206303964240708095110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Proteases are implicated in every hallmark of cancer and have complicated functions. For cancer cells to survive and thrive, the process of controlling intracellular proteins to keep the balance of the cell proteome is essential. Numerous natural compounds have been used as ligands/ small molecules to target various proteases that are found in the lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and extracellular matrix, as possible anticancer therapeutics. Promising protease modulators have been developed for new drug discovery technology through recent breakthroughs in structural and chemical biology. The protein structure, function of significant tumor-related proteases, and their natural compound inhibitors have been briefly included in this study. This review highlights the most current frontiers and future perspectives for novel therapeutic approaches associated with the list of anticancer natural compounds targeting protease and the mode and mechanism of proteinase-mediated molecular pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhadra Kakali
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
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7
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Lu S, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhao L, Li G. Research progress in nano-drug delivery systems based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116059. [PMID: 38154273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver cancer has microenvironmental features such as low pH, M2 tumor-associated macrophage enrichment, low oxygen, rich blood supply and susceptibility to hematotropic metastasis, high chemokine expression, enzyme overexpression, high redox level, and strong immunosuppression, which not only promotes the progression of the disease, but also seriously affects the clinical effectiveness of traditional therapeutic approaches. However, nanotechnology, due to its unique advantages of size effect and functionalized modifiability, can be utilized to develop various responsive nano-drug delivery system (NDDS) by using these characteristic signals of the liver cancer microenvironment as a source of stimulation, which in turn can realize the intelligent release of the drug under the specific microenvironment, and significantly increase the concentration of the drug at the target site. Therefore, researchers have designed a series of stimuli-responsive NDDS based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment, such as hypoxia, weak acidity, and abnormal expression of proteases, and they have been widely investigated for improving anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy and reducing the related side effects. This paper provides a review of the current application and progress of NDDS developed based on the response and regulation of the microenvironment in the treatment of liver cancer, compares the effects of the microenvironment and the NDDS, and provides a reference for building more advanced NDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guofei Li
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Jenkins KA, Park M, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Eskiocak U, Johnson P, Guzman W, McLaughlin M, Moore-Lai D, O'Toole C, Liu Z, Nicholson B, Flesch V, Qiu H, Clackson T, O'Hagan RC, Rodeck U, Karow M, O'Neil J, Williams JC. XTX101, a tumor-activated, Fc-enhanced anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, demonstrates tumor-growth inhibition and tumor-selective pharmacodynamics in mouse models of cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007785. [PMID: 38164757 PMCID: PMC10729150 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical benefit of the anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) ipilimumab has been well established but limited by immune-related adverse events, especially when ipilimumab is used in combination with anti-PD-(L)1 mAb therapy. To overcome these limitations, we have developed XTX101, a tumor-activated, Fc-enhanced anti-CTLA-4 mAb. METHODS XTX101 consists of an anti-human CTLA-4 mAb covalently linked to masking peptides that block the complementarity-determining regions, thereby minimizing the mAb binding to CTLA-4. The masking peptides are designed to be released by proteases that are typically dysregulated within the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in activation of XTX101 intratumorally. Mutations within the Fc region of XTX101 were included to enhance affinity for FcγRIII, which is expected to enhance potency through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. RESULTS Biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based assays demonstrate that the function of XTX101 depends on proteolytic activation. In human CTLA-4 transgenic mice, XTX101 monotherapy demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) including complete responses, increased intratumoral CD8+T cells, and regulatory T cell depletion within the TME while maintaining minimal pharmacodynamic effects in the periphery. XTX101 in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb treatment resulted in significant TGI and was well tolerated in mice. XTX101 was activated in primary human tumors across a range of tumor types including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colon cancer and lung cancer in an ex vivo assay system. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that XTX101 retains the full potency of an Fc-enhanced CTLA-4 antagonist within the TME while minimizing the activity in non-tumor tissue, supporting the further evaluation of XTX101 in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jenkins
- Xilio Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Miso Park
- Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | | | - Parker Johnson
- Xilio Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Liu
- Xilio Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Veronica Flesch
- Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Huawei Qiu
- Xilio Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ulrich Rodeck
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - John C Williams
- Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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Ramesh A, Deshpande N, Malik V, Nguyen A, Malhotra M, Debnath M, Brouillard A, Kulkarni A. Activatable Nanoreporters for Real-Time Tracking of Macrophage Phenotypic States Associated with Disease Progression. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300978. [PMID: 37317008 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real-time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real-time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1-M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujan Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nilesh Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vaishali Malik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Mehak Malhotra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Maharshi Debnath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Anthony Brouillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ashish Kulkarni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Rulten SL, Grose RP, Gatz SA, Jones JL, Cameron AJM. The Future of Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12613. [PMID: 37628794 PMCID: PMC10454858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and evolution have evolved rapidly over recent years, and the variation from one patient to another is now widely recognized. Consequently, one-size-fits-all approaches to the treatment of cancer have been superseded by precision medicines that target specific disease characteristics, promising maximum clinical efficacy, minimal safety concerns, and reduced economic burden. While precision oncology has been very successful in the treatment of some tumors with specific characteristics, a large number of patients do not yet have access to precision medicines for their disease. The success of next-generation precision oncology depends on the discovery of new actionable disease characteristics, rapid, accurate, and comprehensive diagnosis of complex phenotypes within each patient, novel clinical trial designs with improved response rates, and worldwide access to novel targeted anticancer therapies for all patients. This review outlines some of the current technological trends, and highlights some of the complex multidisciplinary efforts that are underway to ensure that many more patients with cancer will be able to benefit from precision oncology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Susanne A. Gatz
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - J. Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Angus J. M. Cameron
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
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Kudryashev JA, Madias MI, Kandell RM, Lin QX, Kwon EJ. An Activity-Based Nanosensor for Minimally-Invasive Measurement of Protease Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2300218. [PMID: 37873031 PMCID: PMC10586543 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Current screening and diagnostic tools for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have limitations in sensitivity and prognostication. Aberrant protease activity is a central process that drives disease progression in TBI and is associated with worsened prognosis; thus direct measurements of protease activity could provide more diagnostic information. In this study, a nanosensor is engineered to release a measurable signal into the blood and urine in response to activity from the TBI-associated protease calpain. Readouts from the nanosensor were designed to be compatible with ELISA and lateral flow assays, clinically-relevant assay modalities. In a mouse model of TBI, the nanosensor sensitivity is enhanced when ligands that target hyaluronic acid are added. In evaluation of mice with mild or severe injuries, the nanosensor identifies mild TBI with a higher sensitivity than the biomarker GFAP. This nanosensor technology allows for measurement of TBI-associated proteases without the need to directly access brain tissue, and has the potential to complement existing TBI diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Kudryashev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Marianne I Madias
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rebecca M Kandell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Queenie X Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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12
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Salardani M, Barcick U, Zelanis A. Proteolytic signaling in cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:345-355. [PMID: 37873978 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2275671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a disease of (altered) biological pathways, often driven by somatic mutations and with several implications. Therefore, the identification of potential markers of disease is challenging. Given the large amount of biological data generated with omics approaches, oncology has experienced significant contributions. Proteomics mapping of protein fragments, derived from proteolytic processing events during oncogenesis, may shed light on (i) the role of active proteases and (ii) the functional implications of processed substrates in biological signaling circuits. Both outcomes have the potential for predicting diagnosis/prognosis in diseases like cancer. Therefore, understanding proteolytic processing events and their downstream implications may contribute to advances in the understanding of tumor biology and targeted therapies in precision medicine. AREAS COVERED Proteolytic events associated with some hallmarks of cancer (cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, as well as extracellular matrix degradation) will be discussed. Moreover, biomarker discovery and the use of proteomics approaches to uncover proteolytic signaling events will also be covered. EXPERT OPINION Proteolytic processing is an irreversible protein post-translational modification and the deconvolution of biological data resulting from the study of proteolytic signaling events may be used in both patient diagnosis/prognosis and targeted therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Salardani
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Uilla Barcick
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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13
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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Xu H, Lin S, Zhou Z, Li D, Zhang X, Yu M, Zhao R, Wang Y, Qian J, Li X, Li B, Wei C, Chen K, Yoshimura T, Wang JM, Huang J. New genetic and epigenetic insights into the chemokine system: the latest discoveries aiding progression toward precision medicine. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01032-x. [PMID: 37198402 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, the importance of chemokines and their seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been increasingly recognized. Chemokine interactions with receptors trigger signaling pathway activity to form a network fundamental to diverse immune processes, including host homeostasis and responses to disease. Genetic and nongenetic regulation of both the expression and structure of chemokines and receptors conveys chemokine functional heterogeneity. Imbalances and defects in the system contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer, immune and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic and neurological disorders, which render the system a focus of studies aiming to discover therapies and important biomarkers. The integrated view of chemokine biology underpinning divergence and plasticity has provided insights into immune dysfunction in disease states, including, among others, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, by reporting the latest advances in chemokine biology and results from analyses of a plethora of sequencing-based datasets, we outline recent advances in the understanding of the genetic variations and nongenetic heterogeneity of chemokines and receptors and provide an updated view of their contribution to the pathophysiological network, focusing on chemokine-mediated inflammation and cancer. Clarification of the molecular basis of dynamic chemokine-receptor interactions will help advance the understanding of chemokine biology to achieve precision medicine application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanli Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuye Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Duoduo Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Muhan Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junru Qian
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bohan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chuhan Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, 101149, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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15
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Silver AB, Wang J, Spangler JB. Masking T cell engagers mitigates on-target off-tumor activity. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:439-441. [PMID: 36997746 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah B Silver
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Wang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Cattaruzza F, Nazeer A, To M, Hammond M, Koski C, Liu LY, Pete Yeung V, Rennerfeldt DA, Henkensiefken A, Fox M, Lam S, Morrissey KM, Lange Z, Podust VN, Derynck MK, Irving BA, Schellenberger V. Precision-activated T-cell engagers targeting HER2 or EGFR and CD3 mitigate on-target, off-tumor toxicity for immunotherapy in solid tumors. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:485-501. [PMID: 36997747 PMCID: PMC10132983 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the therapeutic index of T-cell engagers (TCEs), we engineered masked, precision-activated TCEs (XPAT proteins), targeting a tumor antigen (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) and CD3. Unstructured XTEN polypeptide masks flank the N and C termini of the TCE and are designed to be released by proteases in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro, unmasked HER2-XPAT (uTCE) demonstrates potent cytotoxicity, with XTEN polypeptide masking providing up to 4-log-fold protection. In vivo, HER2-XPAT protein induces protease-dependent antitumor activity and is proteolytically stable in healthy tissues. In non-human primates, HER2-XPAT protein demonstrates a strong safety margin (>400-fold increase in tolerated maximum concentration versus uTCE). HER2-XPAT protein cleavage is low and similar in plasma samples from healthy and diseased humans and non-human primates, supporting translatability of stability to patients. EGFR-XPAT protein confirmed the utility of XPAT technology for tumor targets more widely expressed in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiore Cattaruzza
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayesha Nazeer
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Milton To
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mikhail Hammond
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Koski
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Y Liu
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V Pete Yeung
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Fox
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Lam
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kari M Morrissey
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Lange
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir N Podust
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mika K Derynck
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A Irving
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Arnhold J. Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents in Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033016. [PMID: 36769331 PMCID: PMC9918110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents. As long as the affected tissues are well equipped with ready-to-use protective mechanisms, no damage by cytotoxic agents occurs and resolution of inflammation is initiated. However, long-lasting and severe immune responses can be associated with the decline, exhaustion, or inactivation of selected antagonizing principles. Hence, cytotoxic agents are only partially inactivated and contribute to damage of yet-unperturbed cells. Consequently, a chronic inflammatory process results. In this vicious circle of permanent cell destruction, not only novel cytotoxic elements but also novel alarmins and antigens are liberated from affected cells. In severe cases, very low protection leads to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. In this review, the major classes of host-derived cytotoxic agents (reactive species, oxidized heme proteins and free heme, transition metal ions, serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases, and pro-inflammatory peptides), their corresponding protective principles, and resulting implications on the pathogenesis of diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Ćwilichowska N, Świderska KW, Dobrzyń A, Drąg M, Poręba M. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of protease inhibition. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101144. [PMID: 36174281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and peptides; thus, they control virtually all biological processes. Our understanding of protease function has advanced considerably from nonselective digestive enzymes to highly specialized molecular scissors that orchestrate complex signaling networks through a limited proteolysis. The catalytic activity of proteases is tightly regulated at several levels, ranging from gene expression through trafficking and maturation to posttranslational modifications. However, when this delicate balance is disturbed, many diseases develop, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This new understanding of the role of proteases in pathologic physiology indicates that these enzymes represent excellent molecular targets for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, as well as for the design of chemical probes to visualize their redundant activity. Recently, numerous platform technologies have been developed to identify and optimize protease substrates and inhibitors, which were further used as lead structures for the development of chemical probes and therapeutic drugs. Due to this considerable success, the clinical potential of proteases in therapeutics and diagnostics is rapidly growing and is still not completely explored. Therefore, small molecules that can selectively target aberrant protease activity are emerging in diseases cells. In this review, we describe modern trends in the design of protease drugs as well as small molecule activity-based probes to visualize selected proteases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ćwilichowska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina W Świderska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Schaefer K, Lui I, Byrnes JR, Kang E, Zhou J, Weeks AM, Wells JA. Direct Identification of Proteolytic Cleavages on Living Cells Using a Glycan-Tethered Peptide Ligase. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1447-1456. [PMID: 36313159 PMCID: PMC9615116 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of cell surface proteins triggers critical processes including cell-cell interactions, receptor activation, and shedding of signaling proteins. Consequently, dysregulated extracellular proteases contribute to malignant cell phenotypes including most cancers. To understand these effects, methods are needed that identify proteolyzed membrane proteins within diverse cellular contexts. Herein we report a proteomic approach, called cell surface N-terminomics, to broadly identify precise cleavage sites (neo-N-termini) on the surface of living cells. First, we functionalized the engineered peptide ligase, called stabiligase, with an N-terminal nucleophile that enables covalent attachment to naturally occurring glycans. Upon the addition of a biotinylated peptide ester, glycan-tethered stabiligase efficiently tags extracellular neo-N-termini for proteomic analysis. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, we identified and characterized 1532 extracellular neo-N-termini across a panel of different cell types including primary immune cells. The vast majority of cleavages were not identified by previous proteomic studies. Lastly, we demonstrated that single oncogenes, KRAS(G12V) and HER2, induce extracellular proteolytic remodeling of proteins involved in cancerous cell growth, invasion, and migration. Cell surface N-terminomics is a generalizable platform that can reveal proteolyzed, neoepitopes to target using immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Irene Lui
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James R. Byrnes
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Emily Kang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Amy M. Weeks
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James A. Wells
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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20
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Zhao Y, Yao Q, Chen J, Zhang R, Song J, Gao Y. Intracellular fluorogenic supramolecular assemblies for self-reporting bioorthogonal prodrug activation. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5662-5668. [PMID: 35996984 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visual drug delivery system (DDS) is urgently needed for precision medicine. DDS-mediated bioorthogonal prodrug activation strategies have demonstrated remarkable advantages in enlarging a therapeutic index via the alleviation of adverse drug reactions. However, the events of bioorthogonal prodrug activation remain inaccessible. Here, we construct a self-reporting bioorthogonal prodrug activation system using fluorescence emission to interpret prodrug activation events. In designed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-instructed supramolecular assemblies, the bioorthogonal reaction handle of tetrazine carries a dual role as fluorescence quencher and prodrug activator. The subsequent inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction simultaneously liberates fluorescence and active drugs, which form a linear relationship. Differentiated by their cellular redox status, ROS-instructed supramolecular assemblies form selectively in both tumor cells and cell spheroids. Upon prodrug treatment, the brightness of fluorescence reflects the liberation of active drugs, which further correlates with the cell survival rate. Therefore, a fluorescence-based visualizable DDS (VDDS) for bioorthogonal prodrug activation is demonstrated, which should be useful to elucidate the multi-step processes in drug delivery and determine prodrug activation efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Qingxin Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiali Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jialei Song
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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21
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Chen TT. Conditionally active T cell engagers for the treatment of solid tumors: rationale and clinical development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:955-963. [PMID: 35857922 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2098674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION T cell engagers are a class of bispecific molecules that induce highly potent T cell-dependent cytotoxicity by bringing T cell activating receptors into proximity with cancer-associated cell surface antigens. However, because of their high potency, there is a greater risk of on-target/off-tumor toxicity owing to normal tissues having tumor antigen expression even at low levels. To reduce these adverse events, the dysregulated activity of proteases within the tumor microenvironment has recently been explored to create inert prodrugs that become conditionally active engagers after their cleavage by these enzymes. AREAS COVERED T-cell engagers that have been introduced for clinical use, and their respective successes and failures are reviewed. The unique challenges of these bispecific molecules for treating solid tumors and prior technologies used to exploit the proteolytic tumor microenvironment to create better-tolerated prodrugs and how that experience has led to the current series of conditionally active T-cell engagers, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Methods for modulating the serum half-life of both inert and activated T cell engagers could have important ramifications in how they infiltrate tumors and prevent toxicity. Alternative features of the tumor microenvironment can also be leveraged in the development of conditional T cell engagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Timothy Chen
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc
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22
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Soleimany AP, Martin-Alonso C, Anahtar M, Wang CS, Bhatia SN. Protease Activity Analysis: A Toolkit for Analyzing Enzyme Activity Data. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24292-24301. [PMID: 35874224 PMCID: PMC9301967 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the activity of proteases and their substrates is critical to defining the biological functions of these enzymes and to designing new diagnostics and therapeutics that target protease dysregulation in disease. While a wide range of databases and algorithms have been created to better predict protease cleavage sites, there is a dearth of computational tools to automate analysis of in vitro and in vivo protease assays. This necessitates individual researchers to develop their own analytical pipelines, resulting in a lack of standardization across the field. To facilitate protease research, here we present Protease Activity Analysis (PAA), a toolkit for the preprocessing, visualization, machine learning analysis, and querying of protease activity data sets. PAA leverages a Python-based object-oriented implementation that provides a modular framework for streamlined analysis across three major components. First, PAA provides a facile framework to query data sets of synthetic peptide substrates and their cleavage susceptibilities across a diverse set of proteases. To complement the database functionality, PAA also includes tools for the automated analysis and visualization of user-input enzyme-substrate activity measurements generated through in vitro screens against synthetic peptide substrates. Finally, PAA supports a set of modular machine learning functions to analyze in vivo protease activity signatures that are generated by activity-based sensors. Overall, PAA offers the protease community a breadth of computational tools to streamline research, taking a step toward standardizing data analysis across the field and in chemical biology and biochemistry at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava P. Soleimany
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Program
in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Microsoft
Research New England, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carmen Martin-Alonso
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melodi Anahtar
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cathy S. Wang
- Department
of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Anahtar M, Chan LW, Ko H, Rao A, Soleimany AP, Khatri P, Bhatia SN. Host protease activity classifies pneumonia etiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121778119. [PMID: 35696579 PMCID: PMC9231472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121778119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been brought to the forefront of global health priorities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, classification of viral versus bacterial pneumonia etiology remains a significant clinical challenge. To this end, we have engineered a panel of activity-based nanosensors that detect the dysregulated activity of pulmonary host proteases implicated in the response to pneumonia-causing pathogens and produce a urinary readout of disease. The nanosensor targets were selected based on a human protease transcriptomic signature for pneumonia etiology generated from 33 unique publicly available study cohorts. Five mouse models of bacterial or viral CAP were developed to assess the ability of the nanosensors to produce etiology-specific urinary signatures. Machine learning algorithms were used to train diagnostic classifiers that could distinguish infected mice from healthy controls and differentiate those with bacterial versus viral pneumonia with high accuracy. This proof-of-concept diagnostic approach demonstrates a way to distinguish pneumonia etiology based solely on the host proteolytic response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodi Anahtar
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Leslie W. Chan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Henry Ko
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aditya Rao
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ava P. Soleimany
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Hansjörg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
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24
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Dettling DE, Kwok E, Quach L, Datt A, Degenhardt JD, Panchal A, Seto P, Krakow JL, Wall R, Hillier BJ, Zhu Y, Vinogradova M, DuBridge RB, May C. Regression of EGFR positive established solid tumors in mice with the conditionally active T cell engager TAK-186. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004336. [PMID: 35728872 PMCID: PMC9214390 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite clinical success with T cell engagers (TCEs) targeting hematological malignancies, achieving a safe and efficacious dose in patients with solid tumors remains challenging. Due to potency, low levels of target antigen expression on normal tissues may not be tolerated. To overcome this, we engineered a novel conditionally active TCE design called COBRA (Conditional Bispecific Redirected Activation). Administered as prodrugs, COBRAs bind to cell surface antigens on both normal and tumor tissues but are preferentially activated within the tumor microenvironment. Methods A COBRA was engineered to target EGFR, TAK-186. The potency of precleaved TAK-186 relative to a non-cleavable control was assessed in vitro. Mice bearing established solid tumors expressing a range of EGFR levels were administered a single bolus of human T cells, and concurrently treated with TAK-186 and associated controls intravenously. We assessed the plasma and tumor exposure of intact and cleaved TAK-186. Results TAK-186 shows potent redirected T cell killing of antigen expressing tumor cells. In vivo efficacy studies demonstrate regressions of established solid tumors, dependent on intratumoral COBRA cleavage. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal TAK-186 is stable in circulation, but once activated is rapidly cleared due to loss of its albumin-binding half-life extension domain. Conclusions The studies shown support the advancement of TAK-186, and the pursuit of additional COBRA TCEs for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Dettling
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eilene Kwok
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucy Quach
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aakash Datt
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Degenhardt
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand Panchal
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Seto
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Krakow
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell Wall
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian J Hillier
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maia Vinogradova
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert B DuBridge
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chad May
- Oncology Drug Development Unit, Takeda Development Centers America, Inc (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Gruba N, Stachurski L, Lesner A. Chemical tools to monitor bladder cancer progression. Biomarkers 2022; 27:568-578. [PMID: 35532038 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2076153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBladder cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer of the urinary system. Due to its high incidence and recurrence, as well as limited progress in the effective treatment, BCa is a challenge for today's medicine.Materials and MethodsWe used a set of chromogenic substrates to differentiate between the stages of bladder cancer progression (G1 (n = 10), G2 (n = 10), G3 (n = 10)). The proteolytic activity in individual the urine samples was determined by absorbance measurements. Then inhibitors of particular classes of enzymes were used to determine which enzymes dominate at a given stage of the neoplastic disease.ResultsThe specific activity of enzymes in the urine of patients with confirmed bladder cancer was determined separately for three (G1, G2, G3) stages of the disease development. What is more, no activity was observed in urine of healthy people (n = 10).DiscussionResearch shows that specific enzymes are associated with the development of specific stages of cancer. We suspect that the differences in the proteolytic activity of urine samples are due to the presence of a different set of enzymes, that are directly related to the particular stage of the disease.ConclusionWe obtained three substrates for monitoring individual stages of bladder cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Stachurski
- City Hospital St. Vincent de Paul, Wójta Radtkiego 1 Street, PL 81-348 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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26
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Nirschl CJ, Brodkin HR, Hicklin DJ, Ismail N, Morris K, Seidel-Dugan C, Steiner P, Steuert Z, Sullivan JM, Tyagi E, Winston WM, Salmeron A. Discovery of a Conditionally Activated IL-2 that Promotes Antitumor Immunity and Induces Tumor Regression. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:581-596. [PMID: 35286392 PMCID: PMC9381102 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a cytokine clinically approved for the treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, its clinical utility is hindered by serious side effects driven by the systemic activity of the cytokine. Here, we describe the design and characterization of a conditionally activated IL-2 prodrug, WTX-124, that takes advantage of the dysregulated protease milieu of tumors. WTX-124 was engineered as a single molecule containing an inactivation domain and a half-life extension domain that are tethered to a fully active IL-2 by protease-cleavable linkers. We show that the inactivation domain prevented IL-2 from binding to its receptors in nontumor tissues, thereby minimizing the toxicity associated with systemic exposure to IL-2. The half-life extension element improves the pharmacokinetic profile of WTX-124 over free IL-2, allowing for greater exposure. WTX-124 was preferentially activated in tumor tissue by tumor-associated proteases, releasing active IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro assays confirmed that the activity of WTX-124 was dependent on proteolytic activation, and in vivo WTX-124 treatment resulted in complete rejection of established tumors in a cleavage-dependent manner. Mechanistically, WTX-124 treatment triggered the activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and markedly shifted the immune activation profile of the tumor microenvironment, resulting in significant inhibition of tumor growth in syngeneic tumor models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that WTX-124 minimizes the toxicity of IL-2 treatment in the periphery while retaining the full pharmacology of IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment, supporting its further development as a cancer immunotherapy treatment. See related Spotlight by Silva, p. 544.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Seidel-Dugan
- Corresponding Authors: Cynthia Seidel-Dugan, Werewolf Therapeutics, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: 617-952-0542; Fax: 617-354-0510; E-mail: ; and Andres Salmeron,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andres Salmeron
- Corresponding Authors: Cynthia Seidel-Dugan, Werewolf Therapeutics, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: 617-952-0542; Fax: 617-354-0510; E-mail: ; and Andres Salmeron,
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27
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Mac QD, Sivakumar A, Phuengkham H, Xu C, Bowen JR, Su FY, Stentz SZ, Sim H, Harris AM, Li TT, Qiu P, Kwong GA. Urinary detection of early responses to checkpoint blockade and of resistance to it via protease-cleaved antibody-conjugated sensors. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:310-324. [PMID: 35241815 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy does not benefit the majority of treated patients, and those who respond to the therapy can become resistant to it. Here we report the design and performance of systemically administered protease activity sensors conjugated to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (αPD1) antibodies for the monitoring of antitumour responses to ICB therapy. The sensors consist of a library of mass-barcoded protease substrates that, when cleaved by tumour proteases and immune proteases, are released into urine, where they can be detected by mass spectrometry. By using syngeneic mouse models of colorectal cancer, we show that random forest classifiers trained on mass spectrometry signatures from a library of αPD1-conjugated mass-barcoded activity sensors for differentially expressed tumour proteases and immune proteases can be used to detect early antitumour responses and discriminate resistance to ICB therapy driven by loss-of-function mutations in either the B2m or Jak1 genes. Biomarkers of protease activity may facilitate the assessment of early responses to ICB therapy and the classification of refractory tumours based on resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc D Mac
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anirudh Sivakumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hathaichanok Phuengkham
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Congmin Xu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James R Bowen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fang-Yi Su
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Z Stentz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyoungjun Sim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adrian M Harris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tonia T Li
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Qiu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,The Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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28
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Pereira S, Ma G, Na L, Hudoklin S, Kreft ME, Kostevsek N, Al-Jamal WT. Encapsulation of doxorubicin prodrug in heat-triggered liposomes overcomes off-target activation for advanced prostate cancer therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:530-546. [PMID: 34954416 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-377,202 prodrug consists of doxorubicin (Dox) conjugated to a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) peptide substrate that can be cleaved by enzymatically active PSA at the tumor site. Despite the initial promise in phase I trial, further testing of L-377,202 (herein called Dox-PSA) was ceased due to some degree of non-specific activation and toxicity concerns. To improve safety of Dox-PSA, we encapsulated it into low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSL) to bypass systemic activation, while maintaining its biological activity upon controlled release in response to mild hyperthermia (HT). A time-dependent accumulation of activated prodrug in the nuclei of PSA-expressing cells exposed to mild HT was observed, showing that Dox-PSA was efficiently released from the LTSL, cleaved by PSA and entering the cell nucleus as free Dox. Furthermore, we have shown that Dox-PSA loading in LTSL can block its biological activity at 37°C, while the combination with mild HT resulted in augmented cytotoxicity in both 2D and 3D PC models compared to the free Dox-PSA. More importantly, Dox-PSA encapsulation in LTSL prolonged its blood circulation and reduced Dox accumulation in the heart of C4-2B tumor-bearing mice over the free Dox-PSA, thus significantly improving Dox-PSA therapeutic window. Finally, Dox-PSA-loaded LTSL combined with HT significantly delayed tumor growth at a similar rate as mice treated with free Dox-PSA in both solid and metastatic PC tumor models. This indicates this strategy could block the systemic cleavage of Dox-PSA without reducing its efficacy in vivo, which could represent a safer option to treat patients with locally advanced PC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study investigates a new tactic to tackle non-specific cleavage of doxorubicin PSA-activatable prodrug (L-377,202) to treat advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we report a nanoparticle-based approach to overcome the non-specific activation of L-377,202 in the systemic circulation. This includes encapsulating Dox-PSA in low temperature-sensitive liposomes to prevent its premature hydrolysis and non-specific cleavage. This class of liposomes offers payload protection against degradation in plasma, improved pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, and an efficient and controlled drug release triggered by mild hyperthermia (HT) (∼42°C). We believe that this strategy holds great promise in bypassing any systemic toxicity concerns that could arise from the premature activation of the prodrug whilst simultaneously being able to control the spatiotemporal context of Dox-PSA cleavage and metabolism.
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29
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Agarwal Y, Milling LE, Chang JYH, Santollani L, Sheen A, Lutz EA, Tabet A, Stinson J, Ni K, Rodrigues KA, Moyer TJ, Melo MB, Irvine DJ, Wittrup KD. Intratumourally injected alum-tethered cytokines elicit potent and safer local and systemic anticancer immunity. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:129-143. [PMID: 35013574 PMCID: PMC9681025 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tumour inflammatory cytokines are highly toxic when administered systemically. Here, in multiple syngeneic mouse models, we show that the intratumoural injection of recombinantly expressed cytokines bound tightly to the common vaccine adjuvant aluminium hydroxide (alum) (via ligand exchange between hydroxyls on the surface of alum and phosphoserine residues tagged to the cytokine by an alum-binding peptide) leads to weeks-long retention of the cytokines in the tumours, with minimal side effects. Specifically, a single dose of alum-tethered interleukin-12 induced substantial interferon-γ-mediated T-cell and natural-killer-cell activities in murine melanoma tumours, increased tumour antigen accumulation in draining lymph nodes and elicited robust tumour-specific T-cell priming. Moreover, intratumoural injection of alum-anchored cytokines enhanced responses to checkpoint blockade, promoting cures in distinct poorly immunogenic syngeneic tumour models and eliciting control over metastases and distant untreated lesions. Intratumoural treatment with alum-anchored cytokines represents a safer and tumour-agnostic strategy to improving local and systemic anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lauren E Milling
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Y H Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luciano Santollani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allison Sheen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emi A Lutz
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Tabet
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Stinson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyson J Moyer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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30
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Kandell R, Kudryashev JA, Kwon EJ. Targeting the Extracellular Matrix in Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Signal Generation from an Activity-Based Nanosensor. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20504-20516. [PMID: 34870408 PMCID: PMC8716428 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health concern and major contributor to death and long-term disability. After the initial trauma, a sustained secondary injury involving a complex continuum of pathophysiology unfolds, ultimately leading to the destruction of nervous tissue. One disease hallmark of TBI is ectopic protease activity, which can mediate cell death, extracellular matrix breakdown, and inflammation. We previously engineered a fluorogenic activity-based nanosensor for TBI (TBI-ABN) that passively accumulates in the injured brain across the disrupted vasculature and generates fluorescent signal in response to calpain-1 cleavage, thus enabling in situ visualization of TBI-associated calpain-1 protease activity. In this work, we hypothesized that actively targeting the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the injured brain would improve nanosensor accumulation in the injured brain beyond passive delivery alone and lead to increased nanosensor activation. We evaluated several peptides that bind exposed/enriched ECM constituents in the brain and discovered that nanomaterials modified with peptides that target hyaluronic acid (HA) displayed widespread distribution across the injury lesion, in particular colocalizing with perilesional and hippocampal neurons. Modifying TBI-ABN with HA-targeting peptide led to increases in activation in a ligand-valency-dependent manner, up to 6.6-fold in the injured cortex compared to a nontargeted nanosensor. This robust nanosensor activation enabled 3D visualization of injury-specific protease activity in a cleared and intact brain. In our work, we establish that targeting brain ECM with peptide ligands can be leveraged to improve the distribution and function of a bioresponsive imaging nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ester J. Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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31
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Koistinen H, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. KLK3 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis-Tumorigenic or Not? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413545. [PMID: 34948344 PMCID: PMC8704207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this focused review, we address the role of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in the regulation of angiogenesis. Early studies suggest that KLK3 is able to inhibit angiogenic processes, which is most likely dependent on its proteolytic activity. However, more recent evidence suggests that KLK3 may also have an opposite role, mediated by the ability of KLK3 to activate the (lymph)angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D, further discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
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Song Y, Wright JG, Anderson MJ, Rajendran S, Ren Z, Hua DH, Koehne JE, Meyyappan M, Li J. Quantitative Detection of Cathepsin B Activity in Neutral pH Buffers Using Gold Microelectrode Arrays: Toward Direct Multiplex Analyses of Extracellular Proteases in Human Serum. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3621-3631. [PMID: 34546741 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are critical signaling molecules and prognostic biomarkers for many diseases including cancer. There is a strong demand for multiplex bioanalytical techniques that can rapidly detect the activity of extracellular proteases with high sensitivity and specificity. This study demonstrates an activity-based electrochemical biosensor of a 3 × 3 gold microelectrode array for the detection of cathepsin B activity in human serum diluted in a neutral buffer. Proteolysis of ferrocene-labeled peptide substrates functionalized on 200 × 200 μm microelectrodes is measured simultaneously over the nine channels by AC voltammetry. The protease activity is represented by the inverse of the exponential decay time constant (1/τ), which equals to (kcat/KM)[CB] based on the Michaelis-Menten model. An enhanced activity of the recombinant human cathepsin B (rhCB) is observed in a low-ionic-strength phosphate buffer at pH = 7.4, giving a very low limit of detection of 8.49 × 10-4 s-1 for activity and 57.1 pM for the active rhCB concentration that is comparable to affinity-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cathepsin B presented in the human serum sample is validated by ELISA, which mainly detects the inactive proenzyme, while the electrochemical biosensor specifically measures the active cathepsin B and shows significantly higher decay rates when rhCB and human serum are activated. Analyses of the kinetic electrochemical measurements with spiked active cathepsin B in human serum provide further assessment of the protease activity in the complex sample. This study lays the foundation to develop the gold microelectrode array into a multiplex biosensor for rapid detection of the activity of extracellular proteases toward cancer diagnosis and treatment assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jestin Gage Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Morgan J. Anderson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Sabari Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Zhaoyang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jessica E. Koehne
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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33
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Kwong GA, Ghosh S, Gamboa L, Patriotis C, Srivastava S, Bhatia SN. Synthetic biomarkers: a twenty-first century path to early cancer detection. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:655-668. [PMID: 34489588 PMCID: PMC8791024 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of cancer at an early stage when it is still localized improves patient response to medical interventions for most cancer types. The success of screening tools such as cervical cytology to reduce mortality has spurred significant interest in new methods for early detection (for example, using non-invasive blood-based or biofluid-based biomarkers). Yet biomarkers shed from early lesions are limited by fundamental biological and mass transport barriers - such as short circulation times and blood dilution - that limit early detection. To address this issue, synthetic biomarkers are being developed. These represent an emerging class of diagnostics that deploy bioengineered sensors inside the body to query early-stage tumours and amplify disease signals to levels that could potentially exceed those of shed biomarkers. These strategies leverage design principles and advances from chemistry, synthetic biology and cell engineering. In this Review, we discuss the rationale for development of biofluid-based synthetic biomarkers. We examine how these strategies harness dysregulated features of tumours to amplify detection signals, use tumour-selective activation to increase specificity and leverage natural processing of bodily fluids (for example, blood, urine and proximal fluids) for easy detection. Finally, we highlight the challenges that exist for preclinical development and clinical translation of synthetic biomarker diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Kwong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- The Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sharmistha Ghosh
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lena Gamboa
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christos Patriotis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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He J, Nissim L, Soleimany AP, Binder-Nissim A, Fleming HE, Lu TK, Bhatia SN. Synthetic Circuit-Driven Expression of Heterologous Enzymes for Disease Detection. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2231-2242. [PMID: 34464083 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The integration of nanotechnology and synthetic biology could lay the framework for new classes of engineered biosensors that produce amplified readouts of disease states. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of this vision, here we present an engineered gene circuit that, in response to cancer-associated transcriptional deregulation, expresses heterologous enzyme biomarkers whose activity can be measured by nanoparticle sensors that generate amplified detection readouts. Specifically, we designed an AND-gate gene circuit that integrates the activity of two ovarian cancer-specific synthetic promoters to drive the expression of a heterologous protein output, secreted Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease, exclusively from within tumor cells. Nanoparticle probes were engineered to carry a TEV-specific peptide substrate in order to measure the activity of the circuit-generated enzyme to yield amplified detection signals measurable in the urine or blood. We applied our integrated sense-and-respond system in a mouse model of disseminated ovarian cancer, where we demonstrated measurement of circuit-specific TEV protease activity both in vivo using exogenously administered nanoparticle sensors and ex vivo using quenched fluorescent probes. We envision that this work will lay the foundation for how synthetic biology and nanotechnology can be meaningfully integrated to achieve next-generation engineered biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lior Nissim
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ava P. Soleimany
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Adina Binder-Nissim
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization, Tel Aviv 62038, Israel
| | - Heather E. Fleming
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy K. Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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35
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Nag JK, Malka H, Appasamy P, Sedley S, Bar-Shavit R. GPCR Partners as Cancer Driver Genes: Association with PH-Signal Proteins in a Distinctive Signaling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8985. [PMID: 34445691 PMCID: PMC8396503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor growth is recognized, yet a GPCR based drug in cancer is rare. Understanding the molecular path of a tumor driver gene may lead to the design and development of an effective drug. For example, in members of protease-activated receptor (PAR) family (e.g., PAR1 and PAR2), a novel PH-binding motif is allocated as critical for tumor growth. Animal models have indicated the generation of large tumors in the presence of PAR1 or PAR2 oncogenes. These tumors showed effective inhibition when the PH-binding motif was either modified or were inhibited by a specific inhibitor targeted to the PH-binding motif. In the second part of the review we discuss several aspects of some cardinal GPCRs in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (J.K.N.); (H.M.); (P.A.); (S.S.)
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36
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Su FY, Mac QD, Sivakumar A, Kwong GA. Interfacing Biomaterials with Synthetic T Cell Immunity. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100157. [PMID: 33887123 PMCID: PMC8349871 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immunotherapy is providing exciting opportunities for the development of new methods to detect and treat cancer more effectively. A new generation of biomaterials is being developed to interface with molecular and cellular features of immunity and ultimately shape or control anti-tumor responses. Recent advances that are supporting the advancement of engineered T cells are focused here. This class of cancer therapy has the potential to cure disease in subsets of patients, yet there remain challenges such as the need to improve response rates and safety while lowering costs to expand their use. To provide a focused overview, recent strategies in three areas of biomaterials research are highlighted: low-cost cell manufacturing to broaden patient access, noninvasive diagnostics for predictive monitoring of immune responses, and strategies for in vivo control that enhance anti-tumor immunity. These research efforts shed light on some of the challenges associated with T cell immunotherapy and how engineered biomaterials that interface with synthetic immunity are gaining traction to solve these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Su
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Quoc D Mac
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anirudh Sivakumar
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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37
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Habič A, Novak M, Majc B, Lah Turnšek T, Breznik B. Proteases Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Remodel Their Microenvironment. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:775-794. [PMID: 34310223 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211035192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is perturbed in tumors and their microenvironment, and proteases also affect cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are the therapy-resistant subpopulation of cancer cells with tumor-initiating capacity that reside in specialized tumor microenvironment niches. In this review, we briefly summarize the significance of proteases in regulating CSC activities with a focus on brain tumor glioblastoma. A plethora of proteases and their inhibitors participate in CSC invasiveness and affect intercellular interactions, enhancing CSC immune, irradiation, and chemotherapy resilience. Apart from their role in degrading the extracellular matrix enabling CSC migration in and out of their niches, we review the ability of proteases to modulate CSC properties, which prevents their elimination. When designing protease-oriented therapies, the multifaceted roles of proteases should be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Habič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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38
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Kapalatiya H, Madav Y, Tambe VS, Wairkar S. Enzyme-responsive smart nanocarriers for targeted chemotherapy: an overview. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1293-1305. [PMID: 34251612 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers play pivotal roles in the field of biomedical applications, particularly in anticancer therapy. One of the prominent strategies for the transport of anticancer drugs with site-specific release and improved therapeutic efficacy is the use of an enzyme-responsive drug delivery system. There is an emerging class of cancer therapeutics engineered to control the release of a drug via enzymatic degradation. Enzymes, being an essential component of bio-nanotechnology toolbox, hold exceptional biorecognition abilities as well as outstanding catalytic properties. Often, abnormal enzyme expression observed in cancer offers many opportunities in designing nanocarriers modified with enzyme-labile linkage. Through altered physical or chemical characteristics of these nanocarriers or cleavage of the drug in response to the bio-action of enzyme, an on-demand drug release can be obtained. In this review, several classes of enzymes performing critical roles in cancer such as hydrolases, lipases, and oxidoreductases are summarized. Insights on various approaches that interfere with the mechanism of these enzymes have also been included. Finally, various smart nanocarriers such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon-nanotubes, micelles, liposomes, and dendrimers serving as excellent platforms for enzyme-responsive formulations have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Kapalatiya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Yamini Madav
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Varunesh Sanjay Tambe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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39
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Cui C, Chakraborty K, Tang XA, Zhou G, Schoenfelt KQ, Becker KM, Hoffman A, Chang YF, Blank A, Reardon CA, Kenny HA, Vaisar T, Lengyel E, Greene G, Becker L. Neutrophil elastase selectively kills cancer cells and attenuates tumorigenesis. Cell 2021; 184:3163-3177.e21. [PMID: 33964209 PMCID: PMC10712736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell genetic variability and similarity to host cells have stymied development of broad anti-cancer therapeutics. Our innate immune system evolved to clear genetically diverse pathogens and limit host toxicity; however, whether/how innate immunity can produce similar effects in cancer is unknown. Here, we show that human, but not murine, neutrophils release catalytically active neutrophil elastase (ELANE) to kill many cancer cell types while sparing non-cancer cells. ELANE proteolytically liberates the CD95 death domain, which interacts with histone H1 isoforms to selectively eradicate cancer cells. ELANE attenuates primary tumor growth and produces a CD8+T cell-mediated abscopal effect to attack distant metastases. Porcine pancreatic elastase (ELANE homolog) resists tumor-derived protease inhibitors and exhibits markedly improved therapeutic efficacy. Altogether, our studies suggest that ELANE kills genetically diverse cancer cells with minimal toxicity to non-cancer cells, raising the possibility of developing it as a broad anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cui
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kasturi Chakraborty
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xu Anna Tang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guolin Zhou
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kelly Q Schoenfelt
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kristen M Becker
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexandria Hoffman
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ya-Fang Chang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariane Blank
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hilary A Kenny
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecological Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecological Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Geoffrey Greene
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lev Becker
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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40
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Kirkpatrick JD, Warren AD, Soleimany AP, Westcott PMK, Voog JC, Martin-Alonso C, Fleming HE, Tammela T, Jacks T, Bhatia SN. Urinary detection of lung cancer in mice via noninvasive pulmonary protease profiling. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/537/eaaw0262. [PMID: 32238573 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, and patients most commonly present with incurable advanced-stage disease. U.S. national guidelines recommend screening for high-risk patients with low-dose computed tomography, but this approach has limitations including high false-positive rates. Activity-based nanosensors can detect dysregulated proteases in vivo and release a reporter to provide a urinary readout of disease activity. Here, we demonstrate the translational potential of activity-based nanosensors for lung cancer by coupling nanosensor multiplexing with intrapulmonary delivery and machine learning to detect localized disease in two immunocompetent genetically engineered mouse models. The design of our multiplexed panel of sensors was informed by comparative transcriptomic analysis of human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma datasets and in vitro cleavage assays with recombinant candidate proteases. Intrapulmonary administration of the nanosensors to a Kras- and Trp53-mutant lung adenocarcinoma mouse model confirmed the role of metalloproteases in lung cancer and enabled accurate detection of localized disease, with 100% specificity and 81% sensitivity. Furthermore, this approach generalized to an alternative autochthonous model of lung adenocarcinoma, where it detected cancer with 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity and was not confounded by lipopolysaccharide-driven lung inflammation. These results encourage the clinical development of activity-based nanosensors for the detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Kirkpatrick
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew D Warren
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ava P Soleimany
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin C Voog
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carmen Martin-Alonso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather E Fleming
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Salcedo EC, Winter MB, Khuri N, Knudsen GM, Sali A, Craik CS. Global Protease Activity Profiling Identifies HER2-Driven Proteolysis in Breast Cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:712-723. [PMID: 33765766 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential expression of extracellular proteases and endogenous protease inhibitors has been associated with distinct molecular subtypes of breast cancer. However, due to the tight post-translational regulation of protease activity, protease expression-level data alone are not sufficient to understand the role of proteases in malignant transformation. Therefore, we hypothesized that global profiles of extracellular protease activity could more completely reflect differences observed at the transcriptional level in breast cancer and that subtype-associated protease activity may be leveraged to identify specific proteases that play a functional role in cancer signaling. Here, we used a global peptide library-based approach to profile the activities of proteases within distinct breast cancer subtypes. Analysis of 3651 total peptide cleavages from a panel of well-characterized breast cancer cell lines demonstrated differences in proteolytic signatures between cell lines. Cell line clustering based on protease cleavages within the peptide library expanded upon the expected classification derived from transcriptional profiling. An isogenic cell line model developed to further interrogate proteolysis in the HER2 subtype revealed a proteolytic signature consistent with activation of TGF-β signaling. Specifically, we determined that a metalloprotease involved in TGF-β signaling, BMP1, was upregulated at both the protein (2-fold, P = 0.001) and activity (P = 0.0599) levels. Inhibition of BMP1 and HER2 suppressed invasion of HER2-expressing cells by 35% (P < 0.0001), compared to 15% (P = 0.0086) observed in cells where only HER2 was inhibited. In summary, through global identification of extracellular proteolysis in breast cancer cell lines, we demonstrate subtype-specific differences in protease activity and elucidate proteolysis associated with HER2-mediated signaling.
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Vizovisek M, Ristanovic D, Menghini S, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. The Tumor Proteolytic Landscape: A Challenging Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052514. [PMID: 33802262 PMCID: PMC7958950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, dysregulation of proteases and atypical proteolysis have become increasingly recognized as important hallmarks of cancer, driving community-wide efforts to explore the proteolytic landscape of oncologic disease. With more than 100 proteases currently associated with different aspects of cancer development and progression, there is a clear impetus to harness their potential in the context of oncology. Advances in the protease field have yielded technologies enabling sensitive protease detection in various settings, paving the way towards diagnostic profiling of disease-related protease activity patterns. Methods including activity-based probes and substrates, antibodies, and various nanosystems that generate reporter signals, i.e., for PET or MRI, after interaction with the target protease have shown potential for clinical translation. Nevertheless, these technologies are costly, not easily multiplexed, and require advanced imaging technologies. While the current clinical applications of protease-responsive technologies in oncologic settings are still limited, emerging technologies and protease sensors are poised to enable comprehensive exploration of the tumor proteolytic landscape as a diagnostic and therapeutic frontier. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant classes of proteases as indicators for tumor diagnosis, current approaches to detect and monitor their activity in vivo, and associated therapeutic applications.
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Gruba N, Stachurski L, Lesner A. Non‐Proteasomal Urine Activity in Bladder Cancer. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000981. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- University of Gdansk Faculty of Chemistry Wita Stwosza 63 Street PL 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Lech Stachurski
- City Hospital St. Vincent de Paul Wójta Radtkiego 1 Street PL 81-348 Gdynia Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- University of Gdansk Faculty of Chemistry Wita Stwosza 63 Street PL 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
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Abstract
Acute brain injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke affect 85 million people a year worldwide, and many survivors suffer from long-term physical, cognitive, or psychosocial impairments. There are few FDA-approved therapies that are effective at preventing, halting, or ameliorating the state of disease in the brain after acute brain injury. To address this unmet need, one potential strategy is to leverage the unique physical and biological properties of nanomaterials. Decades of cancer nanomedicine research can serve as a blueprint for innovation in brain injury nanomedicines, both to emulate the successes and also to avoid potential pitfalls. In this review, we discuss how shared disease physiology between cancer and acute brain injuries can inform the design of novel nanomedicines for acute brain injuries. These disease hallmarks include dysregulated vasculature, an altered microenvironment, and changes in the immune system. We discuss several nanomaterial strategies that can be engineered to exploit these disease hallmarks, for example, passive accumulation, active targeting of disease-associated signals, bioresponsive designs that are "smart", and immune interactions.
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.G.-D.); (A.M.)
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Soleimany AP, Kirkpatrick JD, Su S, Dudani JS, Zhong Q, Bekdemir A, Bhatia SN. Activatable Zymography Probes Enable In Situ Localization of Protease Dysregulation in Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 81:213-224. [PMID: 33106334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the emergence of conditionally activated diagnostics and therapeutics that leverage protease-cleavable peptide linkers to enhance their specificity for cancer. However, due to a lack of methods to measure and localize protease activity directly within the tissue microenvironment, the design of protease-activated agents has been necessarily empirical, yielding suboptimal results when translated to patients. To address the need for spatially resolved protease activity profiling in cancer, we developed a new class of in situ probes that can be applied to fresh-frozen tissue sections in a manner analogous to immunofluorescence staining. These activatable zymography probes (AZP) detected dysregulated protease activity in human prostate cancer biopsy samples, enabling disease classification. AZPs were leveraged within a generalizable framework to design conditional cancer diagnostics and therapeutics and showcased in the Hi-Myc mouse model of prostate cancer, which models features of early pathogenesis. Multiplexed screening against barcoded substrates yielded a peptide, S16, that was robustly and specifically cleaved by tumor-associated metalloproteinases in the Hi-Myc model. In situ labeling with an AZP incorporating S16 revealed a potential role of metalloproteinase dysregulation in proliferative, premalignant Hi-Myc prostatic glands. Systemic administration of an in vivo imaging probe incorporating S16 perfectly classified diseased and healthy prostates, supporting the relevance of ex vivo activity assays to in vivo translation. We envision AZPs will enable new insights into the biology of protease dysregulation in cancer and accelerate the development of conditional diagnostics and therapeutics for multiple cancer types. SIGNIFICANCE: Visualization of protease activity within the native tissue context using AZPs provides new biological insights into protease dysregulation in cancer and guides the design of conditional diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava P Soleimany
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D Kirkpatrick
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Su
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jaideep S Dudani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Zhong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmet Bekdemir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. .,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at the MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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47
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Chan LW, Anahtar MN, Ong TH, Hern KE, Kunz RR, Bhatia SN. Engineering synthetic breath biomarkers for respiratory disease. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:792-800. [PMID: 32690884 PMCID: PMC8173716 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human breath contains many volatile metabolites. However, few breath tests are currently used in the clinic to monitor disease due to bottlenecks in biomarker identification. Here we engineered breath biomarkers for respiratory disease by local delivery of protease-sensing nanoparticles to the lungs. The nanosensors shed volatile reporters upon cleavage by neutrophil elastase, an inflammation-associated protease with elevated activity in lung diseases such as bacterial infection and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. After intrapulmonary delivery into mouse models with acute lung inflammation, the volatile reporters are released and expelled in breath at levels detectable by mass spectrometry. These breath signals can identify diseased mice with high sensitivity as early as 10 min after nanosensor administration. Using these nanosensors, we performed serial breath tests to monitor dynamic changes in neutrophil elastase activity during lung infection and to assess the efficacy of a protease inhibitor therapy targeting neutrophil elastase for the treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Chan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melodi N Anahtar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ta-Hsuan Ong
- Biological and Chemical Technologies Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey E Hern
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roderick R Kunz
- Biological and Chemical Technologies Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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48
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Patriota LLDS, Ramos DDBM, Dos Santos ACLA, Silva YA, Gama E Silva M, Torres DJL, Procópio TF, de Oliveira AM, Coelho LCBB, Pontual EV, da Silva DCN, Paiva PMG, de Lorena VMB, Mendes RL, Napoleão TH. Antitumor activity of Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) flower trypsin inhibitor (MoFTI) in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111691. [PMID: 32810586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant Moringa oleifera is used as food and medicine. M. oleifera flowers are source of protein, fiber, and antioxidants, and are used to treat inflammation and tumors. This work evaluated the antitumor activity of the M. oleifera flower trypsin inhibitor (MoFTI) in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Swiss female mice were inoculated with sarcoma 180 cells. Seven days later, the animals were treated intraperitoneally for 1 week with daily doses of PBS (control) or MoFTI (15 or 30 mg/kg). For toxicity assessment, water and food consumption, body and organ weights, histological alterations, and blood hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Treatment with MoFTI caused pronounced reduction (90.1%-97.9%) in tumor weight. The tumors of treated animals had a reduced number of secondary vessels and lower gauge of the primary vessels compared to the control. No significant changes were observed in water and food consumption or in body and organ weights. Histopathological analysis did not indicate damage to the liver, kidneys, and spleen. In conclusion, MoFTI showed antitumor potential, with no clear evidence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasmym Araújo Silva
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gama E Silva
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego José Lira Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thamara Figueiredo Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Rosemairy Luciane Mendes
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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49
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Mumtaz T, Qindeel M, Asim Ur Rehman, Tarhini M, Ahmed N, Elaissari A. Exploiting proteases for cancer theranostic through molecular imaging and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119712. [PMID: 32745499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of biological processes at a molecular and cellular level serves as a basis for molecular imaging. As compared with traditional imaging approaches, molecular imaging functions to probe molecular anomalies that are the basis of a disease rather than the evaluation of end results of these molecular changes. Proteases play central role in tumor invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis thus can be exploited as a target for imaging probes in early diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Molecular imaging of protease has undergone tremendous breakthroughs in the field of diagnosis. It allows the clinicians not only to see the tumor location but also provides an insight into the expression and activity of different types of markers associated with the tumor microenvironment. These imaging techniques are expected to have a huge impact on early cancer detection and personalized cancer treatment. Effective development of protease imaging probes with the highest in vivo biocompatibility, stability and most appropriate pharmacokinetics for clinical translation will upsurge the success level of early cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Maimoona Qindeel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mohamad Tarhini
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEPP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEPP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France.
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50
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McDowell SH, Gallaher SA, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Leading the invasion: The role of Cathepsin S in the tumour microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118781. [PMID: 32544418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S has been correlated with a number of different cancer types in recent years. As tools have been developed to enable more accurate examination of individual cathepsin species, our knowledge and appreciation of the role that this protease plays in facilitating cancer has increased exponentially. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of Cathepsin S within tumours and the surrounding microenvironment. While various publications have shown that Cathepsin S can be derived from tumour cells themselves, a plethora of more recent studies have identified that Cathepsin S can also be derived from other cell types within the tumour microenvironment including endothelial cells, macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, specific proteolytic substrates cleaved by Cathepsin S have also been identified which have reinforced our hypothesis that this protease facilitates key steps within tumours leading to their invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H McDowell
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Samantha A Gallaher
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
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